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Non-destructive thermal examination can uncover the presence of defects via temperature distribution profile anomalies that are created on the surface as a result of a defect. There are many factors that affect the temperature distribution map of the surface being tested by infrared thermography. Internal defect properties such as thermal conductivity, heat capacity, and defect depth play an important role in the temperature behavior of the pixels or regions being analyzed. Also, it is well known that other external factors such as the convection heat transfer, variations on the surface emissivity, and ambient radiation reflectivity can affect the thermographic signal received by the infrared camera. In this paper, we considered a simple structure in the form of flat plate covered with several defects, whose surface we heated with a uniform heat flux impulse. We conducted a theoretical analysis and experimental test of the method for case of defects on an aluminum surface. First, experiments were conducted on surfaces with intentionally created defects in order to determine conditions and boundaries for application of the method. Experimental testing of the pulsed flash thermography method was performed on simulated defects on an aluminum test plate filled with air and organic compound n-hexadecane, hydrocarbon that belongs to the phase change materials. Study results indicate that it is possible, using the pulsed flash thermography method, to detect the type of material inside defect holes, whose presence disturbs the homogeneous structure of aluminum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]