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Background: Congenital clubfoot deformity can cause significant disability, and if left untreated, may further impoverish those in developing countries, like Bangladesh. The Ponseti method has been strategically introduced in Bangladesh by a non-government organisation, Walk For Life (WFL). WFL has provided free treatment for over 17,500 Bangladeshi children with clubfeet since 2009, sustained by local ownership, and international support. This study assesses the 4-year results in children for whom treatment began before the age of 3 years. Methods: A centrally located WFL clinic at Mymensingh Medical College Hospital (MMCH), representative of the larger WFL clinics, which treats >100 cases annually, was reviewed. In 2015, 99 of the 147 eligible subjects who had begun treatment in 2011 were available for follow up. Specific assessment tools enabled evaluation of parent satisfaction, gait function, and relapse cases. Results: Results for 99/147 cases were returned after four years: 72 males, 27 females. Typical clubfeet comprised 98/99 of cases, and 55/99 were bilateral. The tenotomy rate was 80 %. Brace use after 3 months was 90 %, at 12 months was 65 %, and at 4 years post treatment was 40 %. Functionally, 98/99 of children could walk and run (99 %). Relapsing deformity was found in 13 %. Relapse severity varied: eight were flexible and partial, five were rigid. Half of the children lost to follow were due to changed phone numbers. While parents were very happy with their child's feet (97 %), a materials cost of 3000 Taka ($US40) was deemed unaffordable by 60 %. Conclusions: The 4-year outcomes after Ponseti treatment for clubfoot deformity, showed that 99 % of children available for follow up, were walking independently. The relapse rate was low. Parent satisfaction was high, but those whose children required further treatment were less satisfied.

The aim of this study to development and validate an analytical method to determine the Azithromycin (AZN) residue in water approach to monitor the contamination level of river and fish farm water of Bangladesh. Azithromycin (AZN) was analyzed using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-ESI MS/MS). The chromatographic separations of analyte were performed using ZORBAX RRHD Eclipse Plus C18 (2.1×100 mm, particle size 1.8 µm) column and mobile phase was 0.1% formic acid in water and acetonitrile with 50:50. The analyte were detected in positive electron spray ionization mode with multiple reaction monitoring mode (MRM) with mass transition from 749.5 m/z to 591 m/z and 158 m/z as quantifier and qualifier ion respectively. Liquid-liquid extraction method was used for the extraction of AZN residues. The developed method was validated in terms of accuracy, precision, linearity and specificity. The analyte showed a good linear in the range of 0.1-100 µg/L. Three spiking levels (0.25, 0.5 and 1.25 µg/L) was performed for determining accuracy and precision. Recoveries and RSD were in the range of 96.6-101.5% and 3.5-6.3 respectively. The estimated limit of detection and limit of quantification was 0.017 and 0.05 µg/L respectively. Using the developed method, we analyzed 5 different rivers and 5 different fish farm samples. We found no azithromycin residue in rivers water, but we found in one fish farm water azithromycin residue 0.35±0.06 µg/L. The results indicate that we should be concern to use antibiotics in fish farm water in different ways.

© 2017 American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association Following the animal spirits theory proposed by Akerlof and Shiller, this article contributes to behavior economics by investigating the possibility of using auction sales data to capture evidence of irrational exuberance in the housing market. Using the monthly percentages of residential property auction sales for Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch regions in New Zealand from 2006 to 2015, and the exuberance testing method proposed by Phillips, Shi and Yu, we find that animal spirits have been developing in the Auckland housing market since 2013, but not in other regions. When compared to the results based on price-to-rent ratios, auction sales provide more meaningful results for identifying market-wide irrational exuberance at an early stage. The causality test on price-to-rent ratios and auction sales volume shows that asset prices and animal spirits influence each other in the short run. In the long run, prices have significant effect on animal spirits, but not vice versa.

The storage diseases of potato at Mymensingh, Rajshahi and Dhaka town were surveyed to estimate the loss in potato due to storage diseases. In Mymensingh district, the survey revealed that 3.95, 0.91 and 0.69% of tubers were affected with soft rot, dry rot and scab, respectively. Among the cultivars, maximum loss within the three months namely July, August and September were found in cultivar Cardinal (5.55%), where losses were caused by soft rot (3.97%), dry rot (0.88%) and scab (0.70%). In Rajshahi district, the survey revealed that 3.73, 0.99 and 0.85% of tubers were affected with soft rot, dry rot and scab, respectively. Among the cultivars, maximum loss within the three months were found in Cardinal (5.55%) having soft rot (3.58%), dry rot (1.06%) and scab (0.96%). In Dhaka district, the survey revealed that 3.27, 0.96 and 0.81% of tubers were affected with soft rot and dry rot. Among the cultivars, maximum loss within the three months was found in Diamant (5.55%) due to soft rot (2.49%), dry rot (1.05%) and scab (0.97%). Loss estimated in potato was 5.84, 5.54 and 5.25%, respectively in the months of July, August and September at Mymensingh district. Similarly, in Rajshahi district, it was 5.85, 5.58 and 5.28%, respectively in the month of July, August and September. Again in Dhaka district, it was 5.58, 4.96 and 4.55%, respectively in the months of July, August and September. The study revealed the fact that potatoes were subjected to different diseases in the markets of Bangladesh.Key words: Potato, storage diseases, months, loss, Bangladesh.

This cross-sectional study was carried out in some selected arsenic contaminated rural areas of Bangladesh to determine any clinical changes in oral cavity, among the arsenic exposed population through drinking water. Total 600 respondents (200 arsenicosis patients, 200 non-patients but having the history of taking arsenic contaminated water and another 200 arsenic non-exposed). 75.5% of arsenicosis patients had swelled vallate papillae whereas only 44.5% and 8.5% in case of arsenic exposure and non-exposure subjects respectively. The differences were found statistically significant (p