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2. Differences in neurometabolites and transcranial magnetic stimulation motor maps in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Author

Kahl, Cynthia K., Swansburg, Rose, Hai, Tasmia, Wrightson, James G., Bell, Tiffany, Lemay, Jean-Francois, Kirton, Adam, and MacMaster, Frank P.

Subjects
Metabolites -- Health aspects, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder -- Care and treatment, Magnetic brain stimulation -- Patient outcomes, Health, Psychology and mental health
Abstract

Background: Although much is known about cognitive dysfunction in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), few studies have examined the pathophysiology of disordered motor circuitry. We explored differences in neurometabolite levels and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-derived corticomotor representations among children with ADHD and typically developing children. Methods: We used magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) protocols to measure excitatory (glutamate + glutamine [Glx]) and inhibitory ([gamma]-aminobutyric acid [GABA]) neurometabolite levels in the dominant primary motor cortex (M1) and the supplementary motor area (SMA) in children with ADHD and typically developing children. We used robotic neuronavigated TMS to measure corticospinal excitability and create corticomotor maps. Results: We collected data from 26 medication-free children with ADHD (aged 7-16 years) and 25 typically developing children (11-16 years). Children with ADHD had lower M1 Glx (p = 0.044, d = 0.6); their mean resting motor threshold was lower (p = 0.029, d = 0.8); their map area was smaller (p = 0.044, d = 0.7); and their hotspot density was higher (p = 0.008, d = 0.9). M1 GABA levels were associated with motor map area (p = 0.036). Limitations: Some TMS data were lost because the threshold of some children exceeded 100% of the machine output. The relatively large MRS voxel required to obtain sufficient signal- to-noise ratio and reliably measure GABA levels encompassed tissue beyond the M1, making this measure less anatomically specific. Conclusion: The neurochemistry and neurophysiology of key nodes in the motor network may be altered in children with ADHD, and the differences appear to be related to each other. These findings suggest potentially novel neuropharmacological and neuromodulatory targets for ADHD., Introduction Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattentiveness, impulsivity and motor hyperactivity. (1) It negatively affects individuals' performance at school and at home. (2) ADHD is [...]

Published
2022
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6. Targeted Interventions in Tourette’s using Advanced Neuroimaging and Stimulation (TITANS): study protocol for a double-blind, randomised controlled trial of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to the supplementary motor area in children with Tourette’s syndrome

Author

Kahl, Cynthia K, primary, Swansburg, Rose, additional, Kirton, Adam, additional, Pringsheim, Tamara, additional, Wilcox, Gabrielle, additional, Zewdie, Ephrem, additional, Harris, Ashley, additional, Croarkin, Paul E, additional, Nettel-Aguirre, Alberto, additional, Chenji, Sneha, additional, and MacMaster, Frank P, additional

Published
2021
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18. F150 Non-invasive brain stimulation is safe in children: Evidence from 3 million stimulations

Author

Zewdie, Ephrem, primary, Ciechanski, Patick, additional, Kuo, Hsing-Ching, additional, Giuffre, Adrianna, additional, Cole, Lauran, additional, Seeger, Trevor, additional, Damji, Omar, additional, Jamie, Keess, additional, Hodge, Jacquie, additional, Jadavji, Zeanna, additional, Kahl, Cynthia, additional, McLellan, Quinn, additional, King, Regan, additional, Grant, Heather, additional, Swansburg, Rose, additional, MacMaster, Frank, additional, Barlow, Karen, additional, Yang, Jaynie, additional, and Kirton, Adam, additional

Published
2018
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