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This paper presents an original research procedure developed for a project that focuses on the restoration of the Gołaszewski Manor and Garden Complex in Wrocanka. The introductory section outlines the objectives, scope and methods of the tests and sub-procedures that make up the procedure in question, and then presents the results of the investigation, broken down into individual stages. The conclusion emphasises the role of the investigation in the properly conducted process of restoring the historic complex, which is subject to statutory conservation as a result of being listed in the register of monuments.

The article deals with three groups of issues, which are closely interrelated. The main problem discussed is the issue of the reconstruction, revalorisation and protection of Ukrainian monuments exposed to destruction as a result of warfare and Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. The second issue presented is the experience of Polish conservators in the area of cities destroyed during World War II. The third issue is international legislation in the field of heritage protection, which was analysed for the planned activities in the area of reconstruction and revaluation of Ukrainian monuments after the end of the war. The above-mentioned research was carried out by a Polish-Ukrainian team of heritage conservators, which seeks to be involved in the process of saving Ukrainian cultural heritage.

Analysis of the main problems of the emergency state of the monuments shows that the main problem of disrupting the equilibrium of the statics of the "footing-foundation-structure" system is the uneven subsidence of the foundations, weak foundation soils, moistening of the foundation soils due to the violation or absence of waterproofing. The subsidence of footings and foundations, changes in hydrogeological conditions, the absence of blind areas and disorganized drainage from the basement, ageing of masonry solutions, a decrease in the strength and bearing properties of stone, brick and plinthiform brick lead to an emergency state of stone walls, their deformation, moistening, destruction of masonry, the appearance of cracks. Unique monuments of the Kyivan Rus period have been preserved in Ukraine. Unfortunately, as a result of the Mongol-Tatar invasion and destruction of the period of atheism in the 1930s, only foundations or separate parts of many temples remained, and some temples were rebuilt during the Baroque period. From many unique monuments, only the foundations remained, in some, in addition to the foundations, walls and individual fragments remained. In this case, the main restoration task was the maximum preservation of artefacts -- foundations, walls, side-chapels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the study of the historical eco-systems preservation problems. The aspect of the negative impact of the Russian-Ukrainian war on natural eco-systems is emphasized separately. Using the example of a unique natural area -- the historical Kadetskyi Hai (Cadet grove) in Kyiv, the condition of this area, the problems of its existence and the ways to solve them are evaluated. The history of the Osiedle Oficerskie (Officers' Residential Complex) in Cracow, its condition and problems, and the possibilities of applying Polish experience in arranging the territory of the Kadetskyi Hai are separately analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyses the aspect of the influence of colonial policy on the destruction of national cultural identity, in particular, on the destruction of traditional religious objects. The problem is traced on the example of the colonisation of Algeria by France, which resulted in the purposeful destruction and reconstruction of historical mosques, on the example of the colonisation of Ukraine by the Russian Empire, which prohibited the construction of churches in the Ukrainian style, and later by the Soviet Union, and on the example of the modern Russian-Ukrainian war, when Russia deliberately destroys all religious buildings, even those subordinate to the Russian-backed Church. Religious buildings, as the legacy of a given nation's material culture, should be placed under conservation, as they are treasure to all of humanity. Examples of such positive thinking do exist. The study is complemented by the photofixation of the destruction of temples during the Russian-Ukrainian war, taken directly in the combat zone. The purpose of the study is to analyse the negative effects of colonial policy on the preservation of the national identity of religious objects and to propose ways to overcome them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the role of photographic documentation in conservation efforts. Using the example of Islamic sites in Libya, historic inn buildings located in Ukraine and Poland, the centres of Polish historic cities destroyed during World War II, and the monuments of Ukraine destroyed during the period of "militant atheism," World War II, and the ongoing Russian-Ukrainian war, it is proven that often photographic documentation of objects becomes the main source of information about destroyed or damaged objects. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the value of photographic documentation for conservation and preservation efforts. The authors point out that it can also be used for eye-tracking studies of visual perception of conservation objects, both by local communities, i.e., nonprofessionals in the field of architecture, as well as perception by architects and conservators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the impact of paving surface material on thermal comfort in a residential building. The aim of the study was to demonstrate differences in temperature, measured near a building's walls, depending on their location (relative to the cardinal directions) and the type of paving surface material outside the building (in its immediate vicinity, considering the cardinal directions). The study found differences in temperature values recorded near walls located on the south-west side, which faced a garden and a grassy surface, compared to the temperature of the walls that faced a street with asphalt and concrete paving blocks. It should be noted that the study was carried out in the summer, when the interior of the building was not heated. The facade of the building had not been additionally insulated and retained its original historical form (facade render). The method used in the study consisted of temperature measurements taken near the building's walls using a Steinberg System weather station's sensors. The measurement results supported the hypothesis that wall temperature varies depending on a space's placement relative to the cardinal directions and the surface paving material in the space adjoining the building. The results of the study are presented using line graphs. The study is of scientific value and the results may also be useful in site development planning practice. The thermal conditions are a major factor that affecting the comfort of various types of buildings, including housing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Architectus is the property of Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wroclawskiej and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article concerns the possibilities of adapting selected historic educational complexes (XX General Secondary School and Mechanical Technical Secondary School No. 15), located in the historical urban layout of the city of Krakow, for the purposes of implementing a scientific project entitled "School of the future: modular and mobile Green Classroom system." The work presents the research objectives, research methods, and general assumptions of the "Green Classrooms" system as new educational spaces, which are to be a modular structure that meets both the educational and social-behavioural needs of children and adolescents. Selected school buildings were also analysed, taking into account their history, architectural and urban composition, conservation conditions, and those resulting from planning documents. The summary determines whether the selected facilities and the plots on which they are located can be adapted for the needs of the scientific project and the "Green Classes" system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the actual problem of reconstruction and repurposing of warravaged industrial territories in the East of Ukraine. Given that these are industrial areas, the revitalization experience of recent years was analyzed using the example of the multifunctional complex "Fabryka Norblina" in Warsaw. The authors of the article investigated the situation with the destruction of objects in the combat zone and during the years 2018 - 2022 investigated the construction process of the "Fabryka Norblina". On the basis of the conducted research, proposals were formulated regarding possible options for using the industrial territories in the East of Ukraine in the process of post-war reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the problem of reproduction and restoration of wooden iconostases in churches of Ukraine. The experience of the "Ukrrestavratsiia" Corporation in the reproduction of unique wooden iconostases of the Baroque era in the St. Michael's Golden-Domed Cathedral and in the Dormition Cathedral of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra was analyzed. The purpose of the study was to analyze how the existing domestic and foreign experience can be used in the post-war reconstruction of Orthodox churches of Ukraine. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that the recommendations are formed on the basis of the author's photo-fixation of objects and practical experience of restoration and reproduction of iconostases of outstanding monuments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presented article is aimed at presenting a few selected examples of small European historic towns whose properly protected cultural heritage considerably contributes to their development in the 21st century. The issue of protection and revalorisation of Polish towns, particularly the smaller ones, is relevant nowadays. Historic heritage seems to be a burden for local authorities and residents because very often they are not aware of how it could contribute to the multidirectional development of their towns. The local inhabitants and authorities of small historic towns in Western European countries respect their heritage much more than Poles, as they associate it with the idea of sustainable development, “place specificity”, and finally, with an opportunity for development, treating cultural heritage as a basis for economic progress and building new and modern infrastructure. It is worth drawing attention here, that sustainable development denotes changing the reality in such a way that the development would optimally satisfy the needs of modern man, without violating the needs of future generations. The testimony to the potential of the cultural heritage of historic towns in the context of their modern development is borne by the towns whose authorities and inhabitants were able to utilise their past for building their future. As examples one could name here French (e.g. Auxerre, Provins,) or German towns (e.g. Heppenheim, Lorsch).

The article concerns the history, revalorisation and accessibility of the cultural heritage in the historic town of Provins, located to the southwest of Paris. The town was founded in the early medieval period, and in the 12th and 13th century it was one of the most prominent fair towns in Champagne. Many valuable monuments of that period have survived until the present time, such as the urban layout, the defensive walls, the Cesar tower supposedly relating to the legendary origins of the town dating back to the Roman period, churches and relics of residential buildings. In 2001, the above mentioned buildings were appreciated and distinguished by the UNESCO Committee which inscribed Provins in the World Heritage List. This distinction is not merely a matter of pride for the local authorities, but also an obligation to properly maintain the historic heritage, to revalorise it constantly and to educate the community regarding the protection of the town heritage. It must be stated that the authorities perfectly fulfil their responsibilities, which is worth presenting in this article to set an example of proper cultural heritage management for other historic towns.

Copyright of Architectus is the property of Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wroclawskiej and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article deals with the issue of restitution of destroyed architectural monuments that remains disputable. Based on compliance with the world practice of restitution that is recognized at the legislative level, an example of restitution of a unique object of Ukraine is described – St. Michael's Golden-Domed Cathedral in Kyiv, destroyed in the period of the militant atheism of the 1930s. Specialists of the Ukrrestavratsiia Corporation completely reconstructed the volume of the destroyed St. Michael's Golden-Domed Cathedral and St. Michael's bell tower. The work focuses on one of the aspects of the accomplished rehabilitation activities – state-of-the-art technologies for performing mural paintings that imitate ancient Rus frescoes and baroque mural paintings. Reproducing the image-bearing concept of mural painting was one of the most challenging tasks, taking into consideration that photographic materials and evidence of interior decoration were not sufficient on the one hand, and the fact that the cathedral and monastery are functional – on the other, that imparted its peculiarity and called for painting the murals using up-to-date durable painting technologies. For these reasons, instead of the sophisticated and less durable technique of the ancient Rus frescoes, mural painting was used in the image-bearing system of frescoes, but in the state-of-the-art techniques of Keim’s process or mineral painting. The possibilities of strengthening and monitoring cracked masonry structures that are the base of reconstructed frescoes are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the study of building materials for Art Nouveau buildings in the cities of Ukraine and Poland and the experience of their restoration using modern materials and technologies. Considering the vastness of Art Nouveau (Secession style) heritage in Ukraine and Poland, the authors limited themselves to only one narrow aspect - finishing materials and four cities - Kyiv, Kharkiv, Cracow and Lodz. The example of Rodzianko's apartment in Kyiv shows what finishing materials were used at the beginning of the 20th century. The buildings of the northern national romanticism, in which natural raw stone was widely used, were distinguished by the specifics of the decoration. The Polish Art Nouveau version formed in the mainstream European trends and under the direct influence of the Vienna Secession. On the example of objects in Cracow and Lodz, different methods of finishing the facades of buildings with various functional purposes were shown. The scientific novelty of the article is the analysis of the chemical compositions of paints and plasters of the Secession period, and modern methods of restoration of such objects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the phenomenon of "pseudo-Gothic" and "neo-Gothic" in the residential architecture of historicism-eclecticism in Kyiv and Cracow in the 19th – early 20th century. There are three essential features of historicism with elements of Gothic: free interpretation by architects of the "token" elements of medieval Gothic which were often combined with the elements of Renaissance and Baroque architecture and some details of Art Nouveau; "Kyiv neo-Gothic" was a purely "facade style", which did not affect the changes in the characteristic plans of residential buildings; the limited use of stylized and simplified Gothic motifs. In Kyiv, the appearance of Gothic stylizations in architecture was explained by general enthusiasm for the ideas of romanticism. But in Cracow, as in whole Poland with a rich heritage of the Middle Ages, it was an attempt to revive the national style – the embodiment of national identity. The difference between the Cracow neo-Gothic style and the Kyiv one was primarily in the fact that such buildings were not so numerous and were only public or sacred objects. The peculiarities of the restoration of such buildings are associated with the use of a large number of the complicated finely detailed decor, ornamental masonry, and stained-glass windows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Technical Transactions / Czasopismo Techniczne is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Technical Transactions / Czasopismo Techniczne is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Technical Transactions / Czasopismo Techniczne is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Technical Transactions / Czasopismo Techniczne is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Technical Transactions / Czasopismo Techniczne is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Technical Transactions / Czasopismo Techniczne is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Technical Transactions / Czasopismo Techniczne is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Technical Transactions / Czasopismo Techniczne is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper discusses the history and, most importantly, the spatial development and the urban layout of the town of Zaklików. Zaklików is an early-modern-period town founded in 1565 by Stanisław Zaklika of the coat of arms of Topór, probably on previously undeveloped land on the border of the Lublin Upland and the Sandomierz Basin, in Solska Forest. The town was founded on the basis of a charter issued by King Sigismund II Augustus.