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Spatial mechanisms of various types are widely used in technology. Most of them have one or two ball pairs, the presence of which reduces the service life of the device (ball pairs are difficult to protect from dust and dirt. They are more difficult to manufacture and have a lower loadbearing capacity than rotational pairs). Replacing ball pairs with rotary ones, designed, for example, with standard bearings, will greatly simplify and reduce the cost of their manufacturing technology, increase the service life and expand the area of practical application. The difficulty and complexity of creating fivelink and six-link mechanisms and devices with a special structure lies in the fact that the usual combination of links fails to achieve their operability (with rotatable links). Theoretically, this mechanism has been studied by many foreign and Russian scientists. However, Kazan scientists were the first to form and put into practice spatial mechanisms with rotational pairs. The paper presents synthesis and analysis of the spatial five-link mechanism by the degree of irregularity, axial displacement, elliptical law and by the reproduction of a linear function. The mechanism provides intensification and energy saving of mixing, separation, torque transmission of various drives.

Abstract Tuberculosis (TB) is a highly contagious disease that remains a global concern affecting numerous countries. Kazakhstan has been facing considerable challenges in TB prevention and treatment for decades. This study aims to understand TB transmission dynamics by developing and comparing statistical and deterministic models: Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) and the basic Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR). TB data from 2014 to 2019 were collected from the Unified National Electronic Health System (UNEHS) using retrospective quantitative analysis. SARIMA models were able to capture seasonal variations, with Model 2 exhibiting superior predictive accuracy. Both models showed declining TB incidence and revealed a notable predictive performance evaluated by statistical metrics. In addition, the SIR model calculated the basic reproduction number ( $${R_0}$$ ) below 1, indicating a receding epidemic. Models proved the capability of each to accurately capture trends (SARIMA) and provide mathematical insights (SIR) into TB transmission dynamics. This study contributes to the general knowledge of TB transmission dynamics in Kazakhstan thus laying the foundation for more comprehensive studies on TB and control strategies.

Patient-centered medicine is a relatively new model for planning, implementing, and evaluating healthcare services. It is based on mutually beneficial partnerships between healthcare providers, patients, and their families. However, the existing models of patient-centered healthcare have a number of disadvantages. The article introduces patient-centered healthcare as part of corporate culture adopted by various medical organizations. The authors developed a component model for the empirical study of patient-centered healthcare in terms of corporate culture. It involved five components, i.e., corporate culture, attitude to patient, attitude to work / professional image, adherence to ethical principles, and motivation. The model was tested using assessment methods developed by the authors, as well as using the Questionnaire of Professional Motivation by K. Zamfir as modified by A. A. Rean and the Mouton-Blake Corporate Culture Test. The sample involved 267 medical employees of urban medical organizations, Primorye Region. The respondents demonstrated a general understanding of patient-centered approach, which they interpreted as communication skills with patients. The dominant culture was that of task, which allowed medical staff to achieve their goals through collective decisions and mutual assistance. However, this mutual assistance was mandated to them due to the lack of personnel. The model demonstrated a good potential for yielding psychological and organizational technologies for training, support, and correction of patient-centered issues in medical organizations.

This study aims to evaluate the validity of Fractional Advection-Dispersion equation (FADE) in breakthrough curves in saturated homogenous soil media, i.e. clay, and to examine the three primary restraints, pore water velocity, dispersion coefficient, and order of fractional differentiation which are impacting solute transport behavior (Fickian or Non-Fickian). In this study, the FADE framework used to characterize the transport process at depth 50 cm soil (clay). FADE Main based on FORTRAN, to estimate the parameters of FADE including fractional differentiation (λ), the dispersive coefficient (D), and the average pore-water velocity (v). If the value of is equal to or greater than 2, the transport is said to be Fickian otherwise is non-Fickian. In this study, the fractional differentiation of non-Fickian behavior was found 1.85 which is less than 2. On the other hand, early long-time tailing to the soil media showed an increase in the dispersion coefficient (D) for FADE and higher values in differentiation coefficient (λ = 1.85–1.99). The results of breakthrough curves (BTCs) of relative concentration (C/C0) show that it is best fitted by using FADE. For the assessment of fitting, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and determination Coefficient was used to find the quality of fit.[Formula: see text] .

Aim: systemically assessed characteristics of intestinal microbiota taxonomic composition in relation to parameters of hormonal and immune status in patients with external genital endometriosis (EGE).Materials and Methods. The controlled cross-sectional study included 33 patients with EGE comprising main group, and 30 healthy women enrolled to control group. All women underwent assessment of hormonal status and cytokine expression levels in peripheral blood. Level of blood hormones estradiol (E2), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin (PRL) was carried out using enzyme-linked immunosorbent and chemiluminescent assays. Expression levels of cytokines such as interleukin (IL) IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were analyzed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Taxonomic composition of intestinal microbiota at the level of phyla and genera was carried out by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. Microbial community a-diversity, the Chao1, ACE, and Sobs indices were used.Results. The concentration of blood E2 in main group was significantly higher compared to control group. Also, women with EGE had higher plasma concentrations for IL-6, IL-8, IL-17 and TNF-a compared to those in control group (p < 0.001). While analyzing bacterial community a-diversity in main group, Chao1 index was found to be significantly decreased. At the phylum level, the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was increased in patients with EGE compared with that in control group. Among the 20 largest genera in patients with EGE, significant abundance was observed for Lachnospira, Blautia, Dorea, Streptococcus, Eubacterium hallii_group paralleled with significant decline in Bifidobacterium and Eubacterium eligens_group. A positive correlation was obtained between estrogen levels and the number of representatives from the genera Eubacterium hallii_group and Streptococcus, IL-8 and Streptococcus, TNF-α and Streptococcus and Lachnospira, as well as a negative correlation between TNF-α and Bifidobacterium.Conclusion. A relation between dysbiotic intestinal alterations and developing endometriosis was found. The identified correlations between altered taxonomic composition of the intestinal microflora and parameters of hormonal and immune status in patients with EGE suggest that intestinal microbiota is involved in pathophysiology of endometriosis.

This project considers a question implementing trilingual system in secondary school in Kazakhstan. There is background information how historical and political situation have effected to language situation in the Kazakhstan, before and after independence. The special attention has been posted on the features and problems of the implementing of a trilingual system in secondary school in Kazakhstan. Several problems were highlighted such as insufficient well-educated teachers and methodological and teaching materials, a low level of English knowledge of pupils and inadequate English environment which is obstacle to implementing trilingual system. Hence, there were given some possible solutions and implications of these challenges. This paper have also studied and analysed international experience where also implemented bilingual system.

In this study, the effects of different combinations of the genes Vegf, Ang, and Gdnf injected both using direct virus-mediated injection (adenovirus, Ad5) and umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells (UCBCs) on the processes of stimulation of post-ischemic innervation, angiogenesis, and regeneration in skeletal muscle were investigated in a rat hindlimb chronic ischemia model. It was shown that more pronounced stimulation of angiogenesis and restoration of post-ischemic innervation were achieved both in the early (28 days post-ischemia, dpi) and late (42 dpi) terms of the experiment in the calf muscle when UCBCs delivered the combination of Ad5-Vegf and Ad5-Ang compared to the direct injection of the same vector combination into the area of ischemia. At the same time, the inclusion of Ad5-Gdnf in the combination of Ad5-Vegf and Ad5-Ang directly injected or administered by UCBCs provided a significant increase in the number of centronuclear muscle fibers, indicating stimulation of post-ischemic reparative myogenesis. This study allowed us to determine the most effective gene combinations for angiogenesis and neurogenesis, which, in the future, may serve as the basis for the development of gene and gene cell products for the treatment of chronic lower limb ischemia.

Introduction. Male infertility is a complex condition with many potential causes, including hormonal imbalances, anatomical problems, genetic factors, lifestyle factors and more. But today, there is a fairly large group of infertile men with unknown causes of the disease.Objective. To analyze the taxonomic microbial diversity of testicular tissue and the urogenital tract of infertile men and to identify correlations between the microbiome and mastocytes in the testicular parenchyma.Materials & methods. The study was performed on testicular tissue samples from infertile patients with azoospermia (n = 33). All patients were divided into two groups based on the form of azoospermia: group 1 — infertile patients with non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) (n=21); and group 2 — infertile with obstructive azoospermia (OA) patients (n=12). The bacterial diversity of testicular tissue was studied by the method of high-performance new generation sequencing (NGS). Immunohistochemical staining with anti-MCT (Anti-Mast Cell Tryptase) was used to determine the IHC expression of mastocyte markers.Results. The microbiome of patients with NOA differs markedly from the microbiome of patients with OA (p

Abstract Humans constantly interact with their environment, with other humans, as well as natural and artificial non-human agents. Nevertheless, our somatosensory system limits the diversity of our ways of communicating. Such organisms as plants thus escape our notice, blending into the landscape. This phenomenon is called Plant blindness. This leads not only to indifference and lack of empathy towards plants among ordinary people but also to a deficit in funding plant conservation. We believe that it is important to develop connections and also rethink the relationship between humans and flora. This paper examines the Plant turn in the context of an art-science project titled Plantoverse. The scientific part of the project is based on a study of plant epidermis cells, which possess optical properties and function as a “lens”. The data acquired via confocal microscopy was used to construct a mathematical model of these lenses which in turn formed the basis of the artistic work. It is a representation of the plant epidermis in a digital environment. The work allows us to look at ourselves through “plant optics'' and find new tools for interacting with the vegetal world. This interdisciplinary approach can help transfer knowledge about flora from the professional environment to lay society and form a new, more empathetic view toward plants.

This paper explores the synergy between fuzzy set theory and genetic algorithms in the domain of epidemic modeling, shedding light on the broader challenges inherent in infectious diseases. In response to the evolving landscape of epidemiology, the study advocates for sophisticated modeling techniques to better understand and predict dynamic scenarios. The research thoroughly investigates the global stability of equilibrium solutions within a fuzzy epidemic model, accompanied by an inventive parameter estimation methodology. Utilizing Lyapunov functions, the paper establishes global stability outcomes for both disease-free and endemic equilibria. The novel approach, integrating continued fraction theory and a genetic algorithm, is applied to fit real-world epidemic data, offering insights crucial for public health planning and control measures. By addressing unexplored facets and bridging gaps in previous research, the paper contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of epidemic dynamics, providing a foundation for effective public health strategies in the face of infectious diseases.

Objective: To determine the optimal surgical approach when performing nephrectomy by assessing the main intra- and postoperative indicators of various operative surgical technique types of nephrectomy. Methods: A total of 803 patients underwent examination and surgery for various conditions accompanied by renal failure, such as urolithiasis, pyonephrosis, pyelonephritis, obstructive uropathy with nephrosclerosis, and large or difficult-to-reach kidney tumors. A conventional open nephrectomy (ON) and laparoscopic nephrectomy (LN) using various as well as retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy (RN) were performed in 368, 269, and 166 cases, respectively Results: The average duration of LN, RN, and ON was 140.0 minutes (range 40-420 minutes), 120.0 minutes (range 40-220 minutes), and 95.0 minutes (range 35-290 minutes), respectively (p

Objects for Targeted Surveillance (OTS) are infrastructure entities that can be considered as focal points and conduits for transmitting infectious animal diseases, necessitating ongoing epidemiological surveillance. These entities encompass slaughterhouses, meat processing plants, animal markets, burial sites, veterinary laboratories, etc. Currently, in Kazakhstan, a funded research project is underway to establish a Geographic Information System (GIS) database of OTSs and investigate their role in the emergence and dissemination of infectious livestock diseases. This initial investigation examined the correlation between brucellosis outbreaks in cattle and small ruminant farms in the southeastern region of Kazakhstan and the presence of OTSs categorized as “slaughterhouses,” “cattle markets,” and “meat processing plants. The study area (namely Qyzylorda, Turkestan, Zhambyl, Almaty, Zhetysu, Abay and East Kazakhstan oblasts), characterized by the highest livestock density in the country, covers 335 slaughterhouses (with varying levels of biosecurity), 45 livestock markets and 15 meat processing plants. Between 2020 and 2023, 338 cases of brucellosis were reported from livestock farms in this region. The findings of the regression model reveal a statistically significant (p

Relevance. A submersible electric motor is the most vulnerable component of an electric centrifugal pumping unit used in in-situ leaching uranium mining. The accuracy of calculating the need for new electric motors directly affects the profitability of the uranium production. Aim. Development of a probabilistic reliability model for a submersible electric motor that provides the calculation of its failure probability for the upcoming period of time and allows estimating with sufficient accuracy the number of motors required to replace the failed ones. Methods. Statistical methods, survival analysis, statistical hypothesis testing. Results and conclusions. The authors conducted a study of three probabilistic reliability models for electric motors of submersible well pumping units used in in-situ leaching uranium mining. As a result of the study, the maximum likelihood estimates of model parameters were determined for each model; the adequacy of the models under study was checked based on nonparametric goodness-of-fit tests. Despite the fact that the test results did not allow excluding any of the considered models, a model based on a mixture of two Weibull distributions was selected as a probabilistic reliability model demonstrating higher consistency with real data, compared to the other models. At the same time, the analysis of the components of the mixture distribution indicated the presence of a group of electric motors with an uncharacteristically low time-to-failure value compared to the average value calculated for the entire set of equipment under study, and made it possible to estimate the share of such motors, which amounted to 8% of the total population. Possible reasons explaining such heterogeneity of data, according to the authors, are hidden manufacturing defects or more severe operating conditions in which some submersible electric motors operate.

В статье рассматриваются исторические данные о кыргызах, проживающих за пределами территории Кыргызстана, в том числе и в соседнем Узбекистане. В этой работе исследуются локализация кыргызов, ареалы их распространия в Ферганской долине, родоплеменной состав, материальная и духовная культура древнего народа. Территория Ферганской долины, которая в настоящее время находится под юрисдикцией независимых государств (Кыргызстан, Узбекистан, Таджикистан), издревле известна под дополнительным названием – “Золотая долина”. История, культура, язык кыргызов и кыргызского этноса и другие особенности тесно связаны с населением и культурой Ферганской долины. Известно, что в долине, ее предгорьях и горных местностях с незапамятных времен жили кыргызы. Некоторые исторические источники и труды исследователей свидетельствуют о том, что кыргызы населяли Ферганскую долину и прилегающие районы в X-XI вв. н.э. Также необходимо отметить, что кыргызы издавна жили в Ферганской долине и ее предгорьях. Примером этого, наряду с историческими источниками, могут служить и топонимические названия, связанные с названиями (этнотопонимами) кыргызских племен и родов, которые довольно густо заселены в регионе. В целом до настоящего времени не проведены комплексные исследования этнической истории, этногенеза, этнической культуры, языка, материальной и духовной культуры кыргызов, проживающих в Узбекистане.

Air-cooled blast furnace slag is a metallurgical waste that can be used to produce the slag aggregate for pavement subbase. Slag aggregate is much cheaper than natural stone aggregate, but differs in heterogeneity in strength (from 2 to 40 MPa), tendency to absorb water, and low resistance to freezing-thawing. The paper suggests the use of methods of enrichment by friction properties, selective crushing, and hydrophobization to increase slag aggregate resistance to freezing-thawing cycles, crushing, and water penetration. Selection of the most strength (low porous) 75 % slag aggregate grains due to enrichment by friction properties decreases the total water absorption of the sample from 4.45 % to 3.64 %, decreases the sample mass loss after tests for resistance to freezing-thawing cycles from 5.05 % to 2.82 %, reduces the aggregate crushing value (ACV) from 30.71 % up to 23.80 %. Hydrophobization of the pre-enriched slag aggregate additionally reduces its water absorption to 1.08–––1.3 %.

The new type of engineering constructions that is mobile overpasses is developed. The offered mobile overpasses are applied for elimination the arisen traffic jams along city highways, when repairing city municipal networks, during emergency situations, etc. They allow to carry out continuous movement of motor transport through various obstacles: traffic jams, ditches and trenches formed because of underground repair work or emergency situations (earthquakes, floods, etc.). The issues of development theoretical bases of calculation and design of mobile overpasses are considered.

During the period 2013-2023, 917 cases of rabies among animals were registered in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Out of these, the number of cases in farm animals amounted to 515, in wild animals to 50 and in pets to 352. Data on rabies cases were obtained from the Committee for Veterinary Control and Supervision of Kazakhstan, as well as during expeditionary trips. This research was carried out to demonstrate the use of modern information and communication technologies, geospatial analysis technologies in particular, to identify and visualize spatio-temporal patterns of rabies emergence among different animal species in Kazakhstan. We also aimed to predict an expected number of cases next year based on time series analysis. Applying the ‘space-time cube’ technique to a time series representingcases from the three categories of animals at the district-level demonstrated a decreasing trend of incidence in most of the country over the study period. We estimated the expected number of rabies cases for 2024 using a random forest model based on the space-time cube in Arc-GIS. This type of model imposes only a few assumptions on the data and is useful when dealing with time series including complicated trends. The forecast showed that in most districts of Kazakhstan, a total of no more than one case of rabies should beexpected, with the exception of certain areas in the North and the East of the country, where the number of cases could reach three. The results of this research may be useful to the veterinary service in mapping the current epidemiological situation and in planning targeted vaccination campaigns among different categories of animals.

The scale of land pollution with oil waste necessitates the use of economical and effective methods of recultivation. Phytoremediation is one of the simplest methods, but it has a number of limitations, so additional preparation of the territory is often required before it is carried out. Preliminary electrical preparation and subsequent seeding of special phytoremediants are of interest. Passing a constant electric current through the soil volume under a low voltage removes toxicants from deep soil layers even with flooding. In addition, it reduces pollutant content in the upper layer, where the plants root system is located, which creates more favorable conditions for phytoremediants. Adequately selected types of plants will ensure additional soil cleaning, improve its structure and air exchange. The results of two research directions are presented. Experiments on the study of plant resistance to oil-contaminated soil substrate allowed establishing contamination thresholds at which it is advisable to sow a particular species, and to choose optimal phytoremediants. The study of the oil-containing soil cleaning in a monocathodocentric electrochemical installation with the fixation of main characteristics (oil products concentration, soil temperature, volt-ampere characteristics) allows us to develop technical measures to prepare territories for phytoremediation taking into account the relief features.

During the last 30 years, unique international experience has been accumulated in the treatment of children with medulloblastoma, especially in the age group over 3 years. Evolutionary representations about one of the most well – known international protocols – SJMB (in versions since 1996 – SJMB96, since 2003 – SJMB03, since 2012 – SJMB12) are shown in this article. Innovative criteria for stratifying patients into risk groups were established according to clinical, therapeutic, morphological and molecular-biological prognostic factors. Despite the accumulated experience, it is necessary to continue studying the relationship between age groups and the molecular biology of tumor cells for the purpose of subsequent optimization of the treatment program.

Stored products, such as grains and processed foods, are susceptible to infestation by various insects. The early detection of insects in the supply chain is crucial, as introducing invasive pests to new environments may cause disproportionate harm. The STAR Center at Stevens Institute of Technology developed the Acoustic Stored Product Insect Detection System (A-SPIDS) to detect pests in stored products. The system, which comprises a sound-insulated container for product samples with a built-in internal array of piezoelectric sensors and additional electret microphones to record outside noise, was used to conduct numerous measurements of the vibroacoustic signatures of various insects, including the Callosobruchus maculatus, Tribolium confusum, and Tenebrio molitor, in different materials. A normalization method was implemented using the ambient noise of the sensors as a reference, to accommodate for the proprietary, non-calibrated sensors and allowing to set relative detection thresholds for unknown sensitivities. The normalized envelope of the filtered signals was used to characterize and compare the insect signals by estimating the Normalized Signal Pulse Amplitude (NSPA) and the Normalized Spectral Energy Level (NSEL). These parameters characterize the insect detection Signal Noise Ratio (SNR) for pulse-based detection (NSPA) and averaged energy-based detection (NSEL). These metrics provided an initial step towards the design of a reliable detection algorithm. In the conducted tests NSPA was significantly larger than NSEL. The NSPA reached 70 dB for T. molitor in corn flakes. The insect signals were lower in flour where the averaged NSPA and NSEL values were around 40 dB and 11 dB to 16 dB, respectively.

The significant synthetic potential and reactivity of tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) have captured the interest of numerous chemical communities. One of the most promising, readily achievable, yet least explored pathways for the reactivity of TCNE involves its interaction with arylamines. Typically, the reaction proceeds via tricyanovinylation (TCV); however, deviations from the standard chemical process have been observed in some instances. These include the formation of heterocyclic structures through tricyanovinyl intermediates, aliphatic dicarbonitriles through the cleavage of the C–C bond of a tetracyanoethyl substituent, complexation, and various pericyclic reactions. Therefore, the objective of this study is to review the diverse modes of interaction of TCNE with aromatic nitrogen-containing compounds and to focus the attention of the chemical community on the synthetic capabilities of this reagent, as well as the various biological and optical activities of the structures synthesized based on TCNE.