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Purpose: To compare the microvasculature and fundus morphometric features between the high myopic eyes with and without the beta zone peripapillary atrophy (β-PPA). Methods: 38 eyes with high myopia (mean spherical equivalent (MSE) ≤- 6.00D) and 30 age-matched emmetropic eyes (- 1.00 ≤ MSE<+0.75D) were included in this prospective study. Two groups were created according to presence of β-PPA. Group 1 consisted of 26 eyes with normal OD, and group 2 consisted of 12 eyes with β-PPA. The vertical distance between the temporal superior and temporal inferior arterial arcade (VDA), the distance fovea to disc (DFD), and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) were compared between the groups. Results: The mean VDA and DFD were higher in group 2 than group1 and control group. The mean foveal avascular zone was larger and peripapillary VD was lower in all myopic eyes regardless of the presence of β-PPA in group 1 and 2 than the controls. (For FAZ p<0.001, p=0.002; for peripapillary VD p=0.049, p=0.004) The parafoveal VD in deep capillary plexus and VD of optic nerve head (ONH) were lower in group 2 than group 1. (For parafoveal VD p=0.015; for total disc VD p=0.008; for peripapillary VD p=0.017) There was a mild negative correlation between DFD and parafoveal VD and peripapillary VD in high myopic eyes. (r=-0.344, p=0.004; r=-0.365, p=0.002) Conclusions: VD of ONH and parafovea was lower in high myopia with β-PPA. Decreased parafoveal and peripapillary VD was correlated with the elongation of the DFD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify the sensitivity and specificity of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) parameters for the presence of neovascularization elsewhere (NVE) and to investigate the relationship between ischemic areas. Methods: This study included 59 eyes with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) and 36 eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). The foveal avascular zone (FAZ), vessel density (VD) for the superficial and the deep capillary plexus (DCP), choriocapillaris flow area (CCP), and non-perfusion area (unit²) were recorded. The area under the curve (AUC) under the receiver operating characteristic curves, sensitivity and specificity were calculated for statistically significant outcomes. Later, based on visual acuity, PDR group was subdivided into group 2A: PDR eyes with VA ≤0.2 logMAR and group 2B: PDR eyes with VA>0.2 logMAR. Non-perfusion area and OCTA features were compared between the subgroups. Results: The VD in DCP was significantly lower, FAZ and non-perfusion area were larger in PDR group (p=0.001, p<0.001, and p<0.001). The AUC for presence of NVE, for the VD, was 0.710 (p=0.012) with sensitivity and specificity of 64% and 65%, for the FAZ was 0.746 (p<0.001) with sensitivity and specificity of 72% and 72.7%. There was a significant positive correlation between the FAZ and non-perfusion area (For NPDR, p=0.025, for PDR p<0.001). There was a significant negative correlation between the VD in DCP and ischemic area in PDR group. (p<0.001) In group 2B, non-perfusion area and FAZ were larger than group 2A. The VD and CCP flow area were also lower in group 2B (All, p<0.05). Conclusion: In cases with decreased VD in DCP and increased FAZ, the probability of PDR increases. Despite the sensitivity and specificity of the OCTA indices for the prediction of NVE being moderate, the OCTA is very useful in evaluating the microvascular structure in DR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To assess multifocal electroretinogram (mf-ERG) values in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) who were treated with intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR). Methods: Thirty eyes of patients with DME, who underwent three consecutive monthly injections of IVR and as required thereafter, were evaluated. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) (log MAR), optical coherence tomography (OCT) features [diameters of cyst and subretinal fluid, hyperreflective dots (HRDs)], and mf-ERG were evaluated at baseline, 1 month, and 6 months throughout the follow-up period. The correlation of mf-ERG values and OCT features, BCVA, and the duration of disease were investigated. Results: In the study group, the baseline P1 and N1 amplitudes were significantly lower than the control group, and P1 and N1 implicit times were significantly higher in patients with DME than in the control group in all rings (All p<0.05) The mean response density (P1 amplitude, nV/deg2) values increased over 6 months in rings 1, 2, and 3 (p<0.001, p=0.003, p=0.006). There was a negative correlation between the diameter of the cyst and the initial response density of P1 (for horizontal diameter: r=-0.658, p=0.03; for vertical diameter: r=-0.597, p=0.037; for the area of the cyst, r=-0.603, p=0.021). There was a significant negative correlation between the subretinal fluid and HRD reduction and the response density of P1 increase (all p<0.05). At baseline and 6 months, the correlation between BCVA and the P1 and N1 amplitude of the central ring was significant (for baseline P1: r=-0.649, p=0.01; for N1: r=-0.575, p=0.02; for 6-month P1, r=-0.603, p<0.001; for N1: r=-0.591, p=0.005). Conclusion: The combination of OCT and mf-ERG can be used to evaluate the functional recovery in DME. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the macular microvascularity with optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) which were successfully treated with pneumatic retinopexy (PR). Methods: Thirty eyes of thirty patients who were treated with PR (12 eyes with macula‐off RRD and 18 eyes with macula‐on RRD) were included in this prospective study. OCTA was used to evaluate the macular perfusion changes postoperatively at 1 and 3 months. The fellow eyes (30 eyes) were used as control for comparison. Parafoveal retinal thickness (RT) and best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were evaluated. Results: Vessel density (VD) in SCP, DCP and choriocapillaris plexus (CCP) flow area was significantly lower in the macula‐off group one month after the PR (p < 0.001). In the macula‐off group, VD in SCP, DCP and CCP flow area significantly increased at months 3 (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.009). The inner RT, RT and FAZ decreased three months after PR (p < 0.001, p = 0.001, <0.001). The FAZ was significantly larger in the macula‐off group at third months after PR (p < 0.001). The inner RT was higher in the macula‐off group at third month (p = 0.012). There was no significant difference between the groups in means of final VD, CCP flow area and RT. There was also a negative correlation between the final BCVA (logMAR) and FAZ at month 3 (r = 0.776, p = 0.003). Conclusion: Optical coherence tomography angiography evaluation of macular capillary plexuses may be useful for predicting vascular structural changes in patients undergoing PR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To report the results obtained from glaucoma drainage device (GDD) implantation in patients with aniridia-related glaucoma and to review the literature. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 6 patients who underwent GDD implantation for glaucoma secondary to congenital aniridia between April 2001 and February 2015. Data on age at surgery, gender, laterality, surgeries before GDD implantation, GDD model, concomitant ocular disorders, visual acuity, and intraocular pressure (IOP) values before and at 1 and 12 months after GDD implantation, medications, follow-up period, findings during last visit, complications, and course of disease were collected. Results: Mean age at surgery was 16.00±12.31 years (range 5-37 years). Mean IOP was 33.00±12.11 (range 22-50) mmHg just before the GDD implantation with a mean of 3.5±1.2 medications. Mean IOP 1 month after implantation was 16.33±4.22 (range 12-24) mmHg with a mean of 1.5±0.8 medications; at 12 months, mean IOP was 19.50±4.76 (range 15-26) mmHg with 3.0±0.8 medications. At the last follow-up visit, IOP was 21.16±4.07 (range 16-26) mmHg with a mean of 3.33±0.51 medications. Mean follow-up was 19.16±8.8 (range 12-36) months. Surgical success rates were 83.3%, 66.6%, and 50.0% at 1 month, 12 months, and the last visit, respectively. Conclusion: GDD implantation was effective in controlling aniridic glaucoma with a success rate of 83.3% at 1-month follow-up and 66.6% at 1- year follow-up. Therefore, it should be considered as an initial surgical treatment for aniridic glaucoma; the clinician should be alert for concomitant ocular disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To c orrelate optic nerve head and peripapillary micro-vascular changes as detected by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) with visual field (VF) deviation parameters and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in open angle glaucoma. Materials and Methods: Forty-eight eyes of 48 patients with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and 46 eyes of 46 patients with pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PEG) were included in the study. Total, intra-disc and peripapillary (all quadrants) vascular densities (VD) were evaluated with OCT-A. All patients underwent 24-2 standard automated perimetry and mean deviation (MD) -pattern standard deviation (PSD) values were obtained. Patients with optic nerve pathologies, intraocular pressure ≥25mmHg and media opacities were excluded from the study. Results: The VF MD values were negatively correlated with all OCT-A parameters in POAG and with all quadrants other than intra-disc and nasal-inferior quadrant in PEG. While there was a significant negative correlation between PSD and total image, peripapillary, nasal-inferior, inferior-nasal, inferior-temporal, temporal-inferior, temporal-superior and superior-temporal quadrants in POAG, there was no significant correlation in any parameters other than intra-disc in PEG. When RNFL and OCT-A values were considered, significant positive correlation was detected in all peripapillary micro-vascular parameters other than intra-disc capillary density in both POAG and PEG groups and the temporal-superior quadrant in POAG group. Conclusion: The significant correlation between VF MD value and peripapillary and optic nerve head VD measurements detected by OCT-A value may indicate that OCT-A measurements in the most common glaucoma types may be a potential biomarker in terms of glaucomatous functional damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of Pattern Scanning Laser Trabeculoplasty (PSLT) procedure on corneal subbasal nerve density (SND) and dendritic cell density (DCD) in refractory open-angle glaucoma cases with the help of in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM). Materials and Methods: This is a prospective cohort study of 15 eyes of 15 patients with various types of open-angle glaucoma that were treated with single session of PSLT. Patients demographic characteristics, type of glaucoma, and necessity of antiglaucoma treatments were evaluated. After full ophthalmological examination, IVCM was performed before and after PSLT. Follow-up visits were at 1 day, 1 week, 1 month. Results: The mean age of the participants included in the study was 68.13±11.58 (56-86) years. According to glaucoma types; 53.3% of the participants were primary open-angle glaucoma, 40.0% were pseudoexfoliative glaucoma, and 6.7% were steroid induced glaucoma. There was no statistically significant difference between the SND values of pre-procedure, post-procedure 1st day, post-procedure 1st week, post-procedure 1st month. Post-procedure 1st day DCD values increased significantly compared to pre-procedure, the increase continued in the 1st week, and the difference disappeared by the 1st month. There was no significant difference in terms of both SND and DCD values before and after the procedure. Conclusions: The increase in DND, after a single dose of PSLT, was reverted to baseline values as of the 1st month. This may be a biomarker that shows PSLT efficacy as well as the severity of the inflammatory state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate using optical coherence tomography angiography the macular and optic nerve head blood flow in pediatric patients with epilepsy treated with levetiracetam for at least 12 months., Methods: This study included 33 pediatric patients with epilepsy and 30 sex- and age-matched healthy volunteer children were included in the study. Optical coherence tomography angiography was used to evaluate the optic nerve head and macular perfusion changes. The mean ocular perfusion pressures were also calculated. Patients who were using multiple antiepileptic drugs or had a prior history of using different drugs were excluded., Results: The choriocapillaris flow area was significantly lower in the Study Group than in the Control Group (p=0.006). However, the foveal avascular zone and vessel densities of the macula in the superficial capillary plexus, deep capillary plexus, and optic nerve head of the study group were not significantly different from those of the control group (p>0.05). Moreover, no significant difference in means of mean ocular perfusion pressure was found between the two groups (p=0.211). No obvious correlation was found between treatment duration and optical coherence tomography angiography parameters or mean ocular perfusion pressure., Conclusion: Choroidal perfusion was reduced in children taking levetiracetam compared with that in the control group, whereas retinal perfusion was not affected in this optical coherence tomography angiography study.

Aim: The aim of this prospective, controlled, non-randomized study was the comparison of the retinal microvascular parameters of obese and nonobese adults. Methods: 184 eyes of 92 subjects were separated to 3 groups. 68 eyes were in the normal weight group, with a body mass index between 18.5 and 24.5 kg/ m2, 60 eyes were in the overweight group, with a body mass index between 25-29.9 kg/ m2, and 56 eyes were in the obese group, with a body mass index ≥ 30 kg/ m2. All the volunteers were applied visual acuity, ocular motility testing, and slit lamp and mydriatic fundus examination. Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCT-A) scanning was practiced with Optovue (Optovue, Inc; Fremont, CA) on a 6.00 x 6.00 mm macular region, in the central fovea. Results: 184 eyes of ninety-two patients were involved in this prospective study. The vessels' density (VD) in the optic nerve head (ONH) were significantly lower in the overweight and obese adult volunteers compared to the normal weight control group. However, other OCTA parameters (including macular VDs, Foveal avascular zone (FAZ), choriocapillaris plexus (CCP) area) did not demonstrate any significant difference between groups. Subfoveal choroidal thickness (SCT) was higher in the overweight and obese patients when compared to the normal weight control group. Central macular thickness (CMT) did not reveal any significant difference between groups. Conclusion: Even though clinicians are limited in pointing out any differential findings in obese patients only by fundus examination, OCT-A provides a predictable view of the microvascular changes in the retina and choroid in obese patients. Abbreviations: BMI = Body mass index, WHO = World Health Organization, AMD = Age-related macular degeneration, CT = Choroidal thickness, OCTA = Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography, (W/H) ratio = Waist-hip ratio, ETDRS = Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study, VD = Vessel density, SCP = Superficial capillary plexus, DCP = Deep capillary plexus, CCP = Flow area of the choriocapillaris, FAZ = Avascular zone, CMT = Central macular thickness, ONH = Optic nerve head., (#x00A9; The Authors.Romanian Society of Ophthalmology.)

Objectives: To report the results obtained from glaucoma drainage device (GDD) implantation in patients with aniridia-related glaucoma and to review the literature., Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 6 patients who underwent GDD implantation for glaucoma secondary to congenital aniridia between April 2001 and February 2015. Data on age at surgery, gender, laterality, surgeries before GDD implantation, GDD model, concomitant ocular disorders, visual acuity, and intraocular pressure (IOP) values before and at 1 and 12 months after GDD implantation, medications, follow-up period, findings during last visit, complications, and course of disease were collected., Results: Mean age at surgery was 16.00±12.31 years (range 5-37 years). Mean IOP was 33.00±12.11 (range 22-50) mmHg just before the GDD implantation with a mean of 3.5±1.2 medications. Mean IOP 1 month after implantation was 16.33±4.22 (range 12-24) mmHg with a mean of 1.5±0.8 medications; at 12 months, mean IOP was 19.50±4.76 (range 15-26) mmHg with 3.0±0.8 medications. At the last follow-up visit, IOP was 21.16±4.07 (range 16-26) mmHg with a mean of 3.33±0.51 medications. Mean follow-up was 19.16±8.8 (range 12-36) months. Surgical success rates were 83.3%, 66.6%, and 50.0% at 1 month, 12 months, and the last visit, respectively., Conclusion: GDD implantation was effective in controlling aniridic glaucoma with a success rate of 83.3% at 1-month follow-up and 66.6% at 1-year follow-up. Therefore, it should be considered as an initial surgical treatment for aniridic glaucoma; the clinician should be alert for concomitant ocular disorders.