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Md Anwarul Azim Majumder,1,2 Keerti Singh,2 WMS Johnson,3 Archana Rajasundaram,3 Subir Gupta,2 Uma Gaur,2 Santosh Kumar,4 Madhuri Chatterjee,5 Ahbab Mohammad Fazle Rabbi,6 Vijay Prasad Sangishetti,7 Sayeeda Rahman,8 Michael H Campbell,2 Heather Harewood,2 Ambadasu Bharatha,2 Kandamaran Krishnamurthy,2 Russell Kabir,9 Ali Davod Parsa,9 Shegufta Mohammmad,10 Mainul Haque,11 Mohammed S Razzaque12 1Public Health Foundation of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 2Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Bridgetown, Barbados; 3Department of Anatomy, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; 4Karnavati School of Dentistry, Karnavati University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India; 5Department of Pharmacology, Shri Ramkrishna Institute of Medical Science, Durgapur, West Bengal, India; 6Department of Population Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 7Department of Pharmacology, Govt. Medical College, Shivpuri, Madhya Pradesh, India; 8School of Medicine, American University of Integrative Sciences (AUIS), Bridgetown, Barbados; 9Faculty of Health, Education, Medicine and Social Care, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, Essex, UK; 10BRAC Learning Division, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 11Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (National Defence University of Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia; 12Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA, USACorrespondence: WMS Johnson, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, Email johnsonmoses@gmail.com; johnsonmoses@yahoo.com Mainul Haque, Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Email runurono@gmail.com; mainul@upnm.edu.myBackground: Efficacy and safety are fundamental for the development of successful COVID-19 vaccines. Vaccine-associated side effects influence vaccine hesitancy. This study investigated the prevalence, severity, and onset of side effects following the first dose of COVID-19 vaccines among physicians and dentists working in various healthcare settings across India.Methods: A cross-sectional survey collected self-report data from April to June 2021 on side effects following the first dose of the vaccine. An online validated questionnaire using the Google Docs® platform was circulated via email and social media platforms.Results: More than 40% of participants experienced at least one side effect after the first dose of vaccination; the most common were mild and resolved within three days after vaccination. More than 91% of respondents received the Covishield (AstraZeneca) vaccine; the most prevalent adverse effects were soreness of the injected arm (78.9%), tiredness (71.1%), and fever (54.9%). Logistic regression showed that women were almost 60% less likely to report side effects.Conclusion: Findings supported the safety of the first dose of the COVID-19 vaccine based on relatively few self-limiting side effects, mainly soreness of the injected arm and tiredness. Further research is needed to determine the long-term safety of COVID-19 vaccines, especially after booster doses.Keywords: prevalence, adverse effects, COVID-19 vaccine, physicians, dentists, India

Mainul Haque,1 Nor Azlina A Rahman,2 Judy McKimm,3 Golam Mohammad Kibria,1 Md Anwarul Azim Majumder,4 Seraj Zohurul Haque,5 Md Zakirul Islam,6 Shahidah Leong Binti Abdullah,1 Aqil Mohammad Daher,1 Zainal Zulkifli,7 Sayeeda Rahman,8 Russell Kabir,9 Siti Nur Najihah Binti Lutfi,1 Nur Syamirah Aishah Binti Othman11Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (National Defence University of Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia; 2Department of Physical Rehabilitation Sciences, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, 25200, Malaysia; 3Swansea University School of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK; 4Department of Medical Education, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Bridgetown, Barbados, West Indies; 5Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK; 6Department of Pharmacology, Eastern Medical College, Burichang 3520, Bangladesh; 7Department of Surgery, Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Hospital, Temerloh, Pahang, 28000, Malaysia; 8Department of Pharmacology and Public Health, School of Medicine, American University of Integrative Sciences, Bridgetown, Barbados; 9School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health, Education, Medicine and Social Care, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, Essex, UKBackground: Self-medication of drugs to alleviate symptoms is a common global behavior, helping relieve burdens on health services, but many drugs eg, antibiotics are prescription-only. Self-medication of antibiotics (SMA) is an irrational use of drugs, contributing to microbial resistance increasing health care costs and higher mortality and morbidity. This study aimed to assess SMA among university students.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted among medical and non-medical students of the National Defence University of Malaysia. A validated instrument was used to gather data. Ethics approval was obtained. Random and universal sampling was adopted, and SPSS 21 was used for data analysis.Results: A total of 649 students participated in the study: 48.5% male and 51.5% female, 39.3% reported self-medicating with antibiotics. Penicillin, doxycycline, clarithromycin were the antibiotics most used with the majority reporting no adverse drug reactions. Cost savings and convenience were the principal reasons for SMA which were mainly obtained from local retail pharmacies. Despite medical students (particularly the more senior) having better knowledge of antibiotic use than non-medical students, 89% of all research participants responded that practicing SMA was a good/acceptable practice.Conclusion: SMA is common amongst Malaysian students and, despite understanding why SMA is unwise, even medical students self-medicate.Keywords: antibiotics, self-medication, antibiotic resistance, university students, medical students, non-medical students

This is a retrospective study of patients admitted to Jackson Hospital, Montgomery, Alabama, with a diagnosis of COVID-19 from January 1, 2021, to February 15, 2022. The independent variables used in the models were patient sex, age, race, BMI category, daily D-dimer categories, categories of anticoagulation doses, bleeding episodes, and vaccination status. The three different categories of anticoagulation doses were considered for the purpose of the study which were Enoxaparin 40 mg daily vs Enoxaparin 80 mg daily vs Enoxaparin 1 mg/kg or equivalent daily. The study reviewed a total of 100 hospitalized patients. Intermediate-dose anticoagulation was found to be the optimal dose as only 14% patients died compared to a 36 and 50% death rate among those treated with low-dose and high-dose anticoagulation, respectively. The multivariate linear regression model predicting patient oxygen requirements revealed D-dimer and bleeding status to be statistically significant predictors with a p value of

Recent wetting in the Northern Great Plain (NGP) exerted strong influences on lakes and wetlands. However, the influence of recent increase in precipitation on spatiotemporal variation of surface water area is poorly understood in the Red River Basin (RRB, northern United States and southern Canada). Here, we used a high-resolution global surface water dataset to understand spatiotemporal dynamics of the annual, total, permanent, and seasonal water extent in RRB. Monthly surface water area is investigated to detect the change in seasonal surface water extent. We found four distinct phases of variation in surface water: Phase 1 (1990–2001, wetting); Phase 2 (2002- 2005, dry); Phase 3 (2006–2013, recent wetting); and Phase 4 (2014–2019, recent drying). A bare land to a permanent and seasonal water area switch is observed during Phase 1, while the other phases have experienced relatively little fluctuation. Findings have implications for nutrient concentration assessment in lakes and wetlands.

The conductivity and Seebeck coefficient of CaMnO3–δ have been studied at temperatures up to 1000 °C and in atmospheres with controlled oxygen partial pressure. Both transport coefficients were varied in situ by the reversible formation of oxygen vacancies up to δ=0.15. The charge carrier concentration was calculated using a defect chemical model. The Seebeck coefficient could be approximated by Heikes' formula, while the conductivity shows a maximum at a molar charge carrier concentration of 0.25. These results were interpreted as a signature of strong electronic correlation effects, and it was concluded that charge transport in CaMnO3–δ occurs via strongly interacting small polarons. General prospects for strongly correlated materials as potential candidates for high temperature thermoelectric power generation were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study region: Twenty-six glaciated basins on the Interior Plateau (56° N, 125° W) in British Columbia, Canada. Study focus: Landscape and streamflow characteristics in glaciated basins show high spatiotemporal variability, while the linkages among runoff characteristics, landscapes, and glacial history remain unclear. We compiled a 10-year dataset of daily climate and streamflow observations, and 54 landscape attributes for 26 glaciated basins to explore the relationship between landscape, streamflow and glacial history. A Hierarchical Multiple Factor Analysis was performed to analyze landscapes. The hydrological signatures were selected to describe streamflow characteristics. A correlation analysis and machine learning models were used to explore the relationships between the glacial legacy and streamflow variation. New hydrological insights for the region: (1) The landscape is well-structured. The principal components of PC1 and PC2 explain 44% of the total landscape variance, PC1 representing basins with steep, high-relief terrain and alpine glaciation and PC2 representing large, elongated basins with moraine and glacial lakes; (2) The landscape heterogeneity has a key role in accurate streamflow predictions. Most hydrological signatures are controlled by landscape components PC1 and PC2 and can be well predicted by Random Forest using landscape features as inputs. (3) Alpine glaciation results in rapid runoff generation and variable flow regime in mountains, while valley glaciation leads to smooth hydrographs with large baseflows and mild and infrequent extreme flow events in plateaus.

Introduction: COVID-19 was responsible for widespread disturbance throughout the educational system and was harmful in a variety of ways. In particular with regard to the state of a student’s psychological health.

Abstract The increased population in megacities has recently exacerbated the need to combat air pollution. This study examined the concept that the sensitivity and tolerance of urban plant species to air pollution might be used to determine Tehran, Iran's air quality and obtain suitable urban greening. The air pollution tolerance index (APTI) was derived using the total chlorophyll, relative water content, pH, and ascorbic acid content of leaf extract from Morus alba, Ailanthus altissima, and Salix babylonica trees as an indicator of the sensitivity and tolerance of urban plant species. A. altissima and S. babylonica, with APTI values of 11.15 and 11.08, respectively, were sensitive to air pollution and can be employed as bioindicators, whereas M. alba, with an APTI value of 14.08, exhibited moderate resistance to air pollution and is therefore recommended for urban planting. Furthermore, the content of enzymatic and non-enzymatic parameters (carotenoid, phenol, and flavonoids) and proline concentration in the polluted seasons and sites (3 and 4) have been increased in M. alba. Collectively, we expect our findings to contribute to the rapidly growing body of research aiming to find a suitable urban greening for a wide range of polluted megacities.

Increasing water flowing into the Arctic Ocean affects oceanic freshwater balance, which may lead to the thermohaline circulation collapse and unpredictable climatic conditions if freshwater inputs continue to increase. Despite the crucial role of ocean inflow in the climate system, less is known about its predictability, variability, and connectivity to cryospheric and climatic patterns on different time scales. In this study, multi-scale variation modes were decomposed from observed daily and monthly snowcover and river flows to improve the predictability of Arctic Ocean inflows from the Mackenzie River Basin in Canada. Two multi-linear regression and Bayesian neural network models were used with different combinations of remotely sensed snowcover, in-situ inflow observations, and climatic teleconnection patterns as predictors. The results showed that daily and monthly ocean inflows are associated positively with decadal snowcover fluctuations and negatively with interannual snowcover fluctuations. Interannual snowcover and antecedent flow oscillations have a more important role in describing the variability of ocean inflows than seasonal snowmelt and large-scale climatic teleconnection. Both models forecasted inflows seven months in advance with a Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency score of ≈0.8. The proposed methodology can be used to assess the variability of the freshwater input to northern oceans, affecting thermohaline and atmospheric circulations.