Author: "Kado, J" - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

282 results on '"Kado, J"'

1. The impact of 10-valent pneumococcal vaccine introduction on invasive disease in Fiji

Author: Reyburn, R., Tuivaga, E.J., Ratu, F.T., Dunne, E.M., Nand, D., Kado, J., Jenkins, K., Tikoduadua, L., Jenney, A., Howden, B.P., Ballard, S.A., Fox, K., Devi, R., Satzke, C., Rafai, E., Kama, M., Flasche, S., Mulholland, E.K., and Russell, F.M.
Published: 2022
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2. A single dose of quadrivalent HPV vaccine is highly effective against HPV genotypes 16 and 18 detection in young pregnant women eight years following vaccination: an retrospective cohort study in Fiji

Author: Reyburn, R, Tuivaga, E, Ratu, T, Young, S, Garland, SM, Murray, G, Cornall, A, Tabrizi, S, Nguyen, CD, Jenkins, K, Tikoduadua, L, Kado, J, Kama, M, Rafai, E, Devi, R, Mulholland, K, Fong, J, Russell, FM, Reyburn, R, Tuivaga, E, Ratu, T, Young, S, Garland, SM, Murray, G, Cornall, A, Tabrizi, S, Nguyen, CD, Jenkins, K, Tikoduadua, L, Kado, J, Kama, M, Rafai, E, Devi, R, Mulholland, K, Fong, J, and Russell, FM
Abstract: BACKGROUND: In 2008/9, Fiji vaccinated >30,000 girls aged 9-12 years with the quadrivalent human papillomavirus (4vHPV) vaccine coverage for at least one dose was >60% (one dose only was 14%, two dose only was 13%, three doses was 35%). We calculated vaccine effectiveness (VE) of one, two and three doses of 4vHPV against oncogenic HPV genotypes 16/18, eight years following vaccination. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was undertaken (2015-2019) in pregnant women ≤23 years old, eligible to receive 4vHPV in 2008/9, with confirmed vaccination status. The study was restricted to pregnant women due to the cultural sensitivity of asking about sexual behavior in Fiji. For each participant a clinician collected a questionnaire, vaginal swab and genital warts examination, a median eight (range 6-11) years post vaccination. HPV DNA was detected by molecular methods. Adjusted VE (aVE) against the detection of vaccine HPV genotypes (16/18), the comparison group of non-vaccine genotypes (31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59/66/68), and genital warts were calculated. Covariates included in the adjusted model were: age, ethnicity and smoking, according to univariate association with any HPV detection. FINDINGS: Among 822 participants the prevalence of HPV 16/18 in the unvaccinated, one, two and three-dose groups were 13.3% (50/376), 2.5% (4/158), 0% (0/99) and 1.6% (3/189), respectively; and for the non-vaccine high-risk genotypes, the detection rate was similar across dosage groups (33.2%-40.4%, p = 0.321). The aVE against HPV 16/18 for one, two and three doses were 81% (95% CI; 48-93%), 100% (95% CI; 100-100%), and 89% (95% CI; 64-96%), respectively. Prevalence of HPV 16/18 was lower among women with longer time since vaccination. INTERPRETATIONS: A single dose 4vHPV vaccine is highly effective against HPV genotypes 16 and 18 eight years following vaccination. Our results provide the longest duration of protection for reduced dose 4vHPV schedule in a low- or middle-income country
Published: 2023

3. CS-Property of Direct Sums of Uniform Modules

Author: Kado, J., Kuratomi, Y., Oshiro, K., Birkenmeier, Gary F., editor, Park, Jae Keol, editor, and Park, Young Soo, editor
Published: 2001
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4. Costs of mass drug administration for scabies in Fiji

Author: Turner, HC, Mow, M, Thean, LJ, Parnaby, M, Mani, J, Rafai, E, Sahukhan, A, Kama, M, Tuicakau, M, Kado, J, Romani, L, Engelman, D, Whitfeld, M, Kaldor, J, Steer, A, Carvalho, N, Turner, HC, Mow, M, Thean, LJ, Parnaby, M, Mani, J, Rafai, E, Sahukhan, A, Kama, M, Tuicakau, M, Kado, J, Romani, L, Engelman, D, Whitfeld, M, Kaldor, J, Steer, A, and Carvalho, N
Abstract: In 2019, the Murdoch Children's Research Institute in partnership with the Fiji Ministry of Health and Medical Services carried out an integrated mass drug administration (MDA) for the treatment of scabies and lymphatic filariasis in the Northern Division of Fiji (population estimate 131,914). We conducted a retrospective micro-costing exercise focused on the cost of scabies control in order to inform budgeting and policy decision making in an endemic setting. We collected detailed information on financial and economic costs incurred by both parties during the course of the MDA campaign (April 2018 to July 2019). We also conducted interviews with personnel involved in the financial administration of the MDA campaign. The economic cost of delivering two doses of ivermectin was US$4.88 per person. The cost of donated drugs accounted for 36.3% of total MDA costs. In this first large-scale MDA for the public health control of scabies, the estimated cost of delivering MDA per person for scabies was considerably more expensive than the costs reported for other neglected tropical diseases. The important cost drivers included the remuneration of health care workers who were extensively involved in the campaign, coverage of hard-to-reach, mainly rural populations and the two-dose regimen of ivermectin. These results highlight the importance of these cost determinants and can be used to plan current and future MDA programs.
Published: 2022

5. Prevention of bacterial complications of scabies using mass drug administration: A population-based, before-after trial in Fiji, 2018-2020

Author: Thean, LJ, Romani, L, Engelman, D, Wand, H, Jenney, A, Mani, J, Paka, J, Cua, T, Taole, S, Silai, M, Ashwini, K, Sahukhan, A, Kama, M, Tuicakau, M, Kado, J, Parnaby, M, Carvalho, N, Whitfeld, M, Kaldor, J, Steer, AC, Thean, LJ, Romani, L, Engelman, D, Wand, H, Jenney, A, Mani, J, Paka, J, Cua, T, Taole, S, Silai, M, Ashwini, K, Sahukhan, A, Kama, M, Tuicakau, M, Kado, J, Parnaby, M, Carvalho, N, Whitfeld, M, Kaldor, J, and Steer, AC
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Scabies is an important predisposing factor of impetigo which can lead to serious bacterial complications. Ivermectin-based mass drug administration can substantially reduce scabies and impetigo prevalence in endemic settings, but the impact on serious bacterial complications is not known. METHODS: We conducted a before-after trial in the Northern Division of Fiji (population: 131,914) of mass drug administration for scabies control. Prospective surveillance was conducted from 2018 to 2020. Mass drug administration took place in 2019, involving two doses of oral ivermectin or topical permethrin, delivered alongside diethylcarbamazine and albendazole for lymphatic filariasis. The primary outcomes were incidence of hospitalisations with skin and soft tissue infections, and childhood invasive infections and post-streptococcal sequelae. Secondary outcomes included presentations to primary healthcare with skin infections and community prevalence of scabies and impetigo. FINDINGS: The incidence of hospitalisations with skin and soft tissue infections was 17% lower after the intervention compared to baseline (388 vs 467 per 100,000 person-years; incidence rate ratio 0.83, 95% CI, 0.74 to 0.94; P = 0.002). There was no difference in incidence of childhood invasive infections and post-streptococcal sequelae. Incidence of primary healthcare presentations with scabies and skin infections was 21% lower (89.2 vs 108 per 1000 person-years, incidence rate ratio, IRR 0.79, 95% CI, 0.78 to 0.82). Crude community prevalence of scabies declined from 14.2% to 7.7% (cluster-adjusted prevalence 12.5% to 8.9%; prevalence ratio 0.71, 95% CI, 0.28 to 1.17). Cluster-adjusted prevalence of impetigo declined from 15.3% to 6.1% (prevalence ratio 0.4, 95% CI, 0.18 to 0.86). INTERPRETATION: Mass drug administration for scabies control was associated with a substantial reduction in hospitalisations for skin and soft tissue infections. FUNDING: National Health and Medical Research Counc
Published: 2022

6. The impact of 10-valent pneumococcal vaccine introduction on invasive disease in Fiji

Author: Reyburn, R, Tuivaga, EJ, Ratu, FT, Dunne, EM, Nand, D, Kado, J, Jenkins, K, Tikoduadua, L, Jenney, A, Howden, BP, Ballard, SA, Fox, K, Devi, R, Satzke, C, Rafai, E, Kama, M, Flasche, S, Mulholland, EK, Russell, FM, Reyburn, R, Tuivaga, EJ, Ratu, FT, Dunne, EM, Nand, D, Kado, J, Jenkins, K, Tikoduadua, L, Jenney, A, Howden, BP, Ballard, SA, Fox, K, Devi, R, Satzke, C, Rafai, E, Kama, M, Flasche, S, Mulholland, EK, and Russell, FM
Abstract: BACKGROUND: In 2012, Fiji introduced the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10). We assessed the impact of PCV10 on invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), probable bacterial or pneumococcal meningitis (PBPM), meningitis and sepsis 3-5 years post-introduction. METHODS: Laboratory-confirmed IPD and PBPM cases were extracted from national laboratory records. ICD-10-AM coded all-cause meningitis and sepsis cases were extracted from national hospitalisation records. Incidence rate ratios were used to compare outcomes pre/post-PCV10, stratified by age groups: 1-23m, 2-4y, 5-9y, 10-19y, 20-54y, ≥55y. To account for different detection and serotyping methods in the pre-and post-PCV10 period, a Bayesian inference model estimated serotype-specific changes in IPD, using pneumococcal carriage and surveillance data. FINDINGS: There were 423 IPD, 1,029 PBPM, 1,391 all-cause meningitis and 7,611 all-cause sepsis cases. Five years post-PCV10 introduction, IPD declined by 60% (95%CI: 37%, 76%) in children 1-23m months old, and in age groups 2-4y, 5-9y, 10-19y although confidence intervals spanned zero. PBPM declined by 36% (95%CI: 21%, 48%) among children 1-23 months old, and in all other age groups, although some confidence intervals spanned zero. Among children <5y of age, PCV10-type IPD declined by 83% (95%CI; 70%, 90%) and with no evidence of change in non-PCV10-type IPD (9%, 95%CI; -69, 43%). There was no change in all-cause meningitis or sepsis. Post-PCV10, the most common serotypes in vaccine age-eligible and non-age eligible people were serotypes 8 and 23B, and 3 and 7F, respectively. INTERPRETATIONS: Our study demonstrates the effectiveness of PCV10 against IPD in a country in the Asia-Pacific of which there is a paucity of data. FUNDING: This study was support by the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade of the Australian Government and Fiji Health Sector Support Program (FHSSP). FHSSP is implemented by Abt JTA on behalf of the Australian Government.
Published: 2022

7. Study protocol for controlled human infection for penicillin G against Streptococcus pyogenes: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomised trial to determine the minimum concentration required to prevent experimental pharyngitis (the CHIPS trial)

Author: Hla, TK, Osowicki, J, Salman, S, Batty, KT, Marsh, JA, Kado, J, Barr, R, Enkel, SL, Snelling, TL, McCarthy, J, Steer, AC, Carapetis, J, Manning, L, Hla, TK, Osowicki, J, Salman, S, Batty, KT, Marsh, JA, Kado, J, Barr, R, Enkel, SL, Snelling, TL, McCarthy, J, Steer, AC, Carapetis, J, and Manning, L
Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Regular intramuscular benzathine penicillin G injections have been the cornerstone of rheumatic heart disease (RHD) secondary prophylaxis since the 1950s. As the pharmacological correlate of protection remains unknown, it is difficult to recommend changes to this established regimen. Determining the minimum effective penicillin exposure required to prevent Streptococcus pyogenes infection will accelerate development of new long-acting penicillins for RHD prevention as well as inform opportunities to improve existing regimens. The CHIPS trial will address this knowledge gap by directly testing protection afforded by different steady state plasma concentrations of penicillin in an established model of experimental human S. pyogenes pharyngitis. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This is a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomised experimental human infection study. Sixty healthy adult volunteers aged 18-40 years will be recruited and randomised 1:1:1:1:1 to continuous intravenous penicillin infusions targeting five different steady state plasma concentrations of 0 (placebo), 3, 6, 12 and 20 ng/mL via a midline catheter. Each participant's penicillin pharmacokinetic parameters will be established prior to the challenge, to ensure accurate dosing for the continuous infusion. Following the challenge with a well-characterised strain of S. pyogenes, participants will be observed for up to 6 days for the development of pharyngitis and treated with antibiotics prior to discharge. The primary objective is to determine the minimum effective steady-state plasma penicillin concentration required to prevent experimental pharyngitis. Secondary objectives will explore systemic and mucosal immunoinflammatory responses during pharyngitis, bacterial colonisation dynamics, environmental contamination and qualitative evaluation of the participant experience. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval has been obtained (Bellberry Human Research Ethics Committee). Findings will be r
Published: 2022

8. High Burden of Invasive β-Haemolytic Streptococcal Infections in Fiji

Author: Steer, A. C., Jenney, A. J. W., Oppedisano, F., Batzloff, M. R., Hartas, J., Passmore, J., Russell, F. M., Kado, J. H. H., and Carapetis, J. R.
Published: 2008
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9. Subcutaneous Infusions of High-Dose Benzathine Penicillin G (SCIP) is Safe, Tolerable and Potentially Suitable for Less Frequent Dosing for Rheumatic Heart Disease Secondary Prophylaxis

Author: Kado, J., primary, Salman, S., additional, Hla, T., additional, Enkel, S., additional, Henderson, R., additional, Hand, R., additional, Hort, A., additional, Bennett, J., additional, Anderson, A., additional, Page-Sharp, M., additional, Batty, K., additional, Carapetis, J., additional, and Manning, L., additional
Published: 2022
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10. Population Pharmacokinetic Study of Benzathine Penicillin G Administration in Indigenous Children and Young Adults With Rheumatic Heart Disease in the Northern Territory, Australia

Author: Kado, J., primary, Salman, S., additional, Hand, R., additional, O'Brien, M., additional, Bowen, A., additional, Page-Sharp, M., additional, Batty, K., additional, Dolman, V., additional, Francis, J., additional, Carapetis, J., additional, and Manning, L., additional
Published: 2022
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11. The impact of the rotavirus vaccine on diarrhoea, five years following national introduction in Fiji

Author: Jenney, AWJ, Reyburn, R, Ratu, FT, Tuivaga, E, Nguyen, C, Covea, S, Thomas, S, Rafai, E, Devi, R, Bright, K, Jenkins, K, Temple, B, Tikoduadua, L, Kado, J, Mulholland, EK, Kirkwood, CD, Fox, KK, Bines, JE, Grabovac, V, Khan, AS, Kama, M, Russell, FM, Jenney, AWJ, Reyburn, R, Ratu, FT, Tuivaga, E, Nguyen, C, Covea, S, Thomas, S, Rafai, E, Devi, R, Bright, K, Jenkins, K, Temple, B, Tikoduadua, L, Kado, J, Mulholland, EK, Kirkwood, CD, Fox, KK, Bines, JE, Grabovac, V, Khan, AS, Kama, M, and Russell, FM
Abstract: BACKGROUND: In 2012, Fiji became the first independent Pacific island country to introduce rotavirus vaccine. We describe the impact of rotavirus vaccine on all-cause diarrhoea admissions in all ages, and rotavirus diarrhoea in children <5 years of age. METHODS: An observational study was conducted retrospectively on all admissions to the public tertiary hospitals in Fiji (2007-2018) and prospectively on all rotavirus-positive diarrhoea admissions in children <5 years at two hospital sites (2006-2018, and 2010-2015), along with rotavirus diarrhoea outpatient presentations at one secondary public hospital (2010-2015). The impact of rotavirus vaccine was determined using incidence rate ratios (IRR) of all-cause diarrhoea admissions and rotavirus diarrhoea, comparing the pre-vaccine and post-vaccine periods. All-cause admissions were used as a control. Multiple imputation was used to impute missing stool samples. FINDINGS: All-cause diarrhoea admissions declined among all age groups except among infants ≤2 months old and adults ≥55 years. For children <5 years, all-cause diarrhoea admissions declined by 39% (IRR)=0•61, 95%CI; 0•57-0•65, p-value<0•001). There was an 81% (95%CI; 51-94%) reduction in mortality among all-cause diarrhoea admissions in children under <5 years. Rotavirus diarrhoea admissions at the largest hospital among children <5 years declined by 87% (IRR=0•13, 95%CI; 0•10-0•17, p-value<0•001). Among rotavirus diarrhoea outpatient presentations, the IRR was 0•39 (95%CI; 0•11, 1.21, p-value=0.077). INTERPRETATIONS: Morbidity and mortality due to rotavirus and all-cause diarrhoea in Fiji has declined in people aged 2 months to 54 years after the introduction of the RV vaccine. FUNDING: Supported by WHO and the Australian Government.
Published: 2021

12. Prospective surveillance for invasive Staphylococcus aureus and group A Streptococcus infections in a setting with high community burden of scabies and impetigo

Author: Thean, LJ, Jenney, A, Engelman, D, Romani, L, Wand, H, Mani, J, Paka, J, Cua, T, Taole, S, Soqo, V, Sahukhan, A, Kama, M, Tuicakau, M, Kado, J, Carvalho, N, Whitfeld, M, Kaldor, J, Steer, AC, Thean, LJ, Jenney, A, Engelman, D, Romani, L, Wand, H, Mani, J, Paka, J, Cua, T, Taole, S, Soqo, V, Sahukhan, A, Kama, M, Tuicakau, M, Kado, J, Carvalho, N, Whitfeld, M, Kaldor, J, and Steer, AC
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Invasive Staphylococcus aureus (iSA) and group A Streptococcus (iGAS) impose significant health burdens globally. Both bacteria commonly cause skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), which can result in invasive disease. Understanding of the incidence of iSA and iGAS remains limited in settings with a high SSTI burden. METHODS: Prospective surveillance for admissions with iSA or iGAS was conducted at the referral hospital in Fiji's Northern Division over 48 weeks between July 2018 and June 2019. RESULTS: There were 55 admissions for iSA and 15 admissions for iGAS (incidence 45.2 and 12.3 per 100,000 person-years, respectively). The highest incidence was found in patients aged ≥65 years (59.6 per 100,000 person-years for iSA and iGAS). The incidence of iSA was higher in indigenous Fijians (iTaukei) (71.1 per 100,000 person-years) compared with other ethnicities (incidence rate ratio 9.7, 95% confidence interval 3.5-36.9). SSTIs were found in the majority of cases of iSA (75%) and iGAS (53.3%). Thirteen of the 14 iGAS strains isolated belonged to emm cluster D (n = 5) or E (n = 8). The case fatality rate was high for both iSA (10.9%) and iGAS (33.3%). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of iSA and iGAS in Fiji is very high. SSTIs are common clinical foci for both iSA and iGAS. Both iSA and iGAS carry a substantial risk of death. Improved control strategies are needed to reduce the burden of iSA and iGAS in Fiji.
Published: 2021

13. Effect of ten-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduction on pneumonia hospital admissions in Fiji: a time-series analysis

Author: Reyburn, R, Tuivaga, E, Nguyen, CD, Ratu, FT, Nand, D, Kado, J, Tikoduadua, L, Jenkins, K, de Campo, M, Kama, M, Devi, R, Rafai, E, Weinberger, DM, Mulholland, EK, Russell, FM, Reyburn, R, Tuivaga, E, Nguyen, CD, Ratu, FT, Nand, D, Kado, J, Tikoduadua, L, Jenkins, K, de Campo, M, Kama, M, Devi, R, Rafai, E, Weinberger, DM, Mulholland, EK, and Russell, FM
Abstract: BACKGROUND: In October, 2012, Fiji introduced routine infant immunisation with a ten-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) using three primary doses and no booster dose (3 + 0 schedule). Data are scarce for the effect of PCV in the Asia and Pacific region. We aimed to evaluate the effect of PCV10 on pneumonia hospital admissions in children younger than 5 years and adults aged 55 years and older in Fiji, 5 years after vaccine introduction. METHODS: We did a time-series analysis assessing changes in pneumonia hospital admissions at three public tertiary hospitals in Fiji. Four pneumonia outcomes were evaluated: all-cause pneumonia, severe or very severe pneumonia, hypoxic pneumonia, and radiological pneumonia. Participants aged younger than 2 months, 2-23 months, 24-59 months, and 55 years and older were included. Data were extracted from the national hospital admission database according to International Classification of Diseases-tenth revision codes J10·0-18·9, J21, and J22 for all-cause pneumonia. Medical records and chest radiographs were reviewed for the main tertiary hospital to reclassify hospital admissions in children aged younger than 2 years as severe or very severe, hypoxic, or radiological pneumonia as per WHO definitions. Time-series analyses were done using the synthetic control method and multiple imputation to adjust for changes in hospital usage and missing data. FINDINGS: Between Jan 1, 2007, and Dec 31, 2017, the ratio of observed cases to expected cases for all-cause pneumonia was 0·92 (95% CI 0·70-1·36) for children aged younger than 2 months, 0·86 (0·74-1·00) for children aged 2-23 months, 0·74 (0·62-0·87) for children aged 24-59 months, and 1·90 (1·53-2·31) in adults aged 55 years and older, 5 years after PCV10 introduction. These findings indicate a reduction in all-cause pneumonia among children aged 24-59 months and an increase in adults aged 55 years and older, but no change among children aged younger than 2 months. Among childre
Published: 2021

14. Strengthening health systems to support children with neurodevelopmental disabilities in Fiji—A commentary

Author: Woolfenden, S, Milner, K, Tora, K, Naulumatua, K, Mataika, R, Smith, F, Lingam, R, Kado, J, Tuibeqa, I, Woolfenden, S, Milner, K, Tora, K, Naulumatua, K, Mataika, R, Smith, F, Lingam, R, Kado, J, and Tuibeqa, I
Abstract: Supporting children with neurodevelopmental disabilities (NDDs) is recognized as an increasing priority in Fiji, a middle-income Pacific Island country. Our objective was to describe our approach to developing a model of care and strengthening local leadership in developmental paediatrics in Fiji to ensure high-quality identification, assessment and management of children with NDDs. Paediatric staff at Colonial War Memorial (CWM) Hospital in Suva have worked in partnership with Australian paediatricians to develop the model of care. The platform of continuing medical education during biannual 3 to 4 days of clinic-based teaching with visiting developmental paediatricians from Australia has been used. Since 2010, there have been 15 local and regional paediatric trainees trained. Since 2015, our two local lead paediatric trainees have run a weekly local developmental clinic. In total, 370 children aged 0 to 18 with NDDs have been comprehensively assessed with a detailed history and standardised tools. The model is extending to two divisional hospitals. Research engagement with the team is resulting in the development of a local evidence base. Local, regional and international leadership and collaboration has resulted in increased capacity in the Fijian health system to support children with NDDs.
Published: 2020

15. Hospital admissions for skin and soft tissue infections in a population with endemic scabies: A prospective study in Fiji, 2018-2019

Author: Ramos, AN, Thean, LJ, Jenney, A, Engelman, D, Romani, L, Wand, H, Mudaliar, J, Paka, J, Cua, T, Taole, S, Sahukhan, A, Kama, M, Tuicakau, M, Kado, J, Carvalho, N, Whitfeld, M, Kaldor, J, Steer, AC, Ramos, AN, Thean, LJ, Jenney, A, Engelman, D, Romani, L, Wand, H, Mudaliar, J, Paka, J, Cua, T, Taole, S, Sahukhan, A, Kama, M, Tuicakau, M, Kado, J, Carvalho, N, Whitfeld, M, Kaldor, J, and Steer, AC
Abstract: Scabies is an important predisposing factor for impetigo but its role in more serious skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) is not well understood. Information is limited on incidence of SSTIs in the presence of endemic scabies. We conducted a prospective study of hospital admissions for SSTIs in the Northern Division of Fiji (population: 131,914). Prospective surveillance for admissions with impetigo, abscess, cellulitis, wound infection, pyomyositis, necrotizing fasciitis, infected scabies, and crusted scabies was conducted at the Division's referral hospital between 2018 to 2019. Information was collected on demographic characteristics, clinical features, microbiology, treatment and outcomes. Over the study period, 788 SSTI admissions were recorded corresponding to a population incidence 647 per 100,000 person-years (95%CI 571-660). Incidence was highest at the extremes of age with peak incidence in children aged <5 years (908 per 100,000) and those aged ≥65 years (1127 per 100,000). Incidence was 1.7 times higher among the Indigenous Fijian population (753 per 100,000) compared to other ethnicities (442 per 100,000). Overall case fatality rate was 3.3%, and 10.8% for those aged ≥65 years. Scabies was diagnosed concurrently in 7.6% of all patients and in 24.6% of admitted children <5 years. There is a very high burden of hospital admissions for SSTIs in Fiji compared to high-income settings especially among the youngest, oldest and indigenous population which is concordant with scabies and impetigo distribution in this population. Our findings highlight the need for strategies to reduce the burden of SSTIs in Fiji and similar settings.
Published: 2020

16. Factors associated with pneumococcal carriage and density in children and adults in Fiji, using four cross-sectional surveys

Author: Melo-Cristino, J, Neal, EFG, Nguyen, CD, Ratu, FT, Dunne, EM, Kama, M, Ortika, BD, Boelsen, LK, Kado, J, Tikoduadua, L, Devi, R, Tuivaga, E, Reyburnl, RC, Satzke, C, Rafai, E, Mulholland, K, Russell, FM, Melo-Cristino, J, Neal, EFG, Nguyen, CD, Ratu, FT, Dunne, EM, Kama, M, Ortika, BD, Boelsen, LK, Kado, J, Tikoduadua, L, Devi, R, Tuivaga, E, Reyburnl, RC, Satzke, C, Rafai, E, Mulholland, K, and Russell, FM
Abstract: This study describes predictors of pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage and density in Fiji. We used data from four annual (2012-2015) cross-sectional surveys, pre- and post-introduction of ten-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) in October 2012. Infants (5-8 weeks), toddlers (12-23 months), children (2-6 years), and their caregivers participated. Pneumococci were detected and quantified using lytA qPCR, with molecular serotyping by microarray. Logistic and quantile regression were used to determine predictors of pneumococcal carriage and density, respectively. There were 8,109 participants. Pneumococcal carriage was negatively associated with years post-PCV10 introduction (global P<0.001), and positively associated with indigenous iTaukei ethnicity (aOR 2.74 [95% CI 2.17-3.45] P<0.001); young age (infant, toddler, and child compared with caregiver participant groups) (global P<0.001); urban residence (aOR 1.45 [95% CI 1.30-2.57] P<0.001); living with ≥2 children <5 years of age (aOR 1.42 [95% CI 1.27-1.59] P<0.001); low family income (aOR 1.44 [95% CI 1.28-1.62] P<0.001); and upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) symptoms (aOR 1.77 [95% CI 1.57-2.01] P<0.001). Predictors were similar for PCV10 and non-PCV10 carriage, except PCV10 carriage was negatively associated with PCV10 vaccination (0.58 [95% CI 0.41-0.82] P = 0.002) and positively associated with exposure to household cigarette smoke (aOR 1.21 [95% CI 1.02-1.43] P = 0.031), while there was no association between years post-PCV10 introduction and non-PCV10 carriage. Pneumococcal density was positively associated with URTI symptoms (adjusted median difference 0.28 [95% CI 0.16, 0.40] P<0.001) and toddler and child, compared with caregiver, participant groups (global P = 0.008). Predictors were similar for PCV10 and non-PCV10 density, except infant, toddler, and child participant groups were not associated with PCV10 density. PCV10 introduction was associated with reduced the odds of overall and PCV
Published: 2020

17. The Human Leukocyte Antigen Locus and Rheumatic Heart Disease Susceptibility in South Asians and Europeans

Author: Auckland, K, Mittal, B, Cairns, BJ, Garg, N, Kumar, S, Mentzer, AJ, Kado, J, Perman, ML, Steer, AC, Hill, AVS, Parks, T, Auckland, K, Mittal, B, Cairns, BJ, Garg, N, Kumar, S, Mentzer, AJ, Kado, J, Perman, ML, Steer, AC, Hill, AVS, and Parks, T
Abstract: Rheumatic heart disease (RHD), an autoinflammatory heart disease, was recently declared a global health priority by the World Health Organization. Here we report a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of RHD susceptibility in 1,163 South Asians (672 cases; 491 controls) recruited in India and Fiji. We analysed directly obtained and imputed genotypes, and followed-up associated loci in 1,459 Europeans (150 cases; 1,309 controls) from the UK Biobank study. We identify a novel susceptibility signal in the class III region of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex in the South Asian dataset that clearly replicates in the Europeans (rs201026476; combined odds ratio 1.81, 95% confidence intervals 1.51-2.18, P = 3.48×10-10). Importantly, this signal remains despite conditioning on the lead class I and class II variants (P = 0.00033). These findings suggest the class III region is a key determinant of RHD susceptibility offering important new insight into pathogenesis while partly explaining the inconsistency of earlier reports.
Published: 2020

18. Longitudinal Analysis of Group A Streptococcus emm Types and emm Clusters in a High-Prevalence Setting: Relationship between Past and Future Infections.

Author: Campbell, PT, Tong, SYC, Geard, N, Davies, MR, Worthing, KA, Lacey, JA, Smeesters, PR, Batzloff, MR, Kado, J, Jenney, AWJ, Mcvernon, J, Steer, AC, Campbell, PT, Tong, SYC, Geard, N, Davies, MR, Worthing, KA, Lacey, JA, Smeesters, PR, Batzloff, MR, Kado, J, Jenney, AWJ, Mcvernon, J, and Steer, AC
Abstract: Group A Streptococcus is a pathogen of global importance, but despite the ubiquity of group A Streptococcus infections, the relationship between infection, colonization, and immunity is still not completely understood. The M protein, encoded by the emm gene, is a major virulence factor and vaccine candidate and forms the basis of a number of classification systems. Longitudinal patterns of emm types collected from 457 Fijian schoolchildren over a 10-month period were analyzed. No evidence of tissue tropism was observed, and there was no apparent selective pressure or constraint of emm types. Patterns of emm type acquisition suggest limited, if any, modification of future infection based on infection history. Where impetigo is the dominant mode of transmission, circulating emm types either may not be constrained by ecological niches or population immunity to the M protein, or they may require several infections over a longer period of time to induce such immunity.
Published: 2020

19. Serum levels of the nm23-H1 protein and their clinical implication in extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma

Author: Niitsu, N, Okamoto, M, Honma, Y, Nakamine, H, Tamaru, J-I, Nakamura, S, Yoshino, T, Higashihara, M, Hirano, M, and Okabe-Kado, J
Published: 2003
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20. Clinical significance of nm23-H1 proteins expressed on cell surface in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Author: Niitsu, N, Honma, Y, Iijima, K, Takagi, T, Higashihara, M, Sawada, U, and Okabe-Kado, J
Published: 2003
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21. Elevated plasma level of differentiation inhibitory factor nm23-H1 protein correlates with risk factors for myelodysplastic syndrome

Author: Ito, Y, Okabe-Kado, J, Honma, Y, Iwase, O, Shimamoto, T, Ohyashiki, JH, and Ohyashiki, K
Published: 2002
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22. Serum nm23-H1 protein as a prognostic factor for indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Author: Niitsu, N, Okamoto, M, Okabe-Kado, J, Takagi, T, Yoshida, T, Aoki, S, Honma, Y, and Hirano, M
Published: 2001
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23. A population pharmacokinetic study of benzathine benzylpenicillin G administration in children and adolescents with rheumatic heart disease: New insights for improved secondary prophylaxis strategies

Author: Hand, R.M., Salman, S., Newall, N., Vine, J., Page-Sharp, Madhu, Bowen, A.C., Gray, K., Baker, A., Kado, J., Joseph, J., Marsh, J., Ramsay, J., Sika-Paotonu, D., Batty, Kevin, Manning, L., Carapetis, J., Hand, R.M., Salman, S., Newall, N., Vine, J., Page-Sharp, Madhu, Bowen, A.C., Gray, K., Baker, A., Kado, J., Joseph, J., Marsh, J., Ramsay, J., Sika-Paotonu, D., Batty, Kevin, Manning, L., and Carapetis, J.
Abstract: Background: Benzathine benzylpenicillin G (BPG) is recommended as secondary prophylaxis to prevent recurrence of acute rheumatic fever and subsequent rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Following intramuscular injection, BPG is hydrolysed to benzylpenicillin. Little is known of the pharmacokinetics of benzylpenicillin following BPG in populations at risk of RHD. Methods: We conducted a longitudinal pharmacokinetic study of children and adolescents receiving secondary prophylaxis throughout six monthly cycles of BPG. Dried blood spot samples were assayed with LC-MS/MS. Benzylpenicillin concentrations were analysed using non-linear mixed-effects modelling with subsequent simulations based on published BMI-for-age and weight-for-age data. Results: Eighteen participants contributed 256 concentrations for analysis. None had benzylpenicillin concentrations>0.02 mg/L for the full time between doses. The median duration above this target was 9.8 days for those with a lower BMI (,25 kg/m2), who also had lower weights, and 0 days for those with a higher BMI (25 kg/m2). Although fat-free mass was a key determinant of benzylpenicillin exposure after a standard dose of BPG, having a higher BMI influenced absorption and almost doubled (increase of 86%) the observed t1=2. Conclusions: Few children and adolescents receiving BPG as secondary prophylaxis will achieve concentrations>0.02 mg/L for the majority of the time between injections. The discordance of this observation with reported efficacy of BPG to prevent rheumatic fever implies a major knowledge gap relating to pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationships between benzylpenicillin exposure and clinical outcomes.
Published: 2019

24. Burkholderia cepacia in cystic fibrosis: Novel Australian cluster strain without accelerated respiratory deterioration

Author: Fitzgerald, Da, Cooper, Dm, Paul, M, Tiley, S, Kado, J, Cordwell, J, and Collins, C
Published: 2001

25. Effect of ten-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduction on pneumococcal carriage in Fiji: results from four annual cross-sectional carriage surveys

Author: Dunne, EM, Satzke, C, Ratu, FT, Neal, EFG, Boelsen, LK, Matanitobua, S, Pell, CL, Nation, ML, Ortika, BD, Reyburn, R, Jenkins, K, Nguyen, C, Gould, K, Hinds, J, Tikoduadua, L, Kado, J, Rafai, E, Kama, M, Mulholland, EK, and Russell, FM
Subjects: Male, Vaccines, Conjugate, Infant, Serogroup, Article, Pneumococcal Infections, Pneumococcal Vaccines, Cross-Sectional Studies, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Caregivers, Surveys and Questionnaires, Child, Preschool, Carrier State, Fiji, Humans, Female, Healthcare Disparities, Child
Abstract: Summary Background The indirect effects of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) are mediated through reductions in carriage of vaccine serotypes. Data on PCVs in Asia and the Pacific are scarce. Fiji introduced the ten-valent PCV (PCV10) in 2012, with a schedule consisting of three priming doses at 6, 10, and 14 weeks of age and no booster dose (3 + 0 schedule) without catch-up. We investigated the effects of PCV10 introduction using cross-sectional nasopharyngeal carriage surveys. Methods We did four annual carriage surveys (one pre-PCV10 and three post-PCV10) in the greater Suva area in Fiji, during 2012–15, of 5–8-week-old infants, 12–23-month-old children, 2–6-year-old children, and their caregivers (total of 8109 participants). Eligible participants were of appropriate age, had axillary temperature lower than 37°C, and had lived in the community for at least 3 consecutive months. We used purposive quota sampling to ensure a proper representation of the Fiji population. Pneumococci were detected by real-time quantitative PCR, and molecular serotyping was done with microarray. Findings 3 years after PCV10 introduction, vaccine-serotype carriage prevalence declined, with adjusted prevalences (2015 vs 2012) of 0·56 (95% CI 0·34–0·93) in 5–8-week-old infants, 0·34 (0·23–0·49) in 12–23-month-olds, 0·47 (0·34–0·66) in 2–6-year-olds, and 0·43 (0·13–1·42) in caregivers. Reductions in PCV10 serotype carriage were evident in both main ethnic groups in Fiji; however, carriage of non-PCV10 serotypes increased in Indigenous Fijian infants and children. Density of PCV10 serotypes and non-PCV10 serotypes was lower in PCV10-vaccinated children aged 12–23 months than in PCV10-unvaccinated children of the same age group (PCV10 serotypes −0·56 [95% CI −0·98 to −0·15], p=0·0077; non-PCV10 serotypes −0·29 [–0·57 to −0·02], p=0·0334). Interpretation Direct and indirect effects on pneumococcal carriage post-PCV10 are likely to result in reductions in pneumococcal disease, including in infants too young to be vaccinated. Serotype replacement in carriage in Fijian children, particularly Indigenous children, warrants further monitoring. Observed changes in pneumococcal density might be temporal rather than vaccine related. Funding Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade of the Australian Government through the Fiji Health Sector Support Program; Victorian Government's Operational Infrastructure Support Program; Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2018

26. P3131Evolution of subclinical rheumatic heart disease: a multi-centre retrospective cohort study

Author: Sanyahumbi, A, primary, Karthikeyan, G, additional, Aliku, T, additional, Beaton, A, additional, Carapetis, J, additional, Culliford-Semmens, N, additional, Engelman, D, additional, Kado, J, additional, Maguire, G, additional, Okello, E, additional, Penny, D J, additional, Remond, M, additional, Sable, C A, additional, Steer, A, additional, and Wilson, N, additional
Published: 2019
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27. Investigation of group A Streptococcus immune responses in an endemic setting, with a particular focus on J8

Author: Campbell, PT, Frost, H, Smeesters, PR, Kado, J, Good, MF, Batzloff, M, Geard, N, McVernon, J, Steer, A, Campbell, PT, Frost, H, Smeesters, PR, Kado, J, Good, MF, Batzloff, M, Geard, N, McVernon, J, and Steer, A
Abstract: Sustained control of group A Streptococcus (GAS) infections in settings of poverty has proven to be challenging, and an effective vaccine may be the most practical long-term strategy to reduce GAS-related disease burden. Candidate GAS vaccines based on the J8 peptide have demonstrated promising immunogenicity in mice, however, less is known about the role of J8 antibodies in the human immune response to GAS infection. We analysed the stimulation of J8 antibodies in response to infection, and the role of existing J8 antibodies in protection against subsequent infection, using data collected in the Fijian population: (1) cross sectional population serosurvey; (2) paired serum collection for assessment of M-specific and J8 antibody responses; and (3) longitudinal assessment of GAS infection and immunity. Median J8 antibody concentrations peaked in the 5-14 year age group, but there was no sustained increase with age. J8 antibody concentration was neither a significant predictor of time to next infection, nor did it show any relationship to the time since last recorded skin infection. Similarly, J8 antibody fold changes over a defined period were associated neither with the time since last skin infection, nor the number of intervening skin infections. While strong M-specific antibody responses were observed for skin infection, similarly strong J8 antibody responses were not observed. There is no indication that antibodies to the J8 antigen would be useful as either a marker of GAS infection or a measure of population immunity, with J8 antibody responses to infection fleeting, if existent at all.
Published: 2018

28. Association between a common immunoglobulin heavy chain allele and rheumatic heart disease risk in Oceania

Author: Parks, T, Mirabel, MM, Kado, J, Auckland, K, Nowak, J, Rautanen, A, Mentzer, AJ, Marijon, E, Jouven, X, Perman, ML, Cua, T, Kauwe, JK, Allen, JB, Taylor, H, Robson, KJ, Deane, CM, Steer, AC, and Hill, AVS
Subjects: Adult, Male, Risk, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, PREDICTION, Oceania, Gene Expression, REGION, FEVER, Odds Ratio, TOOL, Humans, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Child, Alleles, Science & Technology, Rheumatic Heart Disease, Multidisciplinary Sciences, Asians, Haplotypes, Case-Control Studies, Science & Technology - Other Topics, Female, ORIENTATION, Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains, Pacific Islands Rheumatic Heart Disease Genetics Network, Genome-Wide Association Study
Abstract: The indigenous populations of the South Pacific experience a high burden of rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Here we report a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of RHD susceptibility in 2,852 individuals recruited in eight Oceanian countries. Stratifying by ancestry, we analysed genotyped and imputed variants in Melanesians (607 cases and 1,229 controls) before follow-up of suggestive loci in three further ancestral groups: Polynesians, South Asians and Mixed or other populations (totalling 399 cases and 617 controls). We identify a novel susceptibility signal in the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) locus centring on a haplotype of nonsynonymous variants in the IGHV4-61 gene segment corresponding to the IGHV4-61*02 allele. We show each copy of IGHV4-61*02 is associated with a 1.4-fold increase in the risk of RHD (odds ratio 1.43, 95% confidence intervals 1.27–1.61, P=4.1 × 10−9). These findings provide new insight into the role of germline variation in the IGH locus in disease susceptibility.
Published: 2017

29. Immune Cross-Opsonization Within emm Clusters Following Group A Streptococcus Skin Infection: Broadening the Scope of Type-Specific Immunity

Author: Frost, HR, Laho, D, Sanderson-Smith, ML, Licciardi, P, Donath, S, Curtis, N, Kado, J, Dale, JB, Steer, AC, Smeesters, PR, Frost, HR, Laho, D, Sanderson-Smith, ML, Licciardi, P, Donath, S, Curtis, N, Kado, J, Dale, JB, Steer, AC, and Smeesters, PR
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Group A Streptococcus (GAS) skin infections are particularly prevalent in developing nations. The GAS M protein, by which strains are differentiated into >220 different emm types, is immunogenic and elicits protective antibodies. A major obstacle for vaccine development has been the traditional understanding that immunity following infection is restricted to a single emm type. However, recent evidence has led to the hypothesis of immune cross-reactivity between emm types. METHODS: We investigated the human serological response to GAS impetigo in Fijian schoolchildren, focusing on 3 major emm clusters (E4, E6, and D4). Pre- and postinfection sera were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with N-terminal M peptides and bactericidal assays using the infecting-type strain, emm cluster-related strains, and nonrelated strains. RESULTS: Twenty of the 53 paired sera demonstrated a ≥4-fold increase in antibody titer against the infecting type. When tested against all cluster-related M peptides, we found that 9 of 17 (53%) paired sera had a ≥4-fold increase in antibody titer to cluster-related strains as well. When grouped by cluster, the mean change to cluster-related emm types in E4 and E6 was >4-fold (5.9-fold and 19.5-fold, respectively) but for D4 was 3.8-fold. The 17 paired sera were tested in bactericidal assays against selected cluster-related and nonrelated strains. While the responses were highly variable, numerous instances of cross-reactive killing were observed. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that M type-specific and cross-reactive immune responses occur following skin infection. The cross-reactive immune responses frequently align with emm clusters, raising new opportunities to design multivalent vaccines with broad coverage.
Published: 2017

30. Regulation by Prostaglandins of Differentiation of Mouse Myeloid Leukemia M1 Cells

Author: Hozumi, M., Honma, Y., Kasukabe, T., Okabe-Kado, J., Takenaga, K., Garaci, Enrico, editor, Paoletti, Rodolfo, editor, and Santoro, M. Gabriella, editor
Published: 1987
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31. Ethylene Glycol Poisoning: An Unusual Cause of Altered Mental Status and the Lessons Learned from Management of the Disease in the Acute Setting

Author: Singh, R., Arain, E., Buth, A., Kado, J., Soubani, A., and Imran, N.
Subjects: Article Subject
Abstract: Ethylene glycol is found in many household products and is a common toxic ingestion. Acute ingestions present with altered sensorium and an osmolal gap. The true toxicity of ethylene glycol is mediated by its metabolites, which are responsible for the increased anion gap metabolic acidosis, renal tubular damage, and crystalluria seen later in ingestions. Early intervention is key; however, diagnosis is often delayed, especially in elderly patients presenting with altered mental status. There are several laboratory tests which can be exploited for the diagnosis, quantification of ingestion, and monitoring of treatment, including the lactate and osmolal gaps. As methods of direct measurement of ethylene glycol are often not readily available, it is important to have a high degree of suspicion based on these indirect laboratory findings. Mainstay of treatment is bicarbonate, fomepizole or ethanol, and, often, hemodialysis. A validated equation can be used to estimate necessary duration of hemodialysis, and even if direct measurements of ethylene glycol are not available, monitoring for the closure of the anion, lactate, and osmolal gaps can guide treatment. We present the case of an elderly male with altered mental status, acute kidney injury, elevated anion gap metabolic acidosis, and profound lactate and osmolal gaps.
Published: 2016
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32. OC02_10 Adherence to Secondary Prophylaxis for Rheumatic Heart Disease Patients Diagnosed Through Screening Is Inadequate for Disease Control

Author: Engelman, D., primary, Kado, J., additional, Mataika, R., additional, Ahkee, M., additional, Donath, S., additional, Parks, T., additional, Carapetis, J., additional, and Steer, A., additional
Published: 2016
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33. PS281 High Burden of Rheumatic Heart Disease in Maternity Services in Fiji: A National Record-Linkage Analysis

Author: Parks, T., primary, Narube, L., additional, Colquhoun, S., additional, Kado, J., additional, Fong, J., additional, and Steer, A., additional
Published: 2016
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34. OC02_07 Genome-Wide Association Study of Susceptibility to Rheumatic Heart Disease in Oceania: Preliminary Results

Author: Parks, T., primary, Mirabel, M., additional, Kado, J., additional, Auckland, K., additional, Rautanen, A., additional, Kauwe, K., additional, Ward, B., additional, Steer, A., additional, and Hill, A., additional
Published: 2016
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35. PS277 A Review of Patient Perceived Barriers and Enablers of Adherence to Secondary Prophylaxis Medication for Rheumatic Heart Disease in the Fiji Islands

Author: Colquhoun, S., primary, Read, C., additional, Ward, B., additional, Taito, R., additional, Matatolu, L., additional, Matanatabu, F., additional, Ah Kee, M., additional, La Vincente, S., additional, Kado, J., additional, and Steer, A., additional
Published: 2016
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36. PM289 Towards Improved Rheumatic Heart Disease Control and Prevention in Fiji Islands

Author: Kennedy, E., primary, Kamunaga, M., additional, Naiceru, E., additional, Ramaka, A., additional, Matatolu, L., additional, Kado, J., additional, Jackson, C., additional, Colquhoun, S., additional, Steer, A., additional, and Wilson, N.J., additional
Published: 2016
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37. PM277 Accuracy of Focused Cardiac Ultrasound Screening for Rheumatic Heart Disease by Health Workers With Limited Training

Author: Engelman, D., primary, Kado, J., additional, Remenyi, B., additional, Colquhoun, S., additional, Carapetis, J., additional, Donath, S., additional, Wilson, N., additional, and Steer, A., additional
Published: 2016
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38. Rheumatic Heart Disease-Attributable Mortality at Ages 5-69 Years in Fiji: A Five-Year, National, Population-Based Record-Linkage Cohort Study

Author: Vinetz, JM, Parks, T, Kado, J, Miller, AE, Ward, B, Heenan, R, Colquhoun, SM, Baernighausen, TW, Mirabel, M, Bloom, DE, Bailey, RL, Tukana, IN, Steer, AC, Vinetz, JM, Parks, T, Kado, J, Miller, AE, Ward, B, Heenan, R, Colquhoun, SM, Baernighausen, TW, Mirabel, M, Bloom, DE, Bailey, RL, Tukana, IN, and Steer, AC
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is considered a major public health problem in developing countries, although scarce data are available to substantiate this. Here we quantify mortality from RHD in Fiji during 2008-2012 in people aged 5-69 years. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Using 1,773,999 records derived from multiple sources of routine clinical and administrative data, we used probabilistic record-linkage to define a cohort of 2,619 persons diagnosed with RHD, observed for all-cause mortality over 11,538 person-years. Using relative survival methods, we estimated there were 378 RHD-attributable deaths, almost half of which occurred before age 40 years. Using census data as the denominator, we calculated there were 9.9 deaths (95% CI 9.8-10.0) and 331 years of life-lost (YLL, 95% CI 330.4-331.5) due to RHD per 100,000 person-years, standardised to the portion of the WHO World Standard Population aged 0-69 years. Valuing life using Fiji's per-capita gross domestic product, we estimated these deaths cost United States Dollar $6,077,431 annually. Compared to vital registration data for 2011-2012, we calculated there were 1.6-times more RHD-attributable deaths than the number reported, and found our estimate of RHD mortality exceeded all but the five leading reported causes of premature death, based on collapsed underlying cause-of-death diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS: Rheumatic heart disease is a leading cause of premature death as well as an important economic burden in this setting. Age-standardised death rates are more than twice those reported in current global estimates. Linkage of routine data provides an efficient tool to better define the epidemiology of neglected diseases.
Published: 2015

39. Accuracy of focussed cardiac ultrasound screening for rheumatic heart disease by health workers with limited training

Author: Engelman, D., primary, Kado, J., additional, Remenyi, B., additional, Colquhoun, S., additional, Carapetis, J., additional, Wilson, N., additional, Donath, S., additional, and Steer, A., additional
Published: 2015
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40. Precision electroweak measurements on the Z resonance

Author: Schael, S, Barate, R, Bruneliere, R, Buskulic, D, Bonis, De, Decamp, I, Ghez, D, Goy, P, Jezequel, C, Lees, S, Lucotte, Jp, Martin, A, Merle, F, Minard, E, Nief, Mn, Odier, Jy, Pietrzyk, P, Trocme, B, Bravo, B, Casado, S, Chmeissani, Mp, Comas, M, Crespo, P, Fernandez, Jm, E, Fernandez, Bosman, Garrido, M, Grauges, L, Juste, E, Martinez, A, Merino, M, Miquel, G, Mir, R, Orteu, Lm, Pacheco, S, Park, A, Perlas, Ic, Riu, J, Ruiz, I, Sanchez, H, Colaleo, F, Creanza, A, D, Filippis, De, N, Palma, De, Iaselli, M, Maggi, G, Nuzzo, M, Ranieri, S, Raso, A, Ruggieri, G, Selvaggi, F, Silvestris, G, Tempesta, L, Tricomi, P, Zito, A, Huang, G, Lin, X, Ouyang, J, Wang, Q, Xie, T, Xu, Y, Xue, R, Zhang, S, Zhang, J, Zhao, L, Abbaneo, W, Bazarko, D, Becker, A, Boix, U, Bird, G, Blucher, F, Bonvicini, E, B, Bright, Thomas, Barklow, P, Buchmuller, T, Cattaneo, O, Cerutti, M, Ciulli, F, Clerbaux, V, Drevermann, B, Forty, H, Frank, Rw, Greening, M, Hagelberg, Tc, Halley, R, Gianotti, Aw, Girone, F, Hansen, M, Harvey, Jb, Jacobsen, J, Hutchcroft, R, Janot, De, Jost, R, Knobloch, B, Kado, J, Lehraus, M, Lazeyras, I, Maley, P, Mato, R, May, P, Moutussi, J, A, Pepe, Altarelli, Ranjard, M, Rolandi, F, Schlatter, L, Schmitt, D, Schneider, B, Tejessy, O, Teubert, W, Tomalin, F, Tournefier, Ir, Veenhof, E, Valassi, R, Wiedenmann, A, Wright, W, Ajaltouni, Ae, Badaud, Z, Chazelle, F, Deschamps, G, Dessagne, O, Falvard, S, Ferdi, A, Fayolle, C, Gay, D, Guicheney, P, Henrard, C, Jousset, P, Michel, J, Monteil, B, Montret, S, Pallin, Jc, Pascolo, D, Perret, Jm, Podlyski, P, Bertelsen, F, Fernley, H, Hansen, T, Hansen, Jd, Hansen, Jr, Kraan, Ph, Lindahl, Ac, Mollerud, A, Nilsson, R, Rensch, Bs, Waananen, B, Daskalakis, A, Kyriakis, G, Markou, A, Simopoulou, C, Siotis, E, Vayaki, I, Zachariadou, A, Blondel, K, Bonneaud, A, Brient, G, Machefert, Jc, Rouge, E, Rumpf, A, Swynghedauw, M, Tanaka, M, Verderi, R, Videau, M, Focardi, H, Parrini, E, Corden, G, Georgiopoulos, M, Antonelli, C, Antonelli, A, Bencivenni, M, Bologna, G, Bossi, G, Campana, F, Capon, P, Chiarella, G, Felici, V, Laurelli, G, Mannocchi, P, Murtas, G, Passalacqua, Gp, Picchi, L, Colrain, P, P, Ten, Have, Hughes, I, Kennedy, Is, Knowles, J, Lynch, Ig, Morton, Jg, Negus, Wt, Oshea, P., Raine, V, Reeves, C, Scarr, P, Smith, Jm, Thompson, K., Turnbull, As, Wasserbaech, Rm, Cavanaugh, S, Dhamotharan, R, Geweniger, S, Hanke, C, Hansper, P, Hepp, G, Kluge, V, Putzer, Ee, Sommer, A, Stenzel, J, Tittel, H, Werner, K, Wunsch, W, Beuselinck, M, Binnie, R, Cameron, Dm, Davies, W, Dornan, G, Goodsir, Pj, Marinelli, S, Martin, N, Nash, Eb, Nowell, J, Rutherford, J, Sedgbeer, Sa, Thompson, Jk, White, Jc, Williams, R, Ghete, Md, Girtler, Vm, Kneringer, P, Kuhn, E, Rudolph, D, G, Bouhova, Thacker, Bowdery, E, Buck, Ck, Clarke, Pg, Ellis, Dp, Finch, G, Foster, Aj, Hughes, F, Jones, G, Rwl, Keemer, Pearson, Nr, Robertson, Mr, Sloan, Na, Smizanska, T, Snow, M, Williams, Sw, van der Aa, Delaere, O, Leibenguth, C, Lemaitre, G, 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PIER SIMONE, Messineo, Ps, Palla, A, Rizzo, F, Sanguinetti, G, Sciaba, G, Sguazzoni, A, Spagnolo, G, Steinberger, P, Tenchini, J, Venturi, R, Vannini, A, Verdini, C, Awunor, Pg, Blair, O, Cowan, Ga, Garcia, Bellido, Green, A, Medcalf, Mg, Misiejuk, T, Strong, A, Teixeira, Dias, Botterill, P, Clifft, Dr, Edgecock, Rw, Edwards, Tr, Haywood, M, Norton, Sj, Ward, Pr, Bloch, Devaux, Boumediene, B, Colas, D, Emery, P, Fabbro, S, Kozanecki, B, Lancon, W, Lemaire, E, Locci, Mc, Perez, E, Rander, P, Renardy, J, Roussarie, Jf, Schuller, A, Schwindling, Jp, Tuchming, J, Vallage, B, Black, B, Dann, Sn, Kim, Jh, Konstantinidis, Hy, Litke, N, Mcneil, Am, Taylor, Ma, Booth, G, Cartwright, Cn, Combley, S, Hodgson, F, Lehto, Pn, Thompson, M, Affholderbach, Lf, Barberio, K, Bohrer, E, Brandt, A, Burkhardt, S, Feigl, H, Grupen, E, Hess, C, Lutters, J, Meinhard, G, H, Minguet, Rodriguez, Mirabito, J, Neugebauer, L, Ngac, E, Prange, A, Rivera, G, Saraiva, F, Schafer, P, Sieler, U, Smolik, U, Stephan, L, 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Thaler, Fe, Thom, Jj, Trandafir, J, Turk, Ai, Usher, Jd, Vavra, T, Vella, J, Venuti, E, Verdier, Jp, Wagner, R, Waite, Sr, Walston, Ap, Wang, S, Watts, J, Weidemann, Sj, Weiss, Aw, Whitaker, Er, White, Js, Wickens, Sl, Williams, Fj, Williams, Da, Williams, Dc, Willocq, Sh, Wilson, S, Wisniewski, Rj, Wittlin, Wj, Woods, Jl, Word, M, Wright, Gb, Wyss, Tr, Yamamoto, J, Yang, Rk, Yashima, Xq, Yellin, J, Young, Sj, Yuta, Cc, Zapalac, H, Zdarko, G, Zeitlin, Rw, Zhou, C, Blondel, Alain, Schael, S, Barate, R, Bruneliere, R, Spagnolo, Stefania Antonia, S., Schael, Aloisio, Alberto, Alviggi, Mariagrazia, Canale, Vincenzo, Chiefari, Giovanni, DELLA VOLPE, Domenico, Merola, Leonardo, Napolitano, Marco, Patricelli, Sergio, Sciacca, Crisostomo, Lista, Luca, Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire - Clermont-Ferrand (LPC), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Astroparticules (LPTA), Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet (LLR), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon (IPNL), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherches Subatomiques (IReS), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Cancéropôle du Grand Est-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Physique Corpusculaire et Cosmologie - Collège de France (PCC), Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ALEPH, DELPHI, L3, OPAL, SLD, BARBIELLINI AMIDEI, Guido, Bosisio, Luciano, DELLA RICCA, Giuseppe, Giannini, Gianrossano, Gregorio, Anna, Lanceri, Livio, Poropat, Paolo, Vitale, Lorenzo, Buskulic, D, De Bonis, I, Decamp, D, Ghez, P, Goy, C, Jezequel, S, Lees, J, Lucotte, A, Martin, F, Merle, E, Minard, M, Nief, J, Odier, P, Pietrzyk, B, Trocme, B, 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King, Bj, Klem, De, Kokott, Tp, Kral, Jf, von Krogh, J, Lafferty, Gd, Lai, Wp, Larson, Wj, Lautenschlager, Sr, Layter, Jg, Lee, Am, Lehto, Mh, Lloyd, Aw, Lloyd, Sl, Loebinger, Fk, Long, Gd, Lorah, Jm, Losty, Mj, Lou, Xc, Marchant, Te, Mcdonald, Wj, Mcgowan, Rf, Mckigney, Ea, Mcmahon, Tj, Mcnab, Ai, Mcpherson, Ac, Mcpherson, Ra, Middleton, Rp, Miller, Dj, Moss, Mw, Murphy, Pg, Neal, Ha, Nguyen, Hh, Oakham, Fg, Ogren, Ho, Oldershaw, Nj, O'Neale, Sw, O'Neill, Bp, Oram, Cj, Oreglia, Mj, Pansart, Jp, Pater, Jr, Patrick, Gn, Pawley, Sj, Pearce, Mj, Pilcher, Je, Plane, De, del Poz, La, Pritchard, Tw, Redmond, Mw, Rees, Dl, Richards, Ge, Robins, Sa, Roney, Jm, Rossi, Am, Rust, Dr, Sarkisyan, Ekg, Schaile, Ad, von der Schmitt, H, Schultz Coulon, Hc, Scott, Wg, Shears, Tg, Shen, Bc, Shepherd Themistocleous, Ch, Siroli, Gp, Smith, Am, Smith, Tj, Snow, Ga, Springer, Rw, Stier, He, Talbot, Sd, Taylor, Rj, Thackray, Nj, Thomson, Ma, von Torne, E, Tresilian, Nj, Tumer Watson, Mf, Van den Plas, D, 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HORVATH, K.R. HOSSAIN, S.R. HOU, R. HOWARD, C.P. HOWARTH, P. HUNTEMEYER, R.E. HUGHES-JONES, R. HUMBERT, D.E. HUTCHCROFT, P. IGO-KEMENES, H. IHSSEN, D.C. IMRIE, M.R. INGRAM, K. ISHII, F.R. JACOB, A.C. JANISSEN, A. JAWAHERY, P.W. JEFFREYS, H. JEREMIE, M. JIMACK, M. JOBES, A. JOLY, C.R. JONES, G. JONES, M. JONES, R.W.L. JONES, U. JOST, P. JOVANOVIC, C. JUI, T.R. JUNK, N. KANAYA, J. KANZAKI, G. KARAPETIAN, D. KARLEN, V. KARTVELISHVILI, K. KAWAGOE, T. KAWAMOTO, R.K. KEELER, R.G. KELLOGG, B.W. KENNEDY, D.H. KIM, B.J. KING, J. KIRK, K. KLEIN, C. KLEINWORT, D.E. KLEM, A. KLIER, S. KLUTH, T. KOBAYASHI, M. KOBEL, L. KOPKE, D.S. KOETKE, T.P. KOKOTT, S. KOMAMIYA, L. KORMOS, R.V. KOWALEWSKI, T. KRAMER, J.F. KRAL, T. KRESS, H. KREUTZMANN, P. KRIEGER, J. VON KROGH, J. KROLL, D. KROP, K. KRUGER, T. KUHL, M. KUPPER, M. KUWANO, P. KYBERD, G.D. LAFFERTY, H. LAFOUX, R. LAHMANN, W.P. LAI, F. LAMARCHE, H. LANDSMAN, D. LANSKE, W.J. LARSON, J. LAUBER, S.R. LAUTENSCHLAGER, I. LAWSON, J.G. LAYTER, D. LAZIC, P. LE DU, P. LEBLANC, A.M. LEE, E. LEFEBVRE, M.H. LEHTO, A. LEINS, D. LELLOUCH, P. LENNERT, C. LEROY, L. LESSARD, J. LETTS, S. LEVEGRUN, L. LEVINSON, C. LEWIS, R. LIEBISCH, J. LILLICH, C. LITTLEWOOD, A.W. LLOYD, S.L. LLOYD, F.K. LOEBINGER, G.D. LONG, J.M. LORAH, B. LORAZO, M.J. LOSTY, X.C. LOU, J. LU, A. LUDWIG, J. LUDWIG, A. LUIG, A. MACCHIOLO, A. MACPHERSON, W. MADER, P. MATTIG, A. MALIK, M. MANNELLI, S. MARCELLINI, T.E. MARCHANT, G.MARINGER, C. MARKUS, A.J. MARTIN, J.P. MARTIN, G. MARTINEZ, G. MASETTI, T. MASHIMO, W. MATTHEWS, U. MAUR, W.J. MCDONALD, R.F. MCGOWAN, J. MCKENNA, E.A. MCKIGNEY, T.J. MCMAHON, A.I. MCNAB, J.R. MCNUTT, A.C. MCPHERSON, R.A. MCPHERSON, F. MEIJERS, P. MENDEZ-LORENZO, W. MENGES, S. MENKE, D. MENSZNER, F.S. MERRITT, H. MES, J. MEYER, N. MEYER, A. MICHELINI, R.P. MIDDLETON, S. MIHARA, G. MIKENBERG, J. MILDENBERGER, D.J. MILLER, C. MILSTENE, R. MIR, S. MOED, W. MOHR, C. MOISAN, A. MONTANARI, T. MORI, M.W. MOSS, T. MOUTHUY, U. MULLER, P.G. MURPHY, A. MUTTER, K. NAGAI, I. NAKAMURA, H. NANJO, H.A. NEAL, B. NELLEN, H.H. NGUYEN, B. NIJJHAR, R. NISIUS, M. NOZAKI, F.G. OAKHAM, F. ODORICI, M. OGG, H.O. OGREN, A. OH, H. OH, A. OKPARA, N.J. OLDERSHAW, T. OMORI, S.W. O’NEALE, B.P. O’NEILL, C.J. ORAM, M.J. OREGLIA, S. ORITO, C. PAHL, J. PALINKAS, F. PALMONARI, J.P. PANSART, B. PANZER-STEINDEL, P. PASCHIEVICI, G. PASZTOR, J.R. PATER, G.N. PATRICK, S.J. PAWLEY, N. PAZ-JAOSHVILI, M.J. PEARCE, S. PETZOLD, P. PFEIFENSCHNEIDER, P. PFISTER, J.E. PILCHER, J. PINFOLD, D. PITMAN, D.E. PLANE, P. POFFENBERGER, B. POLI, J. POLOK, O. POOTH, A. POSTHAUS, A. POULADDEJ, L.A. DEL POZO, E. PREBYS, T.W. PRITCHARD, M.PRZYBYCIE´N, H. PRZYSIEZNIAK, A. QUADT, G. QUAST, K. RABBERTZ, B. RAITH, M.W. REDMOND, D.L. REES, C. REMBSER, P. RENKEL, G.E. RICHARDS, H. RICK, D. RIGBY, K. RILES, S.A. ROBINS, D. ROBINSON, N. RODNING, A. ROLLNIK, J.M. RONEY, A. ROOKE, E. ROS, S. ROSATI, K. ROSCOE, S. ROSSBERG, A.M. ROSSI, M. ROSVICK, P. ROUTENBURG, Y. ROZEN, K. RUNGE, O. RUNOLFSSON, U. 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THACKRAY, M. THIERGEN, J. THOMAS, M.A. THOMSON, E. VON TORNE, S. TOWERS, D. TOYA, Z. TROCSANYI, P. TRAN, G. TRANSTROMER, T. TREFZGER, N.J. TRESILIAN, I. TRIGGER, M. TSCHEULIN, T. TSUKAMOTO, E. TSUR, A.S. TURCOT, M.F. TURNER-WATSON, G. TYSARCZYK-NIEMEYER, I. UEDA, B. UJVARI, P. UTZAT, B. VACHON, D. VAN DEN PLAS, R. VAN KOOTEN, G.J. VAN DALEN, P. VANNEREM, G. VASSEUR, R. VERTESI, M. VERZOCCHI, P. VIKAS, M. VINCTER, C.J. VIRTUE, E.H. VOKURKA, C.F. VOLLMER, H. VOSS, J. VOSSEBELD, F. WACKERLE, A. WAGNER, C. WAHL, J.P. WALKER, D. WALLER, C.P. WARD, D.R. WARD, J.J. WARD, P.M. WATKINS, A.T. WATSON, N.K. WATSON, M. WEBER, P. WEBER, S. WEISZ, P.S. WELLS, T. WENGLER, N. WERMES, D. WETTERLING, M. WEYMANN, M.A. WHALLEY, J.S. WHITE, B. WILKENS, J.A. WILSON, G.W. WILSON, I. WINGERTER, V.-H. WINTERER, T. WLODEK, G. WOLF, N.C. WOOD, S. WOTTON, T.R. WYATT, R. YAARI, S. YAMASHITA, Y. YANG, A. YEAMAN, G. YEKUTIELI, M. YURKO, V. ZACEK, I. ZACHAROV, D. ZER-ZION, W. ZEUNER, L. ZIVKOVIC, G.T. 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DUBOIS, J.E. DUBOSCQ, G. EIGEN, B.I. EISENSTEIN, R. ELIA, E. ERDOS, I. EROFEEVA, V. ESCHENBURG, E. ETZION, S. FAHEY, D. FALCIAI, C. FAN, J.P. FERNANDEZ, M.J. FERO, K. FLOOD, R. FREY, J.I. FRIEDMAN, K. FURUNO, E.L. GARWIN, T. GILLMAN, G. GLADDING, S. GONZALEZ, G.D. HALLEWELL, E.L. HART, J.L. HARTON, A. HASAN, Y. HASEGAWA, K. HASUKO, S. HEDGES, S.S. HERTZBACH, M.D. HILDRETH, D.G. HITLIN, A.HONMA, J. S. HUBER, M.E. HUFFER, E.W. HUGHES, X. HUYNH, H.HWANG, M. IWASAKI, Y. IWASAKI, J.M. IZEN, D.J. JACKSON, P. JACQUES, J.A. JAROS, Z.Y. JIANG, A.S. JOHNSON, J.R. JOHNSON, R.A. JOHNSON, T. JUNK, R. KAJIKAWA, M. KALELKAR, Y.A. KAMYSHKOV, H.J. KANG, I. KARLINER, H. KAWAHARA, M.H. KELSEY, H.W. KENDALL, Y.D. KIM, M. KING, R. KING, R. KOFLER, N.M. KRISHNA, Y. KWON, J.F. LABS, R.S. KROEGER, M. LANGSTON, A. LATH, J.A. LAUBER, D.W.G. LEITH, V.LIA, C. LIN, M.X. LIU, M. LORETI, A. LU, H.L. LYNCH, J. MA, G. MANCINELLI, S. MANLY, G. MANTOVANI, T.W. MARKIEWICZ, T. MARUYAMA, H. MASUDA, E. MAZZUCATO, J.F. MCGOWAN, A.K. MCKEMEY, B.T. MEADOWS, R. MESSNER, P.M. MOCKETT, K.C. MOFFEIT, T.B. MOORE, M. MORII, B. MOURS, D. MULLER, G. MUELLER, V. MURZIN, T. NAGAMINE, S. NARITA, U. NAUENBERG, H. NEAL, G. NESOM, M. NUSSBAUM, Y. OHNISHI, N. OISHI, D. ONOPRIENKO, L.S. OSBORNE, R.S. PANVINI, C.H.PARK, H. PARK, T.J. PAVEL, I. PERUZZI, L. PESCARA, M. PICCOLO, L. PIEMONTESE, E. PIERONI, K.T. PITTS, R.J. PLANO, R. PREPOST, C.Y. PRESCOTT, G. PUNKAR, J. QUIGLEY, B.N. RATCLIFF, K. REEVES, T.W. REEVES, J. REIDY, P.L. REINERTSEN, P.E. RENSING, L.S. ROCHESTER, J.E. ROTHBERG, P.C. ROWSON, J.J. RUSSELL, O.H. SAXTON, T. SCHALK, R.H. SCHINDLER, U. SCHNEEKLOTH, B.A. SCHUMM, J. SCHWIENING, A. SEIDEN, S. SEN, V.V. SERBO, L. SERVOLI, M.H. SHAEVITZ, J.T. SHANK, G. SHAPIRO, D.J. SHERDEN, K.D. SHMAKOV, C. SIMOPOULOS, N.B. SINEV, S.R. SMITH, M.B. SMY, J.A. SNYDER, M.D. SOKOLOFF, H. STAENGLE, A. STAHL, P. STAMER, H. STEINER, R. STEINER, M.G. STRAUSS, D. SU, F. SUEKANE, A. SUGIYAMA, A. SUZUKI, S. SUZUKI, M. SWARTZ, A. SZUMILO, T. TAKAHASHI, F.E. TAYLOR, J.J. THALER, J. THOM, E. TORRENCE, A.I. TRANDAFIR, J.D. TURK, T. USHER, J. VA VRA, C. VANNINI, E. VELLA, J.P. VENUTI, R. VERDIER, P.G. VERDINI, D.L. WAGNER, S.R. WAGNER, A.P. WAITE, S. WALSTON, J. WANG, S.J. WATTS, A.W. WEIDEMANN, E.R. WEISS, J.S. WHITAKER, S.L. WHITE, F.J. WICKENS, D.A. WILLIAMS, D.C. WILLIAMS, S.H. WILLIAMS, S. WILLOCQ, R.J. WILSON, W.J. WISNIEWSKI, J.L. WITTLIN, M. WOODS, G.B. WORD, T.R. WRIGHT, J. WYSS, R.K. YAMAMOTO, J.M. YAMARTINO, X.Q. YANG, J. YASHIMA, S.J. YELLIN, C.C.YOUNG, H.YUTA, G. ZAPALAC, R.W. ZDARKO, C. ZEITLIN, J. ZHOU, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP/Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Collège de France (CdF)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), GRUNEVALD M, NEWALD M, SCHAEL S, BARATE R, BRUNELIE, RE R, BUSKULIC D, DE BONIS I, DECAMP D, GHEZ P, GOY C, JE, ZE, QUEL S, LEES J, LUCOTTE A, MARTIN M, MERLE E, MINARD M, NIEF J, ODIER P, PIETRZYK B, TROCME, BRAVO S, CASADO MP, CHMEISSANI M, COMAS P, CRESPO JM, FERNANDEZ E, FERNANDEZ-BOSMAN M, GARRIDO L, GRAUGES E, JUSTE A, MARTINEZ M, MERINO G, MIQUEL R, MIR LM, ORTEU S, PACHECO A, PARK IC, PERLAS J, RIU I, RUIZ H, SANCHEZ F, COLALEO A, CREANZA D, DE FILIPPIS N, DE PALMA M, IASELLI G, MAGGI G, MAGGI M, NUZZO S, RANIERI, A, RASO, G, RUGGIERI F, SELVAGGI, G, SILVESTRIS L, TEMPESTA P, TRICOMI A, ZITO G, HUANG X, LIN J, OUYANG Q, WANG T, XIE Y, XU R, XUE S, ZHANG J, ZHANG L, ZHAO W, ABBANEO D, BAZARKO A, BECKER U, BOIX G, BIRD F, BLUCHER E, BONVICINI B, BRIGHT-THOMAS P, BARKLOW T, BUCHMU, LLER O, CATTANEO M, CERUTTI F, CIULLI V, CLERBAUX B, DREVERMANN H, FORTY RW, FRANK M, GREENING TC, HAGELBERG R, HALLEY AW, GIANOTTI F, GIRONE M, HANSEN JB, HARVEY J, JACOBSEN J, HUTCHCROFT DE, JANOT P, JOST B, KNOBLOCH J, KADO M, LEHRAUS I, LAZEYRAS P, and MALEY P
Subjects: Top quark, FORWARD-BACKWARD ASYMMETRY, PARTICLE PHYSICS, LARGE ELECTRON POSITRON COLLIDER, ALEPH, DELPHI, L3, OPAL, General Physics and Astronomy, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Settore FIS/04 - Fisica Nucleare e Subnucleare, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph), electron-positron physics, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], Electroweak interaction, Physics, Quantum chromodynamics, Electron–positron physics, Electroweak interactions, Decays of heavy intermediate gauge bosons, Fermion–antifermion production, Precision measurements at the Z resonance, Tests of the Standard Model, Radiative corrections, Effective coupling constants, Neutral weak current, Z boson, W boson, Higgs boson, Particle physics - Experiment, Settore FIS/01 - Fisica Sperimentale, FERMION-PAIR PRODUCTION, HADRONIC-Z-DECAYS, TOP-QUARK MASS, ANGLE BHABHA SCATTERING, W-BOSON MASS, CROSS-SECTION ASYMMETRY, Z-LINE-SHAPE, SEMILEPTONIC BRANCHING RATIOS, CARLO EVENT GENERATOR, decays of heavy intermediate gauge bosons, effective coupling constants, electroweak interactions, fermion-antifermion production, higgs boson, neutral weak current, precision measurements at the z resonance, radiative corrections, tests of the standard model, top quark, w boson, z boson, Radiative correction, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, FIS/01 - FISICA SPERIMENTALE, Física nuclear, Neutrino, Particle physics, FOS: Physical sciences, ddc:500.2, Elementary particle physics, LEP, electroweak, Decays of heavy intermediate gauge boson, Effective coupling constant, Partícules (Física nuclear), Standard Model, electroweak theory, Z boson, DELPHI, ALEPH, OPAL, L3, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, Coupling constant, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, Fermion, FORWARD-BACKWARD ASYMMETRY, FERMION-PAIR PRODUCTION, HADRONIC-Z-DECAYS, TOP-QUARK MASS, ANGLE BHABHA SCATTERING, W-BOSON MASS, CROSS-SECTION ASYMMETRY, Z-LINE-SHAPE, SEMILEPTONIC BRANCHING RATIOS, CARLO EVENT GENERATOR, [PHYS.HPHE]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Phenomenology [hep-ph], Experimental High Energy Physics, Electron–positron physic, High Energy Physics::Experiment, FIS/04 - FISICA NUCLEARE E SUBNUCLEARE
Abstract: We report on the final electroweak measurements performed with data taken at the Z resonance by the experiments operating at the electron-positron colliders SLC and LEP. The data consist of 17 million Z decays accumulated by the ALEPH, DELPHI, L3 and OPAL experiments at LEP, and 600 thousand Z decays by the SLD experiment using a polarised beam at SLC. The measurements include cross-sections, forward-backward asymmetries and polarised asymmetries. The mass and width of the Z boson, $\MZ$ and $\GZ$, and its couplings to fermions, for example the $\rho$ parameter and the effective electroweak mixing angle, are precisely measured. The number of light neutrino species is determined to be 2.9840+/-0.0082. The results are compared to the predictions of the Standard Model. Electroweak radiative corrections beyond the running of the QED and QCD coupling constants are observed with a significance of five standard deviations, and in agreement with the Standard Model. Of the many Z-pole measurements, the forward-backward asymmetry in b-quark production shows the largest difference with respect to its Standard Model expectation, at the level of 2.8 standard deviations. Through radiative corrections evaluated in the framework of the Standard Model, the masses of the top quark and the W Boson are predicted. These indirect constraints are compared to the direct measurements, providing a stringent test of the Standard Model. Using in addition the direct measurements of $\Mt$ and $\MW$, the mass of the as yet unobserved Standard Model Higgs boson is predicted., Comment: 302 pages, v2: minor corrections and updates of references. Accepted for publication by Physics Reports, v3: further small corrections and journal version
Published: 2006
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41. High prevalence of rheumatic heart disease by clinical and echocardiographic screening among children in Fiji

Author: Steer, A., Kado, J., Wilson, N., Tuiketei, T., Batzloff, M., Waqatakirewa, L, Mulholland, E. Kim, Carapetis, Jonathan, Steer, A., Kado, J., Wilson, N., Tuiketei, T., Batzloff, M., Waqatakirewa, L, Mulholland, E. Kim, and Carapetis, Jonathan
Abstract: Background and aim of the study: Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in young people in developing countries. Many cases of RHD are first detected when they progress to cardiac failure. Screening for RHD represents a means of detecting cases early so that preventative measures to halt the disease progression can be put into place.Methods: A cross-sectional screening survey of RHD in 3,462 children aged 5 to 15 years in Fiji was performed in 2006. A three-stage screening method was used: stage 1 involved auscultatory screening; stage 2 was a limited echocardiography of children identified as having a suspicious murmur in stage 1; and stage 3 involved a full echocardiography of children identified as having pathology in stage 2. Results: Among the 3,462 children screened, 359 (10.4%) had a significant murmur; subsequent echocardiography was performed on 331 of these children, with RHD being detected in 29 cases. The prevalence of definite RHD was 4.1 per 1,000 (95% CI 2.2-6.8), and the overall prevalence (definite or probable RHD) was 8.4 cases per 1,000 (95% CI 5.6-12).Conclusion: The study results suggest that there is a significant burden of undetected RHD in Fiji. The three-stage approach described here represents a practical means of screening for clinical RHD in developing countries, although it does not allow detection of the subclinical disease.
Published: 2009

42. Prospective Surveillance of Streptococcal Sore Throat in a Tropical Country

Author: Steer, A., Jenney, A., Kado, J., Good, M., Batzloff, M., Magor, G., Ritika, R., Mulholland, E. Kim, Carapetis, Jonathan, Steer, A., Jenney, A., Kado, J., Good, M., Batzloff, M., Magor, G., Ritika, R., Mulholland, E. Kim, and Carapetis, Jonathan
Abstract: Background: Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease cause a high burden of disease in Fiji and surrounding Pacific Island countries, but little is known about the epidemiology of group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis in the region. We designed a study to estimate the prevalence of carriage of beta-hemolytic streptococci (BHS) and the incidence ofBHS culture-positive sore throat in school aged children in Fiji. Methods: We conducted twice-weekly prospective surveillance of school children aged 5 to 14 years in 4 schools in Fiji during a 9-month period in 2006, after an initial phase of pharyngeal swabbing to determine the prevalence of BHS carriage. Results: We enrolled 685 children. The prevalence of GAS carriage was 6.0%, while the prevalence of group C streptococcal (GCS) and group G streptococcal (GGS) carriage was 6.9% and 12%, respectively. There were 61 episodes of GAS culture-positive sore throat during the study period equating to an incidence of 14.7 cases per 100 child-years (95% CI, 11.2―18.8). The incidence of GCS/GGS culture-positive sore throat was 28.8 cases per 100 child-years (95% CI, 23.9―34.5). The clinical nature of GAS culture-positive sore throat was more severe than culture-negative sore throat, but overall was mild compared with that found in previous studies. Of the 101 GAS isolates that emm sequence typed there were 45 emm types with no dominant types. There were very few emm types commonly encountered in industrialized nations and only 9 of the 45 emm types found in this study are emm types included in the 26-valent GAS vaccine undergoing clinical trials. Conclusions: GAS culture-positive sore throat was more common than expected. Group C and group G streptococci were frequently isolated in throat cultures, although their contribution to pharyngeal infection is not clear. The molecular epidemiology of pharyngeal GAS in our study differed greatly from that in industrialized nations and this has implications for GAS vaccine clini
Published: 2009

43. High Burden of Impetigo and Scabies in a Tropical Country

Author: Franco-Paredes, C, Steer, AC, Jenney, AWJ, Kado, J, Batzloff, MR, La Vincente, S, Waqatakirewa, L, Mulholland, EK, Carapetis, JR, Franco-Paredes, C, Steer, AC, Jenney, AWJ, Kado, J, Batzloff, MR, La Vincente, S, Waqatakirewa, L, Mulholland, EK, and Carapetis, JR
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Impetigo and scabies are endemic diseases in many tropical countries; however the epidemiology of these diseases is poorly understood in many areas, particularly in the Pacific. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We conducted three epidemiological studies in 2006 and 2007 to determine the burden of disease due to impetigo and scabies in children in Fiji using simple and easily reproducible methodology. Two studies were performed in primary school children (one study was a cross-sectional study and the other a prospective cohort study over ten months) and one study was performed in infants (cross-sectional). The prevalence of active impetigo was 25.6% (95% CI 24.1-27.1) in primary school children and 12.2% (95% CI 9.3-15.6) in infants. The prevalence of scabies was 18.5% (95% CI 17.2-19.8) in primary school children and 14.0% (95% CI 10.8-17.2) in infants. The incidence density of active impetigo, group A streptococcal (GAS) impetigo, Staphylococcus aureus impetigo and scabies was 122, 80, 64 and 51 cases per 100 child-years respectively. Impetigo was strongly associated with scabies infestation (odds ratio, OR, 2.4, 95% CI 1.6-3.7) and was more common in Indigenous Fijian children when compared with children of other ethnicities (OR 3.6, 95% CI 2.7-4.7). The majority of cases of active impetigo in the children in our study were caused by GAS. S. aureus was also a common cause (57.4% in school aged children and 69% in infants). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: These data suggest that the impetigo and scabies disease burden in children in Fiji has been underestimated, and possibly other tropical developing countries in the Pacific. These diseases are more than benign nuisance diseases and consideration needs to be given to expanded public health initiatives to improve their control.
Published: 2009

44. Prospective Surveillance of Invasive Group A Streptococcal Disease, Fiji, 2005-2007

Author: Steer, AC, Jenney, A, Kado, J, Good, MF, Batzloff, M, Waqatakirewa, L, Mullholland, EK, Carapetis, JR, Steer, AC, Jenney, A, Kado, J, Good, MF, Batzloff, M, Waqatakirewa, L, Mullholland, EK, and Carapetis, JR
Abstract: We undertook a prospective active surveillance study of invasive group A streptococcal (GAS) disease in Fiji over a 23-month period, 2005-2007. We identified 64 cases of invasive GAS disease, which represents an average annualized all-ages incidence of 9.9 cases/100,000 population per year (95% confidence interval [CI] 7.6-12.6). Rates were highest in those >65 years of age and in those <5 years, particularly in infants, for whom the incidence was 44.9/100,000 (95% CI 18.1-92.5). The case-fatality rate was 32% and was associated with increasing age and underlying coexisting disease, including diabetes and renal disease. Fifty-five of the GAS isolates underwent emm sequence typing; the types were highly diverse, with 38 different emm subtypes and no particular dominant type. Our data support the view that invasive GAS disease is common in developing countries and deserves increased public health attention.
Published: 2009

45. High burden of invasive beta-haemolytic streptococcal infections in Fiji

Author: Steer, A. C., Jenney, A. J. W., Oppedisano, F., Batzloff, M. R., Hartas, J., Passmore, J., Russell, F. M., Kado, J. H. H., Carapetis, Jonathan R., Steer, A. C., Jenney, A. J. W., Oppedisano, F., Batzloff, M. R., Hartas, J., Passmore, J., Russell, F. M., Kado, J. H. H., and Carapetis, Jonathan R.
Abstract: We undertook a 5-year retrospective study of group A streptococcal (GAS) bacteraemia in Fiji, supplemented by a 9-month detailed retrospective study of β-haemolytic streptococcal (BHS) infections. The all-age incidence of GAS bacteraemia over 5 years was 11.6/100 000. Indigenous Fijians were 4.7 times more likely to present with invasive BHS disease than people of other ethnicities, and 6.4 times more likely than Indo-Fijians. The case-fatality rate for invasive BHS infections was 28%. emm-typing was performed on 23 isolates: 17 different emm-types were found, and the emm-type profile was different from that found in industrialized nations. These data support the contentions that elevated rates of invasive BHS and GAS infections are widespread in developing countries, and that the profile of invasive organisms in these settings reflects a wide diversity of emm-types and a paucity of types typically found in industrialized countries.
Published: 2008

46. Effects of combined treatment with rapamycin and cotylenin A, a novel differentiation-inducing agent, on human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells and xenografts

Author: Kasukabe T, Okabe-Kado J, Kato N, Sassa T, Honma Y, Kasukabe T, Okabe-Kado J, Kato N, Sassa T, and Honma Y
Published: 2005

47. Acute rheumatic fever: an important differential diagnosis of septic arthritis

Author: Mataika, R., primary, Carapetis, J. R., additional, Kado, J., additional, and Steer, A. C., additional
Published: 2007
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48. High burden of invasive β-haemolytic streptococcal infections in Fiji

Author: STEER, A. C., primary, JENNEY, A. J. W., additional, OPPEDISANO, F., additional, BATZLOFF, M. R., additional, HARTAS, J., additional, PASSMORE, J., additional, RUSSELL, F. M., additional, KADO, J. H. H., additional, and CARAPETIS, J. R., additional
Published: 2007
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49. Combined analysis of differentiation inhibitory factor nm23-H1 and nm23-H2 as prognostic factors in acute myeloid leukaemia

Author: Wakimoto, N, primary, Yokoyama, A, additional, Okabe-Kado, J, additional, Nagata, N, additional, Motoyoshi, K, additional, and Honma, Y, additional
Published: 1998
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50. Growth inhibition and differentiation induction in human monoblastic leukaemia cells by 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D derivatives and their enhancement by combination with hydroxyurea

Author: Makishima, M, primary, Okabe-Kado, J, additional, and Honma, Y, additional
Published: 1998
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