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This research describes a straightforward procedure for extracting the pigment of Methylene Blue (MB) dye from aqueous solutions by utilizing a low-cost, safe, natural, and national source. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out to determine contact time, adsorbent dose, and the starting concentration of the adsorbate. For the analysis, a UV spectrophotometer was employed. Dye adsorption equilibrium was obtained after 120 minutes of contact time. Temkin, Langmuir, and Freundlich isotherm adsorption were used at solution concentrations of (3, 4, 6, and 8) mg/l. Adsorption data is used to predict the pseudo first and pseudo second order kinetic equations, Elovich kinetic models, and intra-particle diffusion using pseudo first and pseudo second order kinetic equations. The Langmuir adsorption model fits the MB adsorption data better than other isotherm models, with the MB capacity at 8 mg/l equal to 0.992 mg/g. The pseudo-second-order model and the adsorption kinetic data are satisfactorily related.

This work highlights how the treatment of ZSM-5 (parent Zeolite Socony Mobil&ndash, 5, Si/Al = 23) with different surfactant templates and alkaline solution, improved the catalytic performance in the Friedel-Crafts acylation of anisole with a propionic anhydride to obtain p-methoxypropiophenone. The modified microporous to mesoporous zeolite catalysts were characterized using different analytical techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen porosimetry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), temperature-programmed desorption (ammonia-TPD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) to analyze the crystallographic structure, surface acidity, surface area, porosity, morphology, and particle size. The results showed that the formed mesoporous zeolite by NaOH solution had smaller mesopores (ca. 3.7 nm) as compared to the mesoporous zeolites obtained by surfactant templates, such as, CTAB (ca. 14.9 nm), TPAOH (ca. 11.1 nm) and mixture of CTAB/TPAOH (ca. 15.2 nm). The catalytic acylation reaction was conducted in a batch glass reactor at various temperatures and the products were analyzed using off-line gas chromatography&ndash, mass spectrometry (GC-MS). It was found that the activity of treated ZSM-5 with mixed surfactant templates (CTAB/TPAOH) exhibited enhanced selectivity towards the main product (p-methoxypropiophenone) by a factor 1.7 or higher than unmodified ZSM-5 due to its increased surface area by 1.5 times and enhanced acid sites.

As the world’s population approaches more than 9 billion, the strain on the planet’s resources is steadily increasing. This demand can only be met by improving production methods to reduce the use of chemicals and the amount of chemical waste. Zeolites are among the least-known products for environmental pollution control, separation science and technology. This study investigates whether the use of geological sources as low-cost materials are suitable for zeolite synthesis and future applications. In this investigation natural montmorillonite clay, locally available in Erbil-Kurdistan, was used as raw material. The experiments were carried out in the presence of ultrasound 30KHz at 60°C and for different crystallization times (5, 10 &15 hours) and the results were compared with those obtained by performing conventional alkaline hydrothermal static syntheses under similar conditions and crystallization time of (90 hours). The raw material as well as the products was analyzed using; Fourier Transform Infra...

This review evaluates and summarizes results of short term or long term projects monitoring published papers concerning water quality in Erbil governorate. Number of studies was conducted on monitoring the physical, chemical and biological quality of natural and drinking water in Erbil. The quality of water samples were generally fluctuated from safe to unsafe for drinking due to the variation of the studied properties with time and sample sites. The results indicated that investigated waters were fresh well aerated with dissolved oxygen, rich in sodium, sulphate and calcium in some sites. While other sites showed an evident case of pollution. Bacteriological examinations showed that greater zab river water was not safe for drinking due to the presence of bacterial indicators. The representative data of nutrient status suggested eutrophic conditions of lake water with alkaliphilous and hard water characteristics.

The adsorption of lead (Pb II) ion on different types of synthesized zeolite was investigated. The BET surface area, total pore volume & average pore size distribution of these synthesized zeolites were determined by adsorption isotherms for N2, the surface area & total pore volume of their sources were found by adsorption isothermN2.The adsorption equilibrium was measured after 24h at room temperature (RT) & concentration 10mg.L-1 of Pb (II) was used. The adsorption of heavy metal Pb (II) on four different prepared zeolites (LTA from Montmorillonite clay, FAU(Y)-B.H (G2) from Barley husk, Mordenite (G1) from Chert rock, FAU(X)-S.C (G3) from shale clay & modified Shale clay by oxalic acid (N1) & sodium hydroxide (N2)), were compared with the adsorption of their sources by using static batch experimental method. The major factors affecting the heavy metal ion sorption on different synthesized zeolites & their sources were investigated. The adsorption equilibrium capacity (Qm) of Pb (II) ion for different synthesized zeolites ordered from (N1>N2>LTA>G3>G2>G1&for their sources ordered Shale clay >Montmorilonite> Barley husk>Chert rock. The atomic absorption spectrometry was used for analysis of lead heavy metal ion, the obtained results in this study showed that the different synthesized zeolites were efficient ion exchanges for removing heavy metal, in particular, the modified zeolite from shale clay by oxalic acid.

Agriculture in northern Iraq (Kurdistan) relies on the widespread use of pesticides to promote crop performance. Over-application of many pesticides is commonplace, however, and may compromise soil and water quality, and ultimately human health, within the region. The aim of this study was to investigate the sorption–desorption kinetics and equilibrium partitioning of two selected pesticides in agricultural soils from northern Iraq. This was achieved by fitting a dual-rate sorption–desorption model to time-dependent data obtained from batch experiments. 2,4-D and carbaryl were selected for scrutiny since both are in common use in the region. Six agricultural soils, sampled around the city of Erbil, were investigated. These were low in organic carbon (OC) compared with many agricultural soils from more temperate regions. However, there was still a clear trend of increasing sorption of both 2,4-D and carbaryl with increasing % OC. In the case of both compounds, fast and slow adsorption rate coefficients and 48 h experimental K d values were positively correlated with % OC. It was assumed that K OC would provide a simple and reliable predictor of K d . However, while this assumption holds true for short-term (48 h) experimental data, longer-term sorption in some soils (as indicated by theoretical K d values estimated from kinetic parameters in our study) appears to be under-predicted by K OC alone. The data presented here provide a useful starting point for further site-specific investigations of pesticide impacts in the Kurdistan region of Iraq.