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The high level of security and safety areas in air transport is due to the continuous detection of threats and risks and the adoption of measures to cut them. The media significance of aviation attacks and the potential threat to passengers and crew leads responsible national and international authorities to carry out measures across states. The active operation of the pilot is most important in the phases when the pilot performs manual control or when dealing with emergency and emergency situations. Laser attacks on aircraft are most often recorded in phases takeoff and landing up to a height of 400 feet. In recent years, attacks have also occurred against aircraft at high flight levels of 9-10 km. Lasers have a power of about 1W and are used on automatic monitoring devices. The pilot's higher vulnerability is during the landing phase when illumination from the left side into the cockpit can significantly affect the pilot's ability to maneuver manually. Lasers are devices that emit coherent radiation in the optical spectral band 532nm  . Green lasers emitting at a wavelength are most often used to attack aircraft. A more detailed division is given by the harmfulness of laser radiation. Radiation harmfulness is assessed according to the Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE). MPE can be expressed in two quantities, the highest power density (W/m3), or the energy density of the light source (J/cm2). In case of influence on the pilot in selected phases of flight, it is eyes exposure MPE. The theoretical description of the effects of lasers during the approach to landing will be supplemented by maps of protection zones with the laser devices prohibition according to regulation L-14. The analysis will be performed for international non-public controlled airports of the Czech Republic with IFR operations.

The current article deals with the creation of a simulation exercise intended to train air traffic controllers at an unnamed airport. Simulation exercises enable air traffic controllers to practice possible scenarios that may occur in reality and to practice and improve previously acquired skills. Simulation exercises can be designed based on tasks that the manager has to attempt or complete. Air traffic controller training is usually designed so that their workload is gradually increased up to the highest adjustable threshold. It is important that each controller can handle the set number of aircraft declared by the airport operator and be trained for the possible maximum load that may occur. Air traffic control centers, thus, pay attention to the creation of simulations to induce a high workload for controllers. The goal is to present a methodology for the efficient and quick creation of simulation exercises with the possibility of evaluating their difficulty and creating an exercise that will put the air traffic controller under a high level of stress. Empirical measurements of the composition of aircraft types in the TMA for a specified period and measurements of the duration of individual tasks performed by air traffic controllers to control traffic were taken to indicate the number of possible variants for the creation of exercises. A proposal for exercises for the overload of air traffic controllers was also created. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Military pilot education, including flight training, is a long, expensive, and complex process. The main goal is to produce as many skilled professionals as possible ready to perform flight tasks on the front-line aircraft and push them to their workload limits with complete control. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to select and educate young people with the aptitude and abilities to perform the most demanding military flight tasks. The creation of a model for the education and training of military pilots depends on the requirements of the Czech Air Force Command and the teaching capacities of the University of Defence and the Aviation Training Centre in Pardubice. Rearmament of the Czech Air Force and the required number of pilots requires a change in the new military pilot training model. This contribution describes a new approach to Czech Air Force pilot education and training in the current security conditions in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an experiment of air support of ground units at the level of battalion task force in an offensive operation. Statistical techniques were used in this approach to estimate the outcomes of the operation from the data generated by a simulation model. The experiment was conducted with the support of the Masa SWORD simulation technology for different scenarios involving the pilot characteristics, firing distances, range of air defense, and the use of different unit sensor capacities. As part of the different scenarios, we present sensor results for use in different attack scenarios with different enemy capabilities at the tactical level and the impact of air support of the battalion's task force in destroying a company-sized enemy. The experiment allows evaluation of different pilot training levels, stress levels, and other climatic influences. These factors provide information on when and how (with what desired effect) a strike can be executed, by what means (systems) it is to be executed, and what the constraints are in executing it. The constraints are imposed by electronic warfare (EW), level of camouflage, and air defense. We have determined using the Masa SWORD simulation program that the use of helicopters to support the battalion task group will significantly reduce the loss of life and reduce the time to destroy the enemy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the analysis of the Official Development Assistance on the road transport infrastructure development in choosen countries Central and East Africa. Traffic capacity and its connectivity is likely to play an important role not only economic development, but also to combat the illegal trade in minerals, but also a higher level of willingness of donors to invest in the countries analyzed. Road network evaluation in devitality. From the calculated data it is obvious that the highest deviatility reached Maniema province with 3.16. It is caused by the insufficient road connection. The roads have been destroyed during the long lasting turmoil in eastern part of the country. Moreover Maniema is the most isolated province in the country. The connection among its cities as well as with other provinces is very poor. The second worst province is Sud-Kivu neighbouring to Maniema with deviatility 2.32. The province is characterized with low road density in respect to its area and by greater number of hills. On the other hand the province with lowest deviatility 1.37 is mineral rich province Katanga. This number is caused by the location of cities and good roads density. The lowest accessibility reached Orientale province mainly because of its large area, moreover it lies on southeast which is affected by the continuous crimes and fights thus the connection among cities is poor. Despite the prolonged shape of Kasai-Oriental province, the accessibility is the lowest from the nine analysed provinces. This is caused by the cumulation of the most significant hubs in a very small area in the south. The connection between southern and northern part is via less important roads and by air transportation to the city Lodja in the southern part of the province. The Nord-Kivu is province with second lowest accessibility, due to its small area and concentration of the hubs in eastern part of province. Connectivity has been used as other indicator of the DRC road network efficiency. It indicates the level of connection among communication hubs. It is obvious that the average connectivity is 0.5. It can be observed that the best connectivity has Bandundu province and Orientale province. There is high density of the national and regional roads in surrounding of the most significant transportation hubs; to observe only national and regional roads was set as an input condition to the measuring of connectivity. On the other hand through the Maniema province only one National road passes as well as it passed through the Nord-Kivu province. However the density of roads in Bas-Congo is relatively good, the roads either did not fulfilled the conditions or they connect the hubs that were not analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The South China Sea is an area of extraordinary geopolitical significance. The region is characterized by territorial disputes between ASEAN and the PRC. The dispute intensified after military drills were launched in the South China Sea to demonstrate the military strength of the region's states. South Asian land claims are made by seven Asian countries: Brunei, People's Republic of China, Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Taiwan and Vietnam. The article focuses on the situation between China and selected states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations - Brunei, Philippines, Malaysia and Vietnam. In recent years, the geopolitical balance of the region has changed in the wake of China's military growth and, in parallel; the agitation of neighboring states has increased. The aim of the article is to investigate the impact of changing the level of security on the development of economic cooperation in the ongoing territorial disputes in the South China Sea. The author analyzed the development of the political-security situation between the People's Republic of China and selected states, focusing on the development of international trade between countries in the context of changing the level of security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In general it can be said that there is currently no fully to track the life cycle cost. NATO members use two approaches - the life cycle of materials and the cost structure of projects. The paper will address the LCC with a focus on direct and indirect costs for selected military equipment of the Army of the Czech Republic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The possibility of the decreasing fuel consumption via military vehicle effective exploitation, increasing driver's competency and good technical conditions has been run out. Other possibilities of significant fuel reduction have been depleted due to restrictive precautions. The future development direction is aimed at dope using and continuous scientifically research in nanotechnology. Subject of this project is to test fuel directly on vehicles or testing block using additives. This approach could provide significant diesel savings and could lead to the reduction of exhausts. The purpose of this research project is to examine a contribution of the additive during usual operations in the chosen pieces of equipment by the long term running on the testing block. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]