Search

Objective: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent mental disorders in children in the United States and often persists into adulthood with associated symptomatology and impairments. This article comprehensively reviews studies reporting ADHD-related incremental (excess) costs for children/adolescents and adults and presents estimates of annual national incremental costs of ADHD. Method: A systematic search for primary United States-based studies published from January 1, 1990 through June 30, 2011 on costs of children/adolescents and adults with ADHD and their family members was conducted. Only studies in which mean annual incremental costs per individual with ADHD above non-ADHD controls were reported or could be derived were included. Per-person incremental costs were adjusted to 2010 U.S. dollars and converted to annual national incremental costs of ADHD based on 2010 U.S. Census population estimates, ADHD prevalence rates, number of household members, and employment rates by age group. Results: Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Overall national annual incremental costs of ADHD ranged from $143 to $266 billion (B). Most of these costs were incurred by adults ($105B-$194B) compared with children/adolescents ($38B-$72B). For adults, the largest cost category was productivity and income losses ($87B-$138B). For children, the largest cost categories were health care ($21B-$44B) and education ($15B-$25B). Spillover costs borne by the family members of individuals with ADHD were also substantial ($33B-$43B). Conclusion: Despite a wide range in the magnitude of the cost estimates, this study indicates that ADHD has a substantial economic impact in the United States. Implications of these findings and future directions for research are discussed. (Contains 3 figures and 3 tables.)

Abstract Background In childhood, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by age-inappropriate levels of inattentiveness/disorganization, hyperactivity/impulsiveness, or a combination thereof. Although the criteria for ADHD are well defined, the long-term consequences in adults and children need to be more comprehensively understood and quantified. We conducted a systematic review evaluating the long-term outcomes (defined as 2 years or more) of ADHD with the goal of identifying long-term outcomes and the impact that any treatment (pharmacological, non-pharmacological, or multimodal) has on ADHD long-term outcomes. Methods Studies were identified using predefined search criteria and 12 databases. Studies included were peer-reviewed, primary studies of ADHD long-term outcomes published between January 1980 to December 2010. Inclusion was agreed on by two independent researchers on review of abstracts or full text. Published statistical comparison of outcome results were summarized as poorer than, similar to, or improved versus comparators, and quantified as percentage comparisons of these categories. Results Outcomes from 351 studies were grouped into 9 major categories: academic, antisocial behavior, driving, non-medicinal drug use/addictive behavior, obesity, occupation, services use, self-esteem, and social function outcomes. The following broad trends emerged: (1) without treatment, people with ADHD had poorer long-term outcomes in all categories compared with people without ADHD, and (2) treatment for ADHD improved long-term outcomes compared with untreated ADHD, although not usually to normal levels. Only English-language papers were searched and databases may have omitted relevant studies. Conclusions This systematic review provides a synthesis of studies of ADHD long-term outcomes. Current treatments may reduce the negative impact that untreated ADHD has on life functioning, but does not usually 'normalize' the recipients.

Objective: The aim of this study was to synthesize published data regarding long-term effects of ADHD on information learned (measured via achievement tests) and success within the school environment (academic performance). Method: A systematic search identified 176 studies (1980-2012) of long-term (≥2 years) academic outcomes with ADHD. Results: Achievement test outcomes (79%) and academic performance outcomes (75%) were worse in individuals with untreated ADHD compared with non-ADHD controls, also when IQ difference was controlled (72% and 81%, respectively). Improvement in both outcome groups was associated with treatment, more often for achievement test scores (79%) than academic performance (42%), also when IQ was controlled (100% and 57%, respectively). More achievement test and academic performance outcomes improved with multimodal (100% and 67%, respectively) than pharmacological (75% and 33%) or non-pharmacological (75% and 50%) treatment alone. Conclusion: ADHD adversely affects long-term academic outcomes. A greater proportion of achievement test outcomes improved with treatment compared with academic performance. Both improved most consistently with multimodal treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents abstracts of articles published in the September 2004 issue of 'The Journal of the American Taxation Association.' In the article "Decomposing Changes in Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities to Isolate Earnings Management Activities," by John D. Phillips, Morton Pincus, Sonja Olhoft Rego, and Huishan Wan, analysis of the change in net deferred tax liability components separates the competing effects of pre-tax and valuation allowance-related earnings management on a firm's total net deferred tax liability. The paper contributes to accounting and tax research that examines book-tax differences. The article " Germany's Repeal of the Corporate Capital Gains Tax: The Equity Market Response," by Courtney H. Edwards, Mark H. Lang, Edward L. Maydew, and Douglas A. Shackelford, detects a positive association between crossholdings and firms' event period abnormal returns, but only for a limited set of nonstrategic investments. To the extent that these nontax impediments are specific to Germany, the generalizability of these results may be limited.

Aging, cancer, and longevity have been linked to intracellular Ca2+ signaling and nociceptive transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. We found that TRP canonical 7 (TRPC7) is a nociceptive mechanoreceptor and that TRPC7 channels specifically mediate the initiation of ultraviolet B (UVB)‐induced skin aging and tumor development due to p53 gene family mutations. Within 30 min after UVB irradiation, TRPC7 mediated UVB‐induced Ca2+ influx and the subsequent production of reactive oxygen species in skin cells. Notably, this function was unique to TRPC7 and was not observed for other TRP channels. In TRPC7 knockout mice, we did not observe the significant UVB‐associated pathology seen in wild‐type mice, including epidermal thickening, abnormal keratinocyte differentiation, and DNA damage response activation. TRPC7 knockout mice also had significantly fewer UVB‐induced cancerous tumors than did wild‐type mice, and UVB‐induced p53 gene family mutations were prevented in TRPC7 knockout mice. These results indicate that TRPC7 activity is pivotal in the initiation of UVB‐induced skin aging and tumorigenesis and that the reduction in TRPC7 activity suppresses the UVB‐induced aging process and tumor development. Our findings support that TRPC7 is a potential tumor initiator gene and that it causes cell aging and genomic instability, followed by a change in the activity of proto‐oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes to promote tumorigenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin B 6 , or pyridoxine, is either prescribed or recommended in large doses for a variety of ailments. These ailments include morning sickness and premenstrual syndrome, despite the fact that the effect of large doses of vitamin B 6 on developing human fetuses is currently unknown. Both clinical reports and recent experimental evidence indicate, however, that large doses of vitamin B 6 can have adverse affects on proprioceptive neuron function, and these deficits may be permanent if caused during development. This evidence suggests that ingestion of large quantities of vitamin B 6 should be viewed with caution by pregnant women and women of childbearing potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]