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Reports on the use of laryngeal mask airway (LMA) in two pediatric patients with upper airway abnormalities. Overview of the cases; Place of LMA in routine airway management in general anesthesia; Indications of use.

The therapeutic management of bacterial meningitis is still a matter for concern.Objective – The aim of this study was to analyze the profile of pathogens responsible for meningitis and their resistance to antibiotic drugs.Methods – Between January 1997 and December 1999, 114 strains were collected from CSF.Results – Streptococcus B and Escherichia coli were the most frequently identified pathogen found in neonatal meningitis. In children between three months and three years of age, Haemophilus Influenzae was the most frequently identified pathogen in meningitis (75%), followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae (22%). In children over three years of age, Streptococcus pneumoniae (57%) and Neisseria meningitidis (30%) were predominant. High levels of resistance were found: H. influenzae to ampicillin (33%) and S. pneumoniae to penicillin (56%). H. influenzae was more often isolated in meningitis in our study because of the absence of systematic vaccination in our country.Comments – The increasing prevalence of penicillin resistant S. pneumoniae strains isolated from meningitis make adequate therapeutic management difficult. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Introduction: Continuous spinal anesthesia for surgical repair of hip fracture in elderly patients has been shown to preserve hemodynamics better than general and single shoot spinal anesthesia. However, hypotension still occurs, even with continuous spinal anesthesia., Aim: This study aimed to demonstrate that hypobaric bupivacaine is more effective in preserving hemodynamics than isobaric bupivacaine when patients are operated in lateral position., Methods: It was a prospective randomized controlled single-blind study conducted in an orthopaedic institute during two years (2017-2018). One hundred and ten patients aged more than 65 years, scheduled for hip fracture repair, were randomized to receive either hypobaric or isobaric bupivacaine. Repeated doses of 2.5 mg bupivacaine were injected until sensory blockade reached T12. Hypotension and severe hypotension were defined as a decrease of more than 20% and 30% from the baseline systolic arterial blood pressure and were treated with ephedrine. Statistical analysis used Chi2 and Student tests to compare either number and percentage or mean and median. P<0.05 was significant., Results: Less patients experienced hypotension and severe hypotension in hypobaric group than in isobaric group (respectively 53% vs. 73%; p<0.05 and 22% vs. 53%; p< 0.01). Ephedrine consumption was significantly lower in hypobaric group (1.9 mg vs. 5.6 mg; p<0.01)., Conclusion: Hypobaric bupivacaine may be used rather than isobaric bupivacaine for further preserving hemodynamics in continuous spinal anesthesia for hip fracture surgery in elderly.

Introduction: The placement of central venous catheters (CVC) is a frequent procedure in intensive care. It is not devoid of complications, the diagnosis of which relied for a long time on the chest X-ray. Currently, ultrasound appears to be an interesting alternative., Aim: To report the impact of the use of ultrasound on the time to exclusion of mechanical complications after CVC placement., Methods: This is a prospective, multicenter, comparative, double-blind study. Were included the patients in whom the placement of a CVC was decided. After placement, a chest X-ray was ordered and an ultrasound was performed to look for signs of misplacement and pneumothorax. The two examinations were interpreted by two different doctors. The primary endpoint between the ultrasound group and the RTX group was the time "T1" represented by the time required to exclude complications., Results: 30 patients were included in our study. The mean ultrasound T1time was significantly lower than the mean radiological T1time (p=0.000). Only one case of pneumothorax was observed. It was first detected by ultrasound. For the 29 other patients, exclusion of pneumothorax was confirmed by ultrasound and chest X-ray. No misplacement type complications detected. This was confirmed by ultrasound and radiological exclusions., Conclusion: Ultrasound is a faster tool than RTX in excluding mechanical complications after CVC placement. It guarantees a non-irradiating examination as efficient as chest X-ray for intensive care patients.

Background: The practice of hypnoanalgesia in orthopedics is rare and the literature is poor., Aim: The purpose of this pilot study was to verify the efficacy of hypnosis for the management of postoperative analgesia after arthroscopic repair of anterior cruciate ligament., Methods: This was a prospective clinical trial over a period of 6 months (March - August 2015) including 25 patients scheduled for arthroscopic repair of anterior cruciate ligament under spinal anesthesia. All these patients had preoperative hypnosis in addition to the standard multimodal analgesia protocol (group H) and were compared to historical group (group S) who received only a standard multimodal analgesia protocol., Results: Pain scores were significantly lower for the hypnosis group during the first 48 hours postoperatively (p = 0,006). The total dose of morphine at 48 hours was: 13,6 mg (95% CI [4,58; 22,62]) in the group H and 10,2 mg (95% CI [1,64 ; 18,76]) in group S with no statistically significant difference (p = 0,178) Conclusion: Results of this pilot study in orthopedic surgery suggested that hypnosis reduced postoperative pain scores as demonstrated in other surgeries.

Context: Spread of local anesthetic within adductor canal to peroneal and tibial nerves is described in literature. This spread could be volume-dependent., Aims: In this study, we compared the diffusion of two volumes of 0.375% ropivacaine to popliteal fossa., Settings and Design: This was a prospective, randomized controlled, single-blind study conducted in Kassab Orthopaedic Institute of Tunis for 1 year (2018)., Materials and Methods: A total of 42 patients, American Society of Anesthesiologists I/II scheduled for knee arthroscopy under spinal anesthesia scheduled to receive adductor canal block, were randomized into two groups: group N received 20 mL of ropivacaine 0.375% and group H received 40 mL. We evaluated sensory motor blocks of both peroneal and tibial nerves at 30 and 60 min., Statistical Analysis Used: Chi-square or Fisher's exact test was used to compare the number and percentage. P <0.05 was significant., Results: At 60 min, complete sensory block of the peroneal nerve was obtained for 16 patients in group H versus 15 patients in group N with no statistically significant difference ( P = 0.60). The difference was also not significant ( P = 0.27) for the tibial nerve: 14 patients for group H versus 16 for group N. Motor blockade was rare in the two nerve territories., Conclusion: Spread of 0.375% ropivacaine to popliteal fossa resulted in high rate of complete sensory blockade of both peroneal and tibial nerves. Diffusion of local anesthetic was not volume-dependent., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2020 Saudi Journal of Anesthesia.)

Introduction: As the life expectancy and weight of patients are increasing, more old and obese patients are undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA). TKA may lead to several perioperative complications. These include anesthesia-related risks, exacerbation of comorbid medical issues and complications of surgical procedure. We have no studies reporting medical complications following TKA among our population. This study aimed to evaluate perioperative complications of TKA and to identify the related risk factors., Methods: It was a monocentric retrospective including 410 observations in the local TKA registry. Data of patients operated for primary unilateral TKA during the period from January 2014 to December 2017 were reviewed. All patients had standardized protocols of anesthesia and post operative care for three days following surgery. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify the predicting factors for complications., Results: Incidence of perioperative complications was 37.1%. The most frequent were per operative hypotension (14.1%) and postoperative desaturation (21.7%, including pulmonary embolism in 2.4%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified: age ≥ 65 years (OR=1.9; p=0.006), respiratory diseases (OR=1.8; p=0.042) and general anesthesia (OR=2.8; p=0.009) as significant risk factors for any complications. Loss of autonomy (OR=4.8; p <0.001) and general anesthesia (OR=2.6; p=0.03) were significant risk factors for hypotension. Age ≥ 65 years (OR=2.6;p<0.001), female gender (OR=4.3;p=0.006) and respiratory diseases(OR=1.9;p=0.02) were associated with postoperative desaturation., Conclusion: This study highlighted hemodynamic and respiratory complications as the most common early complications in TKA. Age ≥ 65years, general anesthesia and respiratory diseases were significant risk factors., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interest., (© Khairreddine Raddaoui et al.)

Background: Adult meta-analyses have verified that adjunct use of alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists (A2AA) together with local anesthetics (LA) will prolong the duration of peripheral nerve blocks. The standard use of A2AAs for peripheral nerve blockade has recently been recommended also in children, but the evidence base in support of this suggestion has to date been equivocal. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to produce evidence-based data regarding the effect in children., Methods: Following a thorough literature search, five randomized controlled trials were included in a meta-analysis. Raw data from all studies were gathered and aggregated into patients randomized to receive plain LA (Group PLA) or LA mixed with either adjunct clonidine or dexmedetomidine (Group ADJ). The main outcome parameter was block duration (time to first administration of supplemental analgesic based on predetermined pain scores) analyzed by survival statistics. The total number of supplemental analgesic doses during the first 24 postoperative hours and serious side effects were included as secondary outcomes., Results: Pooling of the study data generated 141 patients in Group PLA and 142 patients in Group ADJ (overall n = 283; age: 0.8-13 years; weight 8-47 kg). Block duration was significantly prolonged (9.75 h vs 3.75 h) compared to the use of plain LA. Survival statistics verified a beneficial effect of using adjunct A2AAs [the log rank (Mantel-Cox) test (P = 0.0078), Gehan-Breslow-Wilcoxon test (P = 0.0027), and hazard ratio (1.653; 95% CI: 1.142 to 2.395)]. The number of patients that needed ≥ 2 doses of supplemental analgesics was higher in Group PLA (n = 19) compared to Group ADJ (n = 6) (P = 0.0088). No serious side effects were reported., Conclusion: This meta-analysis provides evidence-based support for the use of adjunct alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists when performing peripheral nerve blocks in children., (© 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Some factors have been identified as contributing to medical errors such as labels, appearance, and location of ampules. In this case report, inadvertent intrathecal injection of 80 mg tranexamic acid was followed by severe pain in the back and the gluteal region, myoclonus on lower extremities and agitation. General anesthesia was induced to complete surgery. At the end of anesthesia, patient developed polymyoclonus and seizures needing supportive care of the hemodynamic, and respiratory systems. He developed ventricular tachycardia treated with Cordarone infusion. The patient's condition progressively improved to full recovery 2 days after. Confusion between hyperbaric bupivacaine and tranexamic acid was due to similarities in appearance between both ampules.

Background: Venous thrombosis remains an uncommon disorder in childhood. However, the incidence appears to be increasing for a multitude of reasons. The aim of the study was to detect asymptomatic deep venous thrombosis and prothrombotic diseases in nonsyndromic children undergoing scoliosis surgery., Methods: A prospective study including forty successive teenagers scheduled for posterior spinal fusion. Patients with scoliosis with a history of hemoglobinopathies, cardiac defects, blood clots, early onset osteoporosis, as well as patients with skeletal dysplasias and nonskeletal dysplastic syndromic entities have been excluded. The protocol was designed for active screening of deep venous thrombosis using color Doppler ultrasonography on a day before surgery and repeated on the 3rd, 7th and 15th day postoperatively. Evaluation of prothrombotic disorders included antithrombin and protein C activities, and total protein S antigen level., Results: No patient has manifested clinical symptoms of venous thrombosis in our study. Preoperative Doppler and ultrasound examinations were normal in all patients. Although repeated Doppler ultrasonography demonstrated a transient small clot in two patients. Congenital antithrombin deficiency of 5% has been observed in one child only, without the development of deep venous thrombosis., Conclusion: Thromboembolic event seems to be rare after scoliosis surgery. Prophylaxis for venous thrombosis should not be recommended in such patient. But, larger series are required to confirm such results.

Background: In this prospective randomized study, we evaluated the effect of tramadol as an adjuvant to axillary block., Methods: We studied 102 patients scheduled for hand surgery under axillary block with lidocaine 1.5% (epinephrine 1/200,000) and the addition of either 4 mL saline (control group), 100 mg tramadol and 2 mL saline (TL group), or 200 mg tramadol (TH group)., Results: Onset time was longer in the TH group, 16 +/- 7 min (9 +/- 3 min in control group; P = 0.01). Sensory block and time for first rescue analgesia were significantly prolonged in the TH group compared with both TL and control groups (265 +/- 119 min vs 190 +/- 87 min vs 126 +/- 48 min; P = 0.018); (734 +/- 434 min vs 573 +/- 516 min vs 375 +/- 316 min; P = 0.02)., Conclusions: The benefit of block prolongation associated with the addition of 200 mg tramadol to lidocaine during axillary block is limited by the slow onset of the block.

Background: Spinal anesthesia is increasingly used in adolescents. However, the anesthesia provided by bupivacaine alone may be too short for the planned surgery. The addition of clonidine 2 microg/kg to bupivacaine provides a prolonged anesthetic action but may be associated with hypotension. In the present study, we investigated the efficacy and safety of intrathecal clonidine 1 mug/kg in adjunction to bupivacaine in spinal anesthesia in adolescents., Methods: Eighty-three adolescents, 51 males, aged 10-15 yr, scheduled for orthopedic surgery were enrolled in this placebo-controlled, randomized study. Patients were given spinal anesthesia either with plain 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine 0.2-0.4 mg/kg or bupivacaine with clonidine 1 microg/kg. The duration of sensory block was the primary outcome measure., Results: Clonidine prolonged the duration of both the sensory and motor block. The time to regression of sensory block by two dermatomes was 136 (mean) (sd, 56) min in the adolescents with clonidine versus 107 min (sd, 42) in the controls (95% CI for diff: 5-53 min, P = 0.02). The time to full recovery of motor block was 251 min (sd, 79) in the adolescents with clonidine versus 181 min (sd, 59) in the controls (95% CI: 39-103 min, P = 0.001). Time to the first dose of rescue analgesia was longer in the adolescents with clonidine, 461 min (sd, 147) versus 330 min (sd, 138) in the controls (95% CI: 53-207 min, P = 0.01). There was no difference in the frequency of hypotension or bradycardia between the groups., Conclusion: In adolescents, clonidine 1 microg/kg prolonged the duration of sensory block achieved with bupivacaine by 30 min and postoperative analgesia by 120 min without severe adverse events.

Background: Propofol injection pain is a well-known problem in pediatric anesthesia. Premixture of lidocaine with propofol although effective does not abolish injection pain in all children. Promising results have been reported with pretreatment of the vein with ketamine. The purpose of this prospective, double-blind randomized, clinical trial with active control was to evaluate the efficacy of premixing propofol with ketamine in the prevention of injection pain in children., Methods: After ethics committee and parental approval and children's assent, 116 children, aged 1-12 years, were randomly allocated to receive an IV induction dose of admixture of racemic ketamine 0.5 mg x ml(-1) (ketamine group) or lidocaine 1 mg x ml(-1) in propofol 10 mg x ml(-1) (lidocaine group). The outcome measures were signs and symptoms of injection pain (primary outcome: the incidence of injection pain), hemodynamic and respiratory parameters, and adverse effects during anesthesia induction (secondary outcomes)., Results: Patients' characteristics were similar in the two groups. Fewer children (13/58) in the lidocaine group than in the ketamine group (26/58) (mean difference 23%, 95% CI for difference 6-40%, P = 0.018) developed pain on injection of propofol. There were no differences in hemodynamic parameters between the two groups. One child in the lidocaine group developed laryngospasm, but no other adverse events were recorded., Conclusions: Injection pain was twice as common with ketamine-propofol admixture than with lidocaine-propofol admixture.

Background: Coadministration of clonidine with local anesthetics is associated with improvement of the quality of peripheral nerve block and significant prolongation of postoperative analgesia. Better analgesia has been reported with clonidine in ilioinguinal nerve block compared with caudal use. The object of this study was to determine whether adding of 1 microg.kg(-1) clonidine to bupivacaine 0.25% in ilioinguinal-iliohypogastric nerve block prolongs postoperative analgesia in children., Methods: Ninety-eight children ASA I-II aged between 1 and 12 years, scheduled for elective outpatient herniorrhaphy or orchidopexy were randomly allocated to receive an ilioinguinal-iliohypogastric nerve block either with 0.3 ml.kg(-1) bupivacaine 0.25% plus 1 microg.kg(-1) clonidine or only bupivacaine. Postoperative analgesic needs, time to the first analgesic supplementation and sedation score were assessed in hospital for 6 h postoperatively and at home by telephone call., Results: Demographic data were similar in both groups. There was no statistical difference in the rate of rescue analgesia between the two groups during the first six postoperative hours (20.4% group clonidine vs 30.6% group no clonidine) (P = 0.17). A slight decrease in systolic blood pressure during surgery was reported in the clonidine group. There was no difference in the scores of sedation between the two groups. At home, 10 patients in the clonidine group and nine patients in the nonclonidine group received analgesic medication. There was no difference between the two groups regarding the number of patients receiving analgesic rescue during the first 24 h (log rank = 0.39). Parental satisfaction was high in both groups., Conclusions: Our study failed to demonstrate any advantage in addition of 1 microg.kg(-1) clonidine to 0.25% bupivacaine for ilioinguinal-iliohypogastric nerve block compared with bupivacaine 0.25% alone.

We reported the result of a prospective study concerning the use of Tramadol for postoperative analgesia in children. Seventy-two children 1 to 6 year's old were enrolled. Tramadol was given at a dose of 1 mg/kg for 30 minutes and Oral regimen started 4 hours after at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg/6 hours for 24 hours in 40 child. Only one dose of Tramadôl, 2 Mg/kg, was used in other 32 children. We assessed every 3 hours: pain scale (CHEOPS), respiratory rate, and cardiac rate, blood pressure and sedation scale. We obtained satisfactory analgesia in 70% of children since the first hour postoperatively with 2 mg/kg Tramadol and in 60% of them who received 1 mg/kg. In the first group, analgesia had lasted for 24 hours in 62.5% of children and in 80% of children with oral Tramadol. The main side effect was vomiting as reported in 25% of children especially after intravenous Tramadol and mild sedation in 34% of them. Tramadol is a safe and efficient analgesic molecule in children.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of intrathecal clonidine in children., Study Design: A prospective randomised study., Patients and Methods: 45 children, 6 to 15 years old, were randomised in two groups; receiving either 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine or 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine added to clonidine 2 micrograms.kg-1. We assessed quality and length of motor and sensory blocks and side effects of clonidine: hypotension, bradycardia and sedation., Results: Clonidine was associated with prolongation of motor block. 190 +/- 42 min vs 150 +/- 35 min (p < 0.01), but the difference was not significant. Postoperative analgesia was longer in clonidine group, 490 +/- 35 min vs 200 +/- 50 min (mean +/- SD), p < 0.001. Clonidine was associated with higher incidence of hypotension 54 vs 36% and bradycardia 30 vs 0%., Conclusion: These data suggest that intrathecal clonidine 2 micrograms.kg-1 is associated with extending duration of postoperative analgesia but with moderate side effects.

A retrospective study realised over 10 years in the orthopaedic unit of the children's hospital of Tunis allowed to collect 206 cases of osteomyelitis and arthritis in infant (3 months--3 years old). In 74.6% of the cases, infection involved the joint. There is a single focus of the infection in 92.6% of the cases, more often at the lower limbs. The pathogen has been isolated in 33% of the cases. Staphylococcus aureus (52 %) is the more frequent pathogen, especially in osteomyelitis. Enterobateria (16%), Streptococcus (17.7%) (Streptococcus pneumonia: 10.7%), and Hemophylus influenzea (5.3%) were often isolated in arthritis.

The aim of this study is to specify the role of rapid tests in the screening of childhood urinary tract infection. During the period between july to december 1998, 572 urinary samples were collected from pediatric out-patient in Hôpital d'Enfants de Tunis and aged from 1 month to 15 years. Only 75 samples (12.5%) were culture positive. The predictive value of leucocytes or nitrites test was 97.2%. These results allowed the use of rapid test in the screening of urinary tract infection in children. However, if clinical symptoms are present, the culture of urine must be associated to the rapid test.

Colonization of biomaterial by Candida species could be the first step of Candida infection. We examined the in vitro adherence capabilities of five Candida species to polyvinyl chlorure (PVC). Twenty stains were tested: C. albicans (9), C. glabrata (3), C. tropicalis (3), C. kefyr (4) and C. parapsilosis (1). The adherence to PVC was evaluated by direct microscopic examination. The results indicate that the adherence of C. albicans to PVC is similar to that of C. glabrata and C. tropicalis. Only C. kefyr adheres to a lower degree. We conclude that the adherence capabilities of non-albicans species were similar to that of C. albicans. There is a relationship between the adherence of Candida species and their abilities to colonize the biomaterial. The species, which are more adherent, are those, which are more virulent.