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P. brachyurus can be introduced into the PRA area with plants, plant waste and soil. The nematode is likely to colonize crops grown under covers in natural soil substrate, i.e. cucumber, tomato, beans. P. brachyurus can adversely affect the growth and development of plants in palm houses, where optimal conditions for the development of the root-knot nematode population will be maintained., PL; pl; PDF; kwarantanna@iorpib.poznan.pl

The Xiphinema index nematode is a vector of Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), one of the most dangerous diseases of the plant. The nematode is found in large numbers in southern Europe, although it has also been found in Germany. Due to its frequency of occurrence and geographic proximity, its importation into Poland seems very likely. At the same time, the progressive warming of the climate will favor the pest, which, together with the virus it carries, may become a significant aggravation for vineyards in Poland. It should be noted that the acreage of vineyards has increased significantly in recent years, and for many people they have become the main source of income., PL; pl; PDF; kwarantanna@iorpib.poznan.pl

Identification of Physidae 1) Right- handed shells of various shapes: ovate, ovate-conical, spherical or quasi-spherical, outline elongate, asymmetrical, apex pointed................................................................................ – (Lymnaeidae). - Left-handed shells, spindle-shaped or ovoid-shaped, smooth and thin, pointed spire, small to medium-sized, 5–17 mm. Shells rather transparent, thin, corneous with a relatively large and long aperture without operculum.... – Physidae (Fig. 1, Tab. 2). Physidae Genus Key 1. Shell narrow, long, smooth, usually very glossy. Body shines through the shell. Mostly found in ephemeral (astatic) water bodies................................................................... – Genus - Aplexa (Fig. 1b, Tab. 1). - Spire of the shell is relatively blunt and short. Rather smooth surface of the shell or with very delicate spiral lines. Snails commonly occur in ponds, rivers and streams................................. – Genus Physa (Fig. 1a, c, d; Tab. 1). Physidae Species Key 1. Shell tall, slender, narrow, usually very glossy, semi-transparent (Fig. 1b), with a high spire (Fig. 1, 2b), height of the aperture about half of overall height of the shell (Fig. 3a). Aperture narrow, its external part sharp with a lip visible under SEM (Fig. 3c). Left-handed, spindle-shape. Body whorl not especially large and narrowed at bottom. The body of the snail usually black and does not overlap outside of shell. Umbilicus completely covered (Fig. 3a). The shell measures up to 13 mm x 6 mm, usually 8–15 x 3–6 mm with up to 7 whorls (usually 5.5–6), regularly increasing. Species occurs in almost all over Europe, often found in ponds, ditches, forest water bodies and other types of lentic habitats that are temporary, dried out, or have a high fluctuation in the water level (Tab. 1, Fig. 4)........................– Moss Bladder Snail – Aplexa hypnorum (Fig. 1; Fig. 2a–c). Reproductive anatomy: Penis has no preputial gland and a one-part glandular sheath. Penial sheath shorter than the preputium, widest in the distal part, tapering gradually to the distal end, which lacks a papilla. At the proximal end, the sheath is not sharply set off from the vas deferens and enlarges gradually (Starobogatov et al. 1989; Taylor 2003). - Shell shorter and more rounded, the height of the aperture at least two thirds of the overall height of the shell. The body of the snail pale brown or greenish. The hell up to 18mm x 11mm, with up to 4 whorls..................................– 2 2. Shell usually fragile, very delicate, thin, wide, glossy and translucent. The hell shape oval in outline (Figs 1c, 5). Spire short or very short, apex of the shell rounded (Fig. 2c). Spire blunted. 3–4 whorls (Fig. 1c, Fig. 5). Aperture high, tapering in adapical direction. Umbilicus covered. Body whorl inflated (Fig. 5). Sutural belts of shell very delicate, visible under SEM (Fig. 5b, c). Shell not larger than 12 mm x 8 mm, usually less than 10 mm, with 4 whorls. Species occurs all over Western and Central Europe in lentic habitats, slow-flowing waters, among detritus, at a wide range of pH (Tab. 1, Fig. 4).................................................................................. – Common Bladder Snail – Physa fontinalis Reproductive anatomy: Penial sheath consists of one glandular part. Bulky penial sac tapers from the wide proximal end to about 1/10 of its length, and enlarges before entering the preputium. Penial sac is longer than preputium. Penis is flagelliform, with a lanceolate stylet. The length of the vas deferens IV accounts for about 1/2 the length of the penial sac and preputium (Taylor 2003; Glöer 2019). - Shell thicker, rather strong, larger, spire pointed and higher, shell surface smooth.................................– 3 3. Shell often thicker, stronger and more opaque than in P. fontinalis, ovate and relatively wide (Fig. 1a). Spire pointed (1/3 shell height adult and less than 1/ 3 in juvenile specimens) (Figs 1a, 2a). Body whorl distinctly inflated. Aperture large, tapered in adapical part. Internal white lip at the aperture margin with characteristic thickening visible under scanning electron microscope (Fig. 6b, c). Umbilicus covered and sometimes a narrow fissure is visible. Shell corneous, with delicate shining. Shell commonly larger than in other Physidae, measuring up to 18 mm x 11 mm (usually 8–16 x 5–10 mm), up to 6 whorls (usually 5–6). Species occur in most parts of Europe (Fig. 4). Usually found in natural water bodies, in lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, ditches, or anthropogenic water bodies; tolerates higher water temperature, high level of pollution; may be present in degraded water environments (sewage, toxic waters, in high pH values e.g., 9.4) (Tab. 1)........ – American Bladder Snail – Physa acuta Reproductive anatomy: Penis with preputial gland and one-part muscular penial sheath, unipartite and not pigmented (Wethington 2004; Piechocki & Wawrzyniak-Wydrowska 2016; Maansi & Wats 2018). - Shell larger than 20 mm, relatively strong, deep horn-coloured and has shallow sutures (Fig. 7a), apex is broader and blunter than in P. acuta (Fig. 2d). Body pigmentation has clusters of large white pigment spots, upper whorls with reddish hue. The number of whorls 3–5; whorls rather convex, with the last whorl predominating (Fig. 1d); aperture accounts for 55–75 % of shell height, with a broad white callus on parietal side (Fig. 1d and Fig. 7b–g, i). Shape and size of aperture variable. Characteristic thickened visible under scanning electron microscopy (Fig. 7e, f, h). Species occurs in standing and slowly flowing waters, inhabiting permanent and temporary ponds, shallow inshore areas and marshes. It occurs on aquatic plants and organic matter, under stones on shallow gravelly foreshores and tolerates organic water pollution and eutrophic or hypertrophic conditions (Tab. 1). The current geographical range of this species is shown in Fig. 4..................... – Physa gyrina Reproductive anatomy: Preputial gland has a two-part penial sheath (glandular and muscular). The two sheaths are almost equal in size (Wenthington 2004)., Published as part of Cieplok, Anna, Anderson, Roy, Gawlak, Magdalena, Kałuski, Tomasz & Spyra, Aneta, 2022, Morphological diversification of alien and native aquatic snails of the genus Physa and Aplexa (Gastropoda: Physidae) of Western and Central European range, pp. 101-118 in Zootaxa 5168 (2) on pages 103-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5168.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6876950, {"references":["Starobogatov, Y. I., Prozorova, L. A., Zatravkin, M. N. (1989) Species composition of the family Physidae (Gastropoda Pulmonata Lymnaeiformes) of Siberia and Far East of the USSR (with notes on European physids). Byulleten' Moskovskogo Obshchestva Ispytateley Pripody, otdel biologicheskiy, 94 (1), 62 - 78. [in Russian]","Taylor, D. W. (2003) Introduction to Physidae (Gastropoda: Hygrophila). Biology, classification, morphology. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 51, 1 - 299.","Gloer, P. (2019) The freshwater gastropods of the West-Palaearctis. Vol. 1. Fresh- and brakish waters except spring and subterranean snails. Identification key, anatomy, ecology, distribution. Published by the author, Biodiversity Research Lab, Hetlingen, 399 pp.","Piechocki, A. & Wawrzyniak-Wydrowska, B. (2016) Guide to freshwater and marine Mollusca of Poland. Bogucki Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Poznan, 280 pp.","Maansi R. J. & Wats, M. (2018) First Report of Family Physidae (Gastropoda) with Physa acuta as its Representative from Freshwaters of Chandigarh (U. T.), India. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: C, Biological Science, 18 (1), 42 - 50."]}

B. cockerelli poses a threat primarily to greenhouse tomato and bell pepper crops, as well as field potato crops - mainly due to the infestation of plants by the Candidatus bacterium Liberibacter solanacearum, of which it is a vector. As its current distribution shows, the bacterium can survive in a wide range of temperatures. Its distribution in solanaceous crops in the PRA area will be limited to areas where B. cockerelli can establish itself. Given the current distribution of the pest in the Americas and New Zealand, it is believed that B. cockerelli would be able to establish and overwinter under outdoor conditions in southern and central Europe, as well as in areas with mild winters in the northern part of the European area. Given the biology of the agrophage and the climatic scenarios in the PRA area, it seems unlikely that the species will survive the winter outside protected crops. Nevertheless, many experts say that the chances of outdoor survival increase as winter periods shorten and become milder, a phenomenon that has been observed in the PRA area for several seasons. The main routes of B. cockerelli intodruction are plants for planting (mainly tomato and bell pepper seedlings, to a lesser extent garden ornamentals), vegetables (especially those containing green parts, such as leaves, petioles and shoots), and plant waste containing green parts. Due to the small body size and the ability of adults to fly actively, natural dispersal is also a possible route of penetration. The probability of penetration without phytosanitary measures is assessed as medium with low uncertainty. The primary phytosanitary measure is detailed inspection at the stage of production, packaging, transportation and after the entry of shipments. At the production site, an effective method is the destruction of plant residues immediately after harvesting and the immediate removal of individual plants on which the pest or symptoms of damage have been found. Monitoring and proper identification are key to reducing the movement of the pest. An effective method of monitoring is yellow sticky boards placed at plant height at the production site, packing houses or storage facilities. The difficulty is how to distinguish B. cockerelli from other related species in the genus Bactericera, especially under field conditions. In addition, detection of the pest in shipments (packages) by visual inspection of the consignment is difficult due to the possibility that the insect may be present at different developmental stages. A potential control option, once the pest is detected, seems to be the use of systemic insecticides with a short withdrawal period recommended for the control of honey beetles, or its biological control using predatory bugs or parasitic hymenoptera, among others., PL; pl; PDF; kwarantanna@iorpib.poznan.pl

Anoplophora chinensis is a highly polyphagous species. The availability of host plants as well as climatic conditions (except in the northernmost areas) are not factors limiting its spread in EPPO countries. The outbreaks of the pest that have been detected in Europe since 2000 to date show the beetle's adaptation to different climates and environments - for this reason, the risk of establishment and spread is considered very high. The larvae cause the most damage. They feed in the wood of living trees, reducing the quality and value of the wood and causing trees to die. Due to its wide host range, A. chinensis can have an extremely high economic impact in new areas of establishment. In the PRA area, common woody plants (including fruit and ornamental plants) in forests, parks and gardens are potentially most at risk. The probability of infiltration without phytosanitary measures is rated as high with medium uncertainty. The primary phytosanitary measure is detailed inspection at the stage of production, packaging, transportation and after shipments enter. At the point of production, immediate removal of plants on which the pest or symptoms of damage have been found (including root grinding) is an effective method. Monitoring and proper identification are key to reducing the movement of the pest. Detection of the pest in commodities and shipments (packages) by visual inspection of the batch is difficult due to the possibility of the insect being present at different stages of development, as well as the fact that plants often show no signs of infestation. Since the movement of live plants is the main route of spread of A. chinensis, it is important that host plants are imported only from areas free of the pest. Alternatively, plants should be grown under closely supervised conditions in registered nurseries. Appropriate precautions would be to grow the plants for at least two years prior to shipment under isolation conditions that prevent infection by individuals from other crops and batches of plant material (e.g., in pest-free areas or at a suitable distance, in sealed isolators, greenhouses, etc.) and check them several times a year for the presence of the pest. The use of surface and systemic insecticides (pyrethroids, organophosphates, neonicotinoids) and, in the case of wood-based materials (lumber, wooden pallets), the use of fumigants containing aluminum phosphide appear to be potential control options once the pest is found., PL; pl; PDF; kwarantanna@iorpib.poznan.pl

Anoplophora glabripennis is a polyphagous representative of the Cerambycidae family with a wide host range, including deciduous tree species growing in both urban environments and naturally regenerating and planted forests - mainly from the genera Acer, Populus, Salix and Ulmus. The availability of host plants, as well as climatic conditions (except in the northernmost areas), are not factors limiting the spread of the pest in EPPO countries. To the greatest extent, the pest spreads through wooden packing material used during transport (pallets, crates, dunnage materials) and to a lesser extent with plant material intended for planting. The larvae that feed in the wood of living trees do the most damage, reducing the quality and value of the wood and causing trees to die. Due to its wide host range, A. glabripennis can have an extremely high economic impact in new areas of establishment. In the PRA area, common woody plants found in forests, parks and gardens are potentially most at risk. The probability of the pest's penetration and establishment in the PRA area is estimated to be medium with medium uncertainty. If the pest is introduced into the PRA area, areas with the warmest climate (southern and southwestern regions) will be most at risk. Given the climate change scenario, the probability of the pest becoming established in the PRA area may increase significantly. The rate of spread of the pest is determined by the dispersal capabilities of the species (which is mainly influenced by climate), as well as the availability of food. Significant for the spread of the species is the scale of the flow of goods in the PRA area., PL; pl; PDF; kwarantanna@iorpib.poznan.pl

Anthonomus eugenii is a pest of peppers (and to a lesser extent eggplant) in tropical and subtropical climates (mainly Central America). It is native to Mexico from where it has spread to other countries in the region. It can probably also be a pest of field crops and survive in outdoor conditions in southern Europe. A. eugenii was first observed in the EPPO region of Italy in 2013, where it was successfully eradicated in 2020. Experiences from Canada and the Netherlands show that the species can also become a pest of greenhouse crops in colder countries, although in these (as in the PRA area) it would not survive the winter outside heated facilities. Infestations and infestations of greenhouse crops have occurred around sorting and repacking sites for fresh peppers and eggplant imported from areas infested with the pest. Due to the small number of heated greenhouse facilities producing peppers in the PRA area (only a few greenhouses), the risk of the pest emerging and becoming established is low., PL; pl; PDF; kwarantanna@iorpib.poznan.pl

Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder crinivirus mainly infects plants in the Cucurbitaceae family, including melons, cucumbers and pumpkins. It can also infect other crop species, such as alfalfa, lettuce, beans and weeds. In recent years, it has been observed in many European countries, mainly in the Mediterranean region, as well as in China, North America and the Middle East. The virus is transmitted by the sharp-winged whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) in a semi-permanent manner; however, it is largely introduced into the crop accidentally, along with infected propagating material. Poland is one of the main producers of cucumbers in Europe. In addition, many other plants of the Cucurbitaceae family are also grown. Due to the widespread occurrence of host plants in our country, the virus may pose a potential threat to crops once it enters Poland., PL; pl; PDF; kwarantanna@iorpib.poznan.pl

Gremmeniella abietina is a ascomycota that causes dangerous shoot dieback in coniferous trees, particularly in Scots pine (P. sylvestris) and black pine (P. nigra). The pathogen has been found almost all over Europe, including Poland. The fungus attacks crops, young trees, snags and older stands. Poland has a wide range of host plants, which make up a significant percentage of the species composition of the country's forests. The risk of the pathogen entering the PRA, given the phytosanitary and control measures taken, has been determined as medium/low. If G. abietina appears on sites where it has not been recorded so far, stands with host plants may be infected. Special attention should be paid to protection in the context of trees of the genus Pinus (mainly P. sylvestris), the most widely cultivated genus in forestry and of great economic and ecosystem importance. In case of penetration and further colonization, there is a risk of spreading the pathogen due to the widespread availability of hosts, planted over large areas in monocultures (forestry). This guarantees constant access to host plants and facilitates the movement of the fungus from plant to plant, thus mastering new areas. It is advisable to monitor plantations, especially forest nurseries and young trees, and when symptoms indicating the presence of the pathogen are found, it is necessary to carry out fungicide spraying or eliminate infected specimens and their remains. Chemical treatments should be carried out using registered fungicides dedicated to the control of G. abietina in crops of specific plants. Young imported trees should be free of disease symptoms and inspected, as should trees intended for Christmas trees and wood products., PL; pl; PDF; kwarantanna@iorpib.poznan.pl

Aromia bungii is a beetle that develops under the bark and in the wood of trees and shrubs of the Prunus genus (apricots, peaches, plums, cherries and others). It can cause the death of entire orchards. It is likely that the species is able to establish itself in the PRA area (if infested) due to the prevalence of host plants and the corresponding climate. The risk of infestation appears to be high, as outbreaks of the species in the EPPO area have occurred independently of each other and there have been at least several infestations. The most important route by which the species spreads over long distances is through the transportation of goods, especially nursery stock and wood of host species, and wooden packaging materials obtained from such wood. Eggs, larvae and pupae can survive in packaging wood and complete their development in it. Therefore, proper phytosanitary control of imported goods and their packaging is important. In EPPO countries where the species has been imported, infested trees are destroyed, but due to the secretive lifestyle of the larvae and the long development period (up to 4 years), this method is not fully effective. Insecticide treatments in commodity orchards, currently used against various insect pests, can reduce the number of A. bungii beetles to some extent, but in other environments (gardens, parks, forests) these treatments are not carried out or there are so few of them that they will have no effect on the species' numbers., PL; pl; PDF; kwarantanna@iorpib.poznan.pl

Due to the presence of host plants, insect vectors (Macropsis mendax, Allygidius atomarius, Cixius sp, Allygidius furcatus) and favorable climatic conditions, there is a risk that 'Ca. P. ulmi'. This risk is moderate, as the elm varieties present in the country are considered less susceptible to infection by the agrophage. The only detection of the agrophage took place in 2018 on the common elm (Ulmus minor), on the territory of the Silesian province. Infected trees and trees with symptoms of infestation in their vicinity were removed and disposed of. There are no other reports of detection or suspected occurrence of elm phytoplasmic yellows disease in Poland. Elm trees grow throughout the country, but in forests in terms of abundance their share is not significant. Due to their extremely high resistance to industrial pollution, elm trees tolerate urban conditions well. Importation of ornamental varieties could provide a pathway for the penetration of the agrophage, which is already present in Germany and the Czech Republic. Potential impacts in the PRA area on biodiversity were identified as medium with high uncertainty, on ecosystem services and socioeconomic impacts as low with medium uncertainty. Areas at risk are those where elm trees occur in their natural state such as riparian forests and woodlands, as well as recreational areas, urban and roadside plantings. As with other phytoplasmas, there are no direct control measures for 'Ca P. ulmi'. As a preventive measure, avoid planting elm varieties considered susceptible to 'Ca P. ulmi' infection. Import seedlings from an area free of the agrophage or after using a preventive measure that also includes fumigation or insecticides that destroy the vector in the imported material., PL; pl; PDF; kwarantanna@iorpib.poznan.pl

The threat to Poland posed by Belonolaimus longicaudatus has been assessed as low. It should be noted that this pest in the area of its occurrence causes serious crop losses and generates significant costs associated with the need for its control, and in Poland there are numerous suitable host plants and soil conditions for it. Nevertheless, the way in which it could be brought to Poland is by importing soil from countries where it occurs (mainly the US, but also Turkey), although it should be noted that importing soil as such into the EU is prohibited. A possible risk, therefore, is illegal importation, for example, of plant seedlings brought in by tourists. The volume of such imports is small. In addition, it is unlikely that under the climatic conditions of Poland the pest would be able to develop sufficiently intensively to cause losses., PL; pl; PDF; kwarantanna@iorpib.poznan.pl

Grapevine is the most important host of Flavescence dorée phytoplasma (FDp), so the entry, establishment, spread and likely impact of the pathogen in the PRA area will depend on the availability of host plants. The entire European grape growing area can be considered suitable for FDp establishment and further spread if phytoplasma and its main vector, Scaphoideus titanus, are present. Currently, there is no need to take immediate procedures against FDp in the PRA area., PL; pl; PDF; kwarantanna@iorpib.poznan.pl

Seiridium cardinale infests species in the Cupressaceae family, causing canker of cypresses. The main hosts of the agrophage are Cupressus lawsoniana, C. macrocarpa, C. sempervirens and Thuja occidentalis. The disease is manifested by yellowing or reddening of the leaves, which with time dry up and fall to the ground. The branches and tops of the trees die back. If there is a spread of infection in several places on one tree, it can lead to the death of the plant in a relatively short period of time depending on its age, susceptibility and environment. On the branches, at the point of penetration of the pathogen, a slight depression, a longitudinal crack and lenticular or elongated cankers with resinous exudate appear, sometimes there is necrosis of the bark. The pathogen appeared in 1927 in California, then spread to Canada, New Zealand, Asia Minor, South Africa and Europe. S. cardinale caused huge losses in the middle of the last century in France and Italy, and its presence was also confirmed in Germany. Due to the widespread occurrence of several host plants in the PRA area and changing climatic conditions, there is a risk of the agrophyte appearing in Poland.

The risk of entry, establishment and spread of an agrophage in a PRA area depends almost entirely on natural factors, such as the possible mechanical transmission of the disease by animals, described below. The human factor is very limited in this case and can be easily eliminated by placing oak wood for sale and oak seedlings from forest nurseries that are also grown for sale under surveillance. At the moment there are no recorded factors forcing the migration of animals, potential vectors of Lonsdalea quercina, so the risk of transmission by this route is moderate, although entirely possible. At the moment, it is not necessary to take immediate phytosanitary measures. However, it is advisable to debark and control shipments of untreated oak wood and propagation material in the form of cuttings and fruit., PL; pl; PDF; kwarantanna@iorpib.poznan.pl

Platynota stultana is a polyphage native to the northwestern regions of Mexico and the southwestern regions of the United States (widely distributed in California). In Europe, the pest was first detected in the province of Almería, Spain (reported in February 2009). P. stultana is a polyphagous pest that usually feeds on leaves. The larvae connect several adjacent leaves with yarn and feed inside them. They can also damage the surface of the fruit of some species, especially when the leaf sheath adheres to the fruit. On ornamental plants, they can feed on buds, stems and petioles. Secondary damage can occur as a result of infestations by disease culprits at the site where the larvae feed. P. stultana has a wide host range. The potential range includes more than 20 plant families, including ornamentals, agricultural crops and even forest species. In Spain, damage caused by the pest has only been reported on peppers. The probability of entry into the PRA area is estimated to be medium due to the volume of imported goods that are potential sources of the pest. The probability of establishment under outdoor conditions is assessed as low (due to high mortality at lower temperatures), while under protected conditions as high., PL; pl; PDF; kwarantanna@iorpib.poznan.pl

The PRA was carried out due to the possibility of Trichodorus cedarus being transferred into the country with plants imported from China, Japan and Korea. In particular, the threat concerns bonsai trees, which have become very popular in recent years and are traded on a fairly large scale in portals and online stores. As a rule, these trees are transported in pots along with the substrate, which is very conducive to the transfer of pests. The possible transfer of this species is also facilitated by the fact that it is quite common within its natural range, especially in Japan., PL; pl; PDF; kwarantanna@iorpib.poznan.pl

Choristoneura fumiferana belongs to a group of closely related North American species of scrollworms that are dangerous pests of coniferous trees. There is a risk of importing preimaginal stages (mainly larvae and pupae) with plant material. Under the current climatic conditions of our country, this species can establish itself practically throughout the country. However, taking into account the fact that the species in its natural range inhabits areas with harsher climate, taking into account the warming of Poland's climate, it would find the most favorable conditions for development in the northeastern part of the country and in the areas of mountains and foothills. There is also a high risk that in a new area, with low environmental resistance, there could be a rapid onset of mass appearances of this pest, which in North America occur every few decades. They persist for several consecutive seasons, with mass die-offs of conifers in areas covering thousands of hectares. If this species adapts to feeding on native coniferous species, especially pine and spruce, the potential losses in our stands could be very high. In order to prevent the infestation of C. fumiferana in Poland, a ban on the import of conifers and conifer parts from areas colonized by this species in its natural range should be maintained. If the first outbreaks of occurrence are detected, their immediate eradication should be achieved using using insecticides., PL; pl; PDF; kwarantanna@iorpib.poznan.pl

Melampsora farlowii (syn. Chrysomyxa farlowii Saccardo & Traverso, Necium farlowii J.C. Arthur) is the causal agent of Christmas tree rust, included in the kingdom of fungi. M. farlowii infests plants of the genus Tsuga sp. (Christmas tree). Among the most endangered species found in the PRA area are Tsuga canadiensis (Canadian Christmas tree), Tsuga caroliniana (Carolinian Christmas tree), Tsuga heterophylla (Western Christmas tree), Tsuga mertensiana (Martens' Christmas tree). There are no known cases of the disease on other host plant species. The necessary conditions for the development of Christmas tree rust are cool (10°-18°C) and humid weather (the occurrence of at least 10 hours of rainfall). These are optimal conditions for both the development of teliospores and basidiospores. Climatic conditions and the topographical layout of Poland allow the disease to develop on host plants when the pathogen occurs in the PRA area. Due to the need for plant fragments or soil containing teliospores or basidiospores of the culprit to reach the PRA area, as well as the lack of presence of the agrophage in countries neighboring the PRA area, the assessment of the risk of occurrence is low., PL; pl; PDF; kwarantanna@iorpib.poznan.pl

The bacterium Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. poinsettiae was first described in 1942 in the US and was found to be the culprit of leaf spot, stem rot and canker on poinsettias. In 2014, the pathogen was detected in Germany and sporadically in several other European countries. The bacterium poses a potential risk to the production of poinsettias, one of the most widely sold potted plants in the world., PL; pl; PDF; kwarantanna@iorpib.poznan.pl

Pratylenchus zeae can be introduced into the PRA area with plants, plant waste and soil. The nematode is likely to colonize crops grown under covers in natural soil substrate. To minimize the likelihood of nematode introduction and spread in the PRA, it is important to: - Inspect parcels for the presence of nematodes, which prevents the introduction of the organism into the PRA area; - Use only nematode-free propagating material, in order to prevent the introduction of the organism into the PRA area; - If nematodes are found in open ground, take measures to prevent their further spread. To this end, avoid carrying the pest in the soil adjacent to tools and agricultural machinery used in field work. It is also recommended to avoid spreading the nematode in plant material, i.e. with plant roots; - Apply chemical protection products approved for the control of plant parasitic nematodes in specific crops; - If nematodes are found in crops under covers, fumigate the ground using chemicals containing, for example, dazomet or sodium metam., PL; pl; PDF; kwarantanna@iorpib.poznan.pl

Epitrix hirtipennis is a species of the beetle family that feeds on solanaceous plants, including crops, on which it causes crop losses. It is native to the Nearctic and was found in Europe in 1983 and is still expanding its range, albeit at a slow pace. It is possible that its expansion into northern Europe is limited by the current climatic conditions there, but with climate change widely observed, this situation may be changing, and the analyze the risk of the appearance of this pest in Poland., PL; pl; PDF; kwarantanna@iorpib.poznan.pl

The presence of Brenneria salicis has been found in several European countries (Belgium, Austria, the Netherlands, Italy, the UK), and the main host plants are common in Poland, with about 30 species belonging to the genus Salix growing in Poland. To date, bacterial wilt of willow has not been found in Poland, nor has testing been conducted for the presence of B. salicis, which often occurs in endophytic form without causing the disease. Transition to a pathogen can cause disease symptoms., PL; pl; PDF; kwarantanna@iorpib.poznan.pl

The pathogen is already present in Poland, infecting plants of the amaryllis family, and has been recorded in several neighboring countries. In Italy, it causes huge losses in pear orchards, but to date its presence on these trees in the PRA area., PL; pl; PDF; kwarantanna@iorpib.poznan.pl

T. leuctreta is a polyphagous species (recorded on over 70 plant species) whose host plants are commonly cultivated in the PRA. In Poland, as in the countries of its current occurrence, the pest poses a threat primarily to greenhouse crops - mainly peppers and roses. The main ways of penetration of the pest are fruit (mainly oranges, tangerines, grapefruit, peaches, nectarines, pomegranates) and vegetables (mainly peppers), cut flowers and branches (mainly roses), as well as wooden packing material. Due to the ability of adults to fly actively, natural dispersal is also a possible route of short-distance penetration. The climate in the southern and south-western areas of Poland in the summer months is similar to the climate in some countries of the current range of the pest. However, the chances of the pest surviving outdoors in northern and central Europe are rather low, therefore the possibility of outdoor establishment is rated as medium with medium uncertainty (the detection of the pest in north-western Europe in the past did not lead to its establishment, although there is a risk of larvae entering the soil from waste stored for several days in open containers at sorting plants). On the other hand, the probability of colonization of the pest in crops under cover is assessed as high, due to e.g. the PRA's relatively high volume of greenhouse production of peppers and roses, which are among the pest's alternative hosts. The likelihood of entry without phytosanitary measures is relatively high, mainly due to the scale of imports of citrus fruits, peppers and cut roses from areas where the pest is present or has been intercepted (e.g. South Africa, Netherlands). The application of protection zones in relation to areas where there is no pest yet will prevent its further spread. Proper identification and effective monitoring are critical to reducing pest movement. In protected crops, pest control is possible and likely with early detection and appropriate measures. In contrast, in peach orchards and maize crops, control methods may affect but may not coincide with the seasonal phenology of T. leucotreta., PL; pl; PDF; kwarantanna@iorpib.poznan.pl

Dothistroma pini is a pathogen that infects coniferous trees, particularly species in the Pinus and Picea genera. In Poland, there is a wide range of host plants that make up a significant percentage of the species composition of the country's forests. There is a risk of the pathogen entering the PRA, however, due to the phytosanitary and control measures taken, the risk is low. If D. pini occurs on sites where it has not been recorded before, stands with a high proportion of host plants may be infested. Special attention should be paid to protection in the context of trees of the genus Pinus (mainly P. sylvestris), which are the tree species most commonly grown in forestry. In case of penetration and further colonization, there is a risk of the pathogen spreading due to the widespread availability of hosts. It is advisable to monitor plantations, and when symptoms indicating the presence of the pathogen are found, it is necessary to carry out fungicide sprays or destroy infected plants and their remains. Young imported trees should be free of disease symptoms and inspected., PL; pl; PDF; kwarantanna@iorpib.poznan.pl

Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (Tomato brown rugose fruit virus) has a host plant range that includes both cultivated species (of the solanaceous family), weeds, and ornamentals. The virus is very easily and efficiently transmitted mechanically and probably, like other tobamoviruses, also through seeds and, according to a recently published study, also with pollen during pollination by ground bumblebees (Bombys terrestris). ToBRFV infections are dangerous to tomato and bell pepper crops. The presence of the virus has been confirmed in many regions around the world: North America (USA, Mexico), Asia (Jordan, Israel, Palestine, Turkey, China), and in Europe (Cyprus, Italy, Spain, France, UK, Netherlands, and Germany). Given the detection of the first outbreak in June 2020 in the PRA, and the presence of the virus in the immediate vicinity (Germany), as well as in the countries from where tomato and bell pepper seedlings and fruits are imported (the Netherlands, Spain), further expansion of ToBRFV could pose a serious threat to the cultivation of the above-mentioned vegetable species in the PRA area., PL; pl; PDF; kwarantanna@iorpib.poznan.pl

Maize, the main plant host of Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii, is a widely grown crop in the PRA area. Due to the commodity exchange conducted by Poland with countries where the agrophage has been reported, there is a real danger of the agrophage entering and colonizing corn crops in the PRA area. The probability of entry, establishment, spread and potential impact of the agrophage on agricultural crops in the PRA area has been assessed as medium, due to reports of high yield losses coming from places where P. stewartii subsp. stewartii is present. However, in the PRA area there is a moderate likelihood of entry, establishment and spread of the agrophage. It is also not necessary to immediately undertake phytosanitary procedures against the agrophage., PL; pl; PDF; kwarantanna@iorpib.poznan.pl

Melon necrotic spot virus (MNSV) infects various species of cucurbitaceous plants (Cucurbitaceae), including commercially grown crops like greenhouse cucumber in Poland. The virus is found in various climate zones and is widespread worldwide. In most cases, only reports of the first detection of the virus in a country are available, and there is no information on its potential further spread. MNSV is efficiently transmitted by the pathogenic fungus Olpidium radicale (Olpidium bornovanus) and with melon seeds. The virus is also transmitted mechanically with the sap of infected plants, which can result in unknowing spread of the virus within and between crops, especially when there are no visible disease symptoms. To date, no MNSV has been found in the PRA area and it is not subject to special regulations. Phytosanitary procedures include usually visual inspection of plants that may be infected with the virus., PL; pl; PDF; kwarantanna@iorpib.poznan.pl

Alternaria mali is a bagworm infecting apple trees (Malus pumila, M. domestica, M. sylvestris). It adversely affects the appearance and condition of trees, causing economic losses in the area of its existing distribution. It can generate the greatest losses in orchards and in areas with a high density of host plants. To date, no occurrence of A. mali has been reported in the PRA area, however, due to the presence of M. pumila, M. domestica and M. sylvestris and the favorable climatic conditions prevailing in Poland, there is a risk that the pathogen will spread if it enters. Although there is a low probability of entry into the PRA, phytosanitary inspections of imported plant material and vetting of orchards are recommended. Resistant apple varieties can also be used, and chemical protection can be applied if the pathogen emerges., PL; pl; PDF; kwarantanna@iorpib.poznan.pl

Phytophthora capsici is a pathogen found on almost all continents. It causes seedling gangrene, top rot and root rot in crops of the families: Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae and Fabaceae. The most likely way for the agrophage to spread is by transporting infested seedlings or fruit. The agrophage is already present in EU countries, hence there is a risk of P. capsici appearing in Poland., PL; pl; PDF; kwarantanna@iorpib.poznan.pl

W ostatnich latach badania sfragistyczne w Polsce wykazują znaczącą dynamikę. Systematycznym opracowaniom podlegają pieczęcie kościelne (przede wszystkim biskupie, kapitulne i klasztorne), królewskie oraz miejskie. Znacząco mniej pojawia się publikacji dotyczących pieczęci rycerskich lub szlacheckich. Zauważalny jest też rozwój nurtu edycji źródeł sfragistycznych, dalekiego od wyczerpania, również w stosunku do pieczęci średniowiecznych1. Do tej kategorii należy zaliczyć recenzowaną rozprawę Marka L. Wójcika, która jest edycją pieczęci rycerstwa śląskiego [...]. Recenzja książek: Pieczęcie rycerstwa śląskiego w dobie przedhusyckiej. T. 1 / Marek L. Wójcik. - Kraków : Księgarnia Akademicka ; Wrocław : Uniwersytet Wrocławski, 2018. - 509 stron : ilustracje (głównie kolorowe) ; 24 cm; Pieczęcie rycerstwa śląskiego w dobie przedhusyckiej. T. 2 / Marek L. Wójcik. - Kraków : Księgarnia Akademicka ; Wrocław : Uniwersytet Wrocławski, 2018. - Strony [5], 516-1019 : ilustracje (głównie kolorowe) ; 24 cm.

There is a high probability of importing the species into Poland with plant material. However, it is difficult to say whether it is able to establish itself in our country under current climatic conditions. However, it poses a potential threat to many types of crops, both in the field and under covers. Changing climatic conditions may cause it to thrive in our country soon. At present, the infestation of this species should be prevented, and if found, phytosanitary measures should be taken phytosanitary measures., PL; pl; PDF; kwarantanna@iorpib.poznan.pl

Apart from the numerous occurrences of B. claudicans on the sedum beetle planted on the roof of the Silesian Museum, there are no other reports (from Poland and Europe) of damage caused by this beetle species. Based on such sparse data, its potential harm to sedum crops cannot be predicted. The evaluated species is considered rare, and data on its biology are partial and uncertain. Known representatives of the genus Bagous are considered monophagous, associated mainly with aquatic vegetation or wetland environments. The literature lacks data on the biology and damage caused by this species. As a result, the threat assessment presented here is subject to a great deal of uncertainty uncertainty., PL; pl; PDF; kwarantanna@iorpib.poznan.pl

This PRA report for Ca. Phytoplasma pyri, was made due to the finding of the pathogen in the PRA area and in Germany, France and Slovakia, countries neighboring the PRA area. In addition, Ca. Phytoplasma pyri causing, among other things, phytoplasmic dieback of pear trees has the characteristics of an epidemic disease, meaning that under favorable environmental conditions, the pathogen quickly infects new host plants. Moreover, it is transmitted by insect vectors, which further increases the area of the disease. The disease often leads to plant death, which is the cause of yield losses., PL; pl; PDF; kwarantanna@iorpib.poznan.pl

Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens (Cff), has been on EPPO's A2 list since 1975 and is a threat mainly to plants in the bean family. It most often infects common beans, causing a disease called bacterial wilt of beans. The presence of the pathogen was found in Poland in 1983 and these are the only data on the occurrence in the country. The pathogen was present in Germany no complete data on its presence in other neighboring countries. Legumes, which are part of the legume family, are known as markers of a sustainable diet. The cultivation of legumes, due to their characteristics, supports sustainable agriculture, and requires much less water compared to the cultivation of cereals or other protein sources. Organizations such as FAO, WHO and WWF, assume an increased share of plant-based products in daily nutrition. It is therefore to be expected that the area under cultivation of crops from the bean family will increase, which is associated with an increasing likelihood of Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens. The agrophage threat assessment was prepared due to the possibility of importation of new isolates with seeds and the increasing importance of host plants., PL; pl; PDF; kwarantanna@iorpib.poznan.pl

The root-knot nematodes are one of the most important groups of nematodes, causing damage to crops of both temperate and tropical zones. This group includes Meloidogyne enterolobii, a nematode that threatens numerous plant crops in many regions of America, Africa and Asia. The finding of M. enterolobii in Portugal and Switzerland prompts consideration of the level of threat and the potential for this species to become established in the Polish territory., PL; pl; PDF; kwarantanna@iorpib.poznan.pl

Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) can pose a significant threat to the quantity and quality of yields of its host plants, mainly peppers. Due to its detection in the PRA area in 2018, and due to its high infectivity and ease of mechanical and seed transmission, it can easily and uncontrollably spread through the PRA area. Its presence has also been found in soil and water. Due to the lack of chemical pesticides, prevention is the main method of crop control. Crops should be constantly monitored, while if a source of the disease is found, it should be eliminated as soon as possible. In addition, it is very important to take care of hygiene when performing cultivation and agrotechnical procedures., PL; pl; PDF; kwarantanna@iorpib.poznan.pl

Hymenoscyphus fraxineus is one of the most important pathogens of ash trees (Fraxinus spp.). It causes the death of both mature stands and young specimens, which are highly susceptible to infestation. It can generate the greatest damage in areas with a high density of host plants. In Poland, the common species of ash is the ash tree (Fraxinus excelsior), but other species of the genus are also found. The occurrence of Hymenosyphus fraxineus has been found in all countries neighboring Poland and practically all over Europe. There is a real risk of the pathogen entering and spreading in the country, both in nurseries, urban vegetation and home plantings, and most importantly above all in areas of natural occurrence of ash trees., PL; pl; PDF; kwarantanna@iorpib.poznan.pl

The occurrence of Ciborinia camelliae has been reported in Japan, the United States, New Zealand and several European countries. The pathogen appeared in Germany, a country neighboring the PRA area in 2011. The main hosts of the agrophage are ornamental plants of the genus Camelliae spp. Transportation of infected plants, is the most likely way the agrophage spreads to the PRA area., PL; pl; PDF; kwarantanna@iorpib.poznan.pl