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This study was carried out to determine the effect of different irrigation frequency and levels on silage sorghum plant for yield and quality at the Bingöl University Agricultural Research and Application Field in 2022 using the Master BMR variety as plant material. Randomized complete blocks applying the split-plots experimental design with three replications was used; four irrigation levels (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) and four irrigation frequencies (5, 10, 15 and 20 days) were considered as treatments. Percentage of moisture replacement was determined using total moisture loss from evapotranspiration (ET). Amount of water discharged by emitters were predetermined, hence, time was used to determine the exact amount. Properties related to green forage yield, dry matter yield, crude protein ratio, crude protein yield, acid detergent insoluble fibre, neutral detergent insoluble fibre, digestible dry matter, dry matter consumption and relative feed value were investigated. Statistically significant differences between all the examined features were observed. The highest green forage yield, dry matter yield and crude protein yield were obtained from 5-day frequency and 100% level. Highest crude protein ratio from 5-day frequency and 25% level, lowest acid detergent insoluble fibre rate and highest digestible dry matter rate from 20-day frequency and 25% level, highest dry matter intake and relative feed value with the lowest neutral detergent insoluble fibre rate were observed from 25% level with 10 and 20-day frequencies. In conclusion; it can be stated that, to obtain high yield from silage sorghum, it is necessary to irrigate at 5 days frequencies and 100% level. However, high-quality product can be obtained with a 10-day frequency and a 25% level with low yield.

Renewable energy sources are the most effective and cheapest method for combating climate change. Biomass, which is one of the renewable energy sources, is also one of the raw materials for biofuels. Sorghum x Sudan grass hybrid, which is drought tolerant and has a short vegetation period, is a biomass source. This study was carried out to determine the ethanol yield of sorghum x Sudan grass hybrid plants grown in an area with a semi-humid climate and to determine the environmental impacts of biomass. Environmental impacts were assessed using the life cycle assessment method. Environmental impact categories are divided into 11 categories according to the CML-IA Baseline model. As a result, the biomass yield was 49888 kg ha-1 and the ethanol yield was 1674.1 l ha-1. According to the life cycle impact category of sorghum x Sudan grass hybrid biomass production, the highest environmental impact was 79.21%, causing marine aquatic ecotoxicity. According to the life cycle interpretation, it caused a global effect with a rate of 83.87%. In addition, the global warming value was calculated as 0.195 kg CO2-eq kgbiomass-1 (9728.16 kg CO2-eq ha-1). The agricultural phases with the most negative impact on the environment are irrigation and fertilization.

25 farklı mısır çeşidine ait tanelerin kalite özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla bu çalışma yürütülmüştür. Çalışma, Bingöl ili ekolojik koşullarında 2015 yılı yetiştirme sezonunda yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada 25 farklı mısır çeşidinin tane kalite özelliklerinden ham protein (HP), ham kül (HK), asit deterjanda çözünmeyen lif (ADF), nötr deterjanda çözünmeyen lif (NDF), sindirilebilir kuru madde (SKM), sindirilebilir enerji (SE), metabolik enerji (ME), kuru madde tüketimi (KMT) ve nispi yem değeri (NYD) parametreleri incelenmiştir. İncelenen tüm özellikler açısından çeşitler arasında istatistiksel olarak önemli farklılıklar (P≤0.01) olduğu görülmüştür. Çalışmada ortalama olarak HP oranı %9.01, HK oranı %1.01, ADF oranı %4.30, NDF oranı %14.00, SKM oranı %85.6, SE 3.93 Mcal kg-1, ME 3.23 Mcal kg-1, KMT oranı %8.80 ve NYD 584 olarak elde edilmiştir. En yüksek HP oranı Dian ve Burak çeşitlerinden, en yüksek HK oranı, SKM oranı, SE, ME ve en düşük ADF oranı 12-231H0 çeşidinden, en yüksek KMT oranı ve NYD ile en düşük NDF oranı da Eldora çeşidinden elde edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak; Bingöl ili ekolojik koşullarında 12-231HO, Eldora, Burak ve Dian çeşitlerinin tane kalite özellikleri açısından yüksek değerler verdiği sonucuna varılmıştır.

The systems that use parallel kinematic structures in additive manufacturing technology are particularly notable for their ability to provide exceptional precision and efficiency in the fabrication of intricate geometrically shaped items. This study introduces a novel system paradigm with five degrees of freedom, specifically developed to tackle existing additive manufacturing issues. In the proposed design, by incorporating rotational motions along the x and z axes, contributions were added to the efficiency of typical three-degrees-of-freedom (3-DOF) systems, resulting in a total of five degrees of freedom. In this way, it is aimed at increasing product durability, improving surface integrity, and saving production time. In this study, the conceptual design of the system was defined. Mathematical analyses were then used to determine the kinematic and dynamic models of the system, and a proposed model-based control technique was revealed. To evaluate the axis movement performance of the system, two different control techniques were used, and real-time test studies were conducted. The first control technique was the proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller, and the second method was the sliding mode control (SMC) method, which was used to increase the performance of the system during trajectory tracking. The experimental results showed that the SMC method provides a reasonably good trajectory tracking response and a steady-state error compared to the classical PID controller.

In this study, the mathematical analysis and design of a new 3D printer with 5 degrees of freedom were carried out. Thanks to the developed system, a new concept has been brought to the multi-axis 3D printer mechanisms, and thus, it is aimed to improve the part quality in additive manufacturing (AM) processes. As a result of adding the 4th and 5th axes to the moving platform of the system, the production time of the part was accelerated. It is also possible to print more complex and curved shapes with less support. To design a system with these features, first of all, the kinematic analysis of the system was obtained using vector algebra, and the workspace of the current printer was determined by considering the system constraints in this article. By giving detailed information about the mechanical and electrical components of the designed system, the working principle of the whole system is presented. According to the findings obtained in the studies, the kinematic analyses performed for the proposed system proved to be correct and a new system was proposed especially for additive manufacturing technologies.

Sorghum is emerging as a model crop for functional genetics and genomics of tropical grasses with abundant uses, including food, feed, and fuel, among others. It is currently the fifth most significant primary cereal crop. Crops are subjected to various biotic and abiotic stresses, which negatively impact on agricultural production. Developing high-yielding, disease-resistant, and climate-resilient cultivars can be achieved through marker-assisted breeding. Such selection has considerably reduced the time to market new crop varieties adapted to challenging conditions. In the recent years, extensive knowledge was gained about genetic markers. We are providing an overview of current advances in sorghum breeding initiatives, with a special focus on early breeders who may not be familiar with DNA markers. Advancements in molecular plant breeding, genetics, genomics selection, and genome editing have contributed to a thorough understanding of DNA markers, provided various proofs of the genetic variety accessible in crop plants, and have substantially enhanced plant breeding technologies. Marker-assisted selection has accelerated and precised the plant breeding process, empowering plant breeders all around the world.

This study evaluated the chemical composition of pearl millet seeds belonging to different genotypes by biplot analysis. Seeds of 26 different pearl millet populations obtained from ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics) within the scope of TÜBİTAK 219O103 run by Şırnak University were used. The seeds were ground and analyzed for their chemical composition, i.e., acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), crude protein (CP), digestible dry matter (DDM) and dry matter intake (DMI) rate. The results revealed that crude protein ratio varied between 11.74-19.24%, whereas ADF ratio differed between 3.44-11.43%. Similarly, NDF ratio varied between 10.23-23.47%, while DDM ratio ranged between 79.98-86.21%. Likewise, DMI ratio differed between 5.11-11.72%. Scatter plot obtained after biplot analysis indicated three different groups based on the analyzed traits. The first group contained DDM and DMI, whereas the second group consisted of ADF and NDF. The protein ratio was in the third group. It was determined that ADF-NDF and DMI-DDM properties were negatively correlated with each other. According to biplot, genotypes ‘A5-13’, ‘A13-6’ and ‘B1-7’ were prominent for ADF -NDF, DMI-DDM, and protein ratio, respectively. Therefore, these genotypes can be used in future studies to induce the desired traits.

This paper is devoted to designing a fractional order Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) type sliding mode control method (FO-PIDSMC) for a non-linear liquid level coupled tank process system. By considering the individual advantages of the FO calculus and PID type SMC method, this proposed FO-PIDSMC technique is designed to integrate the FO calculus method with PID type SMC scheme to obtain an accurate and robust liquid level tracking in terms of the predefined reference trajectory. The real-time experimental results of the proposed controller suggest a dramatic improvement over the traditional process system controller methods in both trajectory tracking and required control action.

This research was carried out to determine the physical and physiological characteristics of the seeds of the forage pea (Pisum sativum ssp. arvense L.) genotypes, and to compare the genotypes in terms of these characteristics in the laboratories of the Faculty of Agriculture of Bingöl University in 2019-2020. As a material, seeds belonging to Creakerjack, Kristal, Özkaynak, Servet, Taşkent, and TTAE-YB2010 genotypes of forage peas were used. Length, width, surface area, average arithmetic diameter, and thousand-grain weight from physical properties of these seeds, germination rate, germination time, and average shoot length from physiological properties were taken into consideration. In the study, it was determined that forage pea seeds had an average length of 6.730 mm, a width of 6.118 mm, a surface area of 34.117 mm2, an arithmetic diameter of 6.424 mm, and a thousand-grain weight of 191.96 g. It was determined that forage pea seeds germinated in an average of 1,335 days, the average germination rate was 99.5% and the average shoot length was 4.775 cm. As a result of the research, it was determined that the Kristal variety gave good results in terms of physical properties and the Özkaynak variety in terms of physiological properties.