Search

Hepatic ischemia and reperfusion (IR) injury contributes to the morbidity and mortality associated with liver transplantation. microRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a family of noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the posttranslational level through the repression of specific target genes. Here, we hypothesized that miRNAs could be targeted to enhance hepatic ischemia tolerance. A miRNA screen in a murine model of hepatic IR injury pointed us toward the liver-specific miRNA miR122. Subsequent studies in mice with hepatocyte-specific deletion of miR122 (miR122loxP/loxP Alb-Cre+ mice) during hepatic ischemia and reperfusion revealed exacerbated liver injury. Transcriptional studies implicated hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF1α) in the induction of miR122 and identified the oxygen-sensing prolyl hydroxylase domain 1 (PHD1) as a miR122 target. Further studies indicated that HIF1α-dependent induction of miR122 participated in a feed-forward pathway for liver protection via the enhancement of hepatic HIF responses through PHD1 repression. Moreover, pharmacologic studies utilizing nanoparticle-mediated miR122 overexpression demonstrated attenuated liver injury. Finally, proof-of-principle studies in patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation showed elevated miR122 levels in conjunction with the repression of PHD1 in post-ischemic liver biopsies. Taken together, the present findings provide molecular insight into the functional role of miR122 in enhancing hepatic ischemia tolerance and suggest the potential utility of pharmacologic interventions targeting miR122 to dampen hepatic injury during liver transplantation. ispartof: JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION vol:131 issue:7 ispartof: location:United States status: published

24 p.-6 fig. Dedicated to Prof. Ramón Díaz-Orejas on occasion of his retirement., Bacterial plasmids constitute a wealth of shared DNA amounting to about 20% of the total prokaryotic pangenome. Plasmids replicate autonomously and control their replication by maintaining a fairly constant number of copies within a given host. Plasmids should acquire a good fitness to their hosts so that they do not constitute a genetic load. Here we review some basic concepts in plasmid biology, pertaining to the control of replication and distribution of plasmid copies among daughter cells. A particular class of plasmids is constituted by those that replicate by the rolling circle mode (rolling circle-replicating [RCR]-plasmids). They are small double-stranded DNA molecules, with a rather high number of copies in the original host. RCR-plasmids control their replication by means of a small short-lived antisense RNA, alone or in combination with a plasmid-encoded transcriptional repressor protein. Two plasmid prototypes have been studied in depth, namely the staphylococcal plasmid pT181 and the streptococcal plasmid pMV158, each corresponding to the two types of replication control circuits, respectively. We further discuss possible applications of the plasmid-encoded antisense RNAs and address some future directions that, in our opinion, should be pursued in the study of these small molecules. This article is categorized under: Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Regulatory RNAs RNA Structure and Dynamics > Influence of RNA Structure in Biological Systems.

Clinical chemistry is a constantly evolving discipline. The challenge of developing new techniques is to enable high throughput analysis specific and at low cost. Immunoassay techniques respond appropriately to these criteria, but are nevertheless perfectible with regards to the detection of small molecules of biological interest. The aim of this work is to develop innovative assay methods for small molecules of biological interest, using aptamers as alternative molecular recognition tools. They are single-stranded functional nucleic acids that are isolated from a very large library of candidates through an in vitro combinatorial approach (SELEX) for their ability to bind a peculiar species. They compete with antibodies, particularly in the area of diagnosis. First, we focused our work on the design of small molecule dual recognition assay systems that involved the formation of a loop-loop complex. Adenosine and theophylline served as model targets for the heterogeneous phase development of a colorimetric assay with enzymatic signal amplification. Subsequent works were performed by using arginine-vasopressin, an analyte with a real biological interest as target. A homogeneous phase fluorescence anisotropy detection system was constructed. Applications in complex matrix were facilitated by the use of non-natural L-oligonucleotides. Finally, a particularly innovative SYBR Green-based fluorescence anisotropy method, was reported allowing the detection of both small targets and DNA ligands., La biochimie médicale est une discipline en constante évolution. L’enjeu du développement de nouvelles techniques est de permettre l’analyse à haut débit, de manière spécifique et à faible coût. Les techniques d’immunoanalyse omniprésentes en laboratoire de biologie médicale (LBM) répondent convenablement à ces critères, mais sont cependant perfectibles en ce qui concerne l’analyse des petites molécules d’intérêt biologique. L’objectif de ce travail est de développer des méthodes de dosage innovantes, pour les petites molécules, en utilisant les aptamères comme nouveaux outils de reconnaissance moléculaire. Il s’agit d’oligonucléotides fonctionnels simple brin, capables de reconnaître de manière spécifique une cible, isolés à partir d’une banque de candidats par une approche combinatoire in vitro nommée SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment). Ils sont en concurrence avec les anticorps, en particulier dans le domaine du diagnostic. Nous avons dans un premier temps travaillé sur le développement de systèmes de dosage à double reconnaissance pour petite molécule, impliquant la formation d’un complexe boucle-boucle. L’adénosine et la théophylline ont tout d’abord servi de cibles modèles pour le développement en phase hétérogène d’une technique de dosage colorimétrique avec amplification enzymatique du signal. Le développement a ensuite été axé sur un analyte ayant un réel intérêt biologique, l’arginine-vasopressine. Le système a été développé en phase homogène en utilisant la technique d’anisotropie de fluorescence. L’application en milieu biologique a été facilitée par l’utilisation d’oligonucléotides non naturels en série L. Enfin nous avons décrit une méthode particulièrement innovante, sans marquage (« label-free »), permettant l’analyse des cibles de petite taille. Cette méthode basée sur l’utilisation du SYBR Green en solution couplée à la technique d’anisotropie de fluorescence, permet également l’étude des ligands de l’ADN.

VirF is the master activator of virulence genes of Shigella and its expression is required for the invasion of the human intestinal mucosa by pathogenic bacteria. VirF was shown to directly activate the transcription of virB and icsA, which encode two essential proteins involved in the pathogenicity process, by binding their promoter regions. In this study, we demonstrate by band shift, enzymatic probing and cross-linking experiments that VirF, in addition to DNA, can also bind the icsA transcript and RnaG, an antisense non-coding small RNA that promotes the premature termination of icsA mRNA through a transcriptional attenuation mechanism. Furthermore, we show that VirF binds in vitro also other species of RNAs, although with lower specificity. The existence of VirF-RnaG and VirF-icsA mRNA complexes is confirmed in a pulldown assay carried out under experimental conditions that very close reproduce the in vivo conditions and that allows immobilized VirF to “fish” out RnaG and icsA mRNA from a total RNA extract. The VirF binding sites identified on both icsA mRNA and RnaG contain a 13 nucleotides stretch (5’-UUUUaGYcUuUau-3’) that is the RNA-converted consensus sequence previously proposed for the VirF-DNA interaction. Band-shift assays with a synthetic RNA molecule whose sequence perfectly matches the consensus indicate that this signature plays a key role also in the VirF-RNA interaction, in particular when exposed in a stem-loop structure. To further explore the icsA-RnaG-VirF regulatory system, we developed an in vitro test (RNA-RNA Pairing Assay) in which pairing between icsA mRNA and synthetic RNAs that reproduce the individual stem-loop motifs of RnaG, was analyzed in the presence of VirF. This assay shows that this protein can prevent the formation of the kissing complex, defined as the initial nucleation points for RNA heteroduplex formation, between RnaG and icsA mRNA. Consistently, VirF alleviates the RnaG-mediated repression of icsA transcription in vitro. Therefore VirF, by hindering the icsA transcript-RnaG interaction, exhibits an activity opposed to that usually displayed by proteins, which generally assist the RNA-RNA interaction; this quite uncommon and new function and the regulatory implications of VirF as a potential RNA-binding protein are discussed.

International audience; In the RNA realm, non‐Watson Crick base pairs are abundant and affect either the RNA 3D structure and/or its function. Here we investigated the formation of RNA kissing complexes where the loop‐loop interaction is modulated by non‐Watson‐Crick pairs. Mass spectrometry, surface plasmon resonance and UV‐melting experiments show that the G • U wobble base pair favors the kissing complex formation only when placed at specific positions. We tried to rationalize this effect by molecular modelling, including molecular mechanics Poisson–Boltzmann surface area (MMPBSA) thermodynamics calculation and PBSA calculation of the electrostatic potential surfaces. Modeling reveals that the G • U stabilization is due to a specific electrostatic environment defined by the base pairs of the entire loop‐loop region. The loop is not symmetric, and therefore the identity and position of each base pair matters. Predicting and visualizing the electrostatic environment created by a given sequence can help designing specific kissing complexes with high affinity, for potential therapeutic, nanotechnology or analytical applications.

Bioanalytical tools based on molecular recognition elements constitute one of the most important strategies used to routinely quantify low molecular weight analytes in biological fluids or environmental matrices as disease-related biomarkers, drugs or toxins/contaminants. Recently, a novel aptamer-based sensing design has been reported. It is based on a dual recognition mechanism that involves the formation of functional nucleic acid architectures, named “kissing complex”. Aptamers are single stranded oligonucleotides that possess high affinity and high selectivity for their target. The aim of this thesis is to pursue the study and the optimization of this sandwich like scheme and to prove its potential. Firstly, the simultaneous detection of multiple small analytes by fluorescence anisotropy using the sandwich like scheme has been reported. Then, this novel bioassay has been optimized through the development of a new strategy. Finally, a gold nanoparticle colorimetric; Pour aider à la protection de l’environnement et au diagnostic de maladies, il est nécessaire de disposer de méthodes d’analyse performantes. Ces méthodes doivent être rapides et peu coûteuses afin d’analyser un grand nombre d’échantillons et détecter la présence éventuelle de la molécule recherchée. C’est dans ce cadre qu’un bio-essai à double reconnaissance dédié aux petites molécules a été développé. Il repose sur l’utilisation d’aptamères comme élément de reconnaissance moléculaire et sur la formation de « kissing complex ». Les aptamères sont des oligonucléotides qui possèdent une grande spécificité et une grande affinité pour leur cible. Les « kissing complexes » désignent, quant à eux, l’interaction de deux séquences au niveau de leur boucle apicale. L’objectif de la thèse est de continuer l’étude et l’optimisation de ce schéma d’analyse, puis montrer sa potentialité et sa versatilité. Dans un 1er temps, la détection en multiplexe de plusieurs petites molécules a été mise en place. L’optimisation du système de détection a ensuite été effectuée pour la détection de l’adénosine avec le développement d’une nouvelle stratégie de détection. Enfin, un test colorimétrique basé sur l’utilisation de nanoparticules d’or a été décrit.

Bioanalytical tools based on molecular recognition elements constitute one of the most important strategies used to routinely quantify low molecular weight analytes in biological fluids or environmental matrices as disease-related biomarkers, drugs or toxins/contaminants. Recently, a novel aptamer-based sensing design has been reported. It is based on a dual recognition mechanism that involves the formation of functional nucleic acid architectures, named “kissing complex”. Aptamers are single stranded oligonucleotides that possess high affinity and high selectivity for their target. The aim of this thesis is to pursue the study and the optimization of this sandwich like scheme and to prove its potential. Firstly, the simultaneous detection of multiple small analytes by fluorescence anisotropy using the sandwich like scheme has been reported. Then, this novel bioassay has been optimized through the development of a new strategy. Finally, a gold nanoparticle colorimetric, Pour aider à la protection de l’environnement et au diagnostic de maladies, il est nécessaire de disposer de méthodes d’analyse performantes. Ces méthodes doivent être rapides et peu coûteuses afin d’analyser un grand nombre d’échantillons et détecter la présence éventuelle de la molécule recherchée. C’est dans ce cadre qu’un bio-essai à double reconnaissance dédié aux petites molécules a été développé. Il repose sur l’utilisation d’aptamères comme élément de reconnaissance moléculaire et sur la formation de « kissing complex ». Les aptamères sont des oligonucléotides qui possèdent une grande spécificité et une grande affinité pour leur cible. Les « kissing complexes » désignent, quant à eux, l’interaction de deux séquences au niveau de leur boucle apicale. L’objectif de la thèse est de continuer l’étude et l’optimisation de ce schéma d’analyse, puis montrer sa potentialité et sa versatilité. Dans un 1er temps, la détection en multiplexe de plusieurs petites molécules a été mise en place. L’optimisation du système de détection a ensuite été effectuée pour la détection de l’adénosine avec le développement d’une nouvelle stratégie de détection. Enfin, un test colorimétrique basé sur l’utilisation de nanoparticules d’or a été décrit.

International audience; In HIV-1, trans-activation of transcription of the viral genome is regulated by an imperfect hairpin, the trans-activating responsive (TAR) RNA element, located at the 5' untranslated end of all viral transcripts. TAR acts as a binding site for viral and cellular proteins. In an attempt to identify RNA ligands that would interfere with the virus life-cycle by interacting with TAR, an in vitro selection was previously carried out. RNA hairpins that formed kissing-loop dimers with TAR were selected [Ducong?. and Toulm?J (1999) RNA, 5:1605-1614]. We describe here the crystal structure of TAR bound to a high-affinity RNA aptamer. The two hairpins form a kissing complex and interact through six Watson-Crick base pairs. The complex adopts an overall conformation with an inter-helix angle of 28.1 degrees , thus contrasting with previously reported solution and modelling studies. Structural analysis reveals that inter-backbone hydrogen bonds between ribose 2' hydroxyl and phosphate oxygens at the stem-loop junctions can be formed. Thermal denaturation and surface plasmon resonance experiments with chemically modified 2'-O-methyl incorporated into both hairpins at key positions, clearly demonstrate the involvement of this intermolecular network of hydrogen bonds in complex stability.

The SL1 stem-loop located in the encapsidation domain is responsible for initiating the dimerisation of HIV-1 genomic RNA by means of a loop-loop interaction known as Kissing Complex (KC). The SL1 secondary structure has been predicted as a 35 nucleotides [K. G. Murti, M. Bondurant, and A. Tereba. J Virol 37, 411-419 (1981)] stem-loop composed of a 4 base pairs (bp) terminal duplex, a 4 nt asymmetrical internal loop, a 7 bp internal duplex, and a 9 nt apical loop. Several high resolution structures of the monomer and of KC of a 23 nt sequence containing only the internal duplex and the apical loop of SL1 are available in the literature. No experimental high resolution structure of the complete native SL1 sequence has been reported so far, either for the monomer or for KC. The asymmetrical internal loop has been described from NMR studies of different monomeric hairpin sequences, leading to divergent results, which suggests its high flexibility. In this work, we built a SL1(35) KC model which was submitted to a 31 ns molecular dynamics simulation (MD). Our results allows to describe the internal dynamics of SL1(35) KC and the differences of behavior of the different parts of the dimer. Thus, we could show the stability of the interactions between the two apical loops and of the terminal duplexes, the destabilization of the internal duplexes and the high flexibility of the asymmetrical internal loops.

International audience; Conformational rearrangements of peroxysome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR gamma) ligand-binding domain (LBD) that accompany the release and binding of ligands are not well understood. To determine the major events associated with the escape of the partial agonist GW0072, molecular dynamic (MD) simulations were performed using two different methods: reversed targeted molecular dynamics (TMD-1 ) and time-dependent distance restraints (TDR) using as restraints either the root mean square deviation from a reference structure (TMD-1 ) or the distance between the geometrical centers of the binding pocket and of the ligand (TDR). Both methods do not assume any a priori route for ligand extraction. To avoid artifacts, different initial simulation conditions were used and particular attention was paid for giving time to the protein to relax during the extraction process by running 10-12 ns simulations within explicit water. Two distinct exit gates A and B were found, independently of initial conditions and method. During the exit process no interaction between GW0072 and the transactivation AF-2 helix was observed. Our results suggest that the ligand uses the intrinsic flexibility of the protein to move within the receptor. Paths A and B are very similar to those found for other nuclear receptors, suggesting that these routes are a common characteristics of nuclear receptors that are used by different kinds of ligands. Finally, the knowledge of entry/exit pathways of a receptor should be very useful in discriminating between different ligands that could have been favorably docked in the binding pocket by introducing docking along these pathways into computational drug design protocols.

Riboswitches are cis-acting regulatory RNA elements prevalently located in the leader sequences of bacterial mRNA. An adenine sensing riboswitch cis-regulates adeninosine deaminase gene (add) in Vibrio vulnificus. The structural mechanism regulating its conformational changes upon ligand binding mostly remains to be elucidated. In this open framework it has been suggested that the ligand stabilizes the interaction of the distal "kissing loop" complex. Using accurate full-atom molecular dynamics with explicit solvent in combination with enhanced sampling techniques and advanced analysis methods it could be possible to provide a more detailed perspective on the formation of these tertiary contacts. In this work, we used umbrella sampling simulations to study the thermodynamics of the kissing loop complex in the presence and in the absence of the cognate ligand. We enforced the breaking/formation of the loop-loop interaction restraining the distance between the two loops. We also assessed the convergence of the results by using two alternative initialization protocols. A structural analysis was performed using a novel approach to analyze base contacts. Our simulations qualitatively indicated that the ligand could stabilize the kissing loop complex. We also compared with previously published simulation studies. Kissing complex stabilization given by the ligand was compatible with available experimental data. However, the dependence of its value on the initialization protocol of the umbrella sampling simulations posed some questions on the quantitative interpretation of the results and called for better converged enhanced sampling simulations., Comment: Accepted for publication on BMC Bioinformatics

NCp7 is implied in many stages of the viral cycle in particular the retrotranscription. This makes NCp7 a potential target for an anti-HIV treatment. By its chaperone activity, it stimulates the first strand-transfer. It consists of the destabilization and hybridization of the TAR and cTAR sequences of the viral genome. It is by using cTAR sequence labelled to their 3' and 5' ends and various techniques of fluorescence spectroscopy and absorption that we could highlight the importance of the primary and secondary structures of NCp7 and cTAR in the first strand-transfer. The destabilizing activity is strongly dependent on the bulges and the internal loop of cTAR. In addition, this activity also depends on the presence of the Trp37 and on the presence of the two zinc fingers in their native form. Then, we could highlight that NCp7 supported the formation of the homodimer of the top half of cTAR by formation of a kissing complex. Finally, we studied a new fluorescent probe analogue to the deoxyadenosine (the 8-vinyl-déoxyadénosine) which is an alternative probe to the 2-aminopurine., La NCp7 est impliquée dans de nombreuses étapes du cycle viral notamment la rétrotranscription. Ceci en fait une cible potentielle pour un traitement anti-HIV. Par son activité chaperonne, elle permet de stimuler le premier saut de brin. Ce dernier consiste en la déstabilisation et l'hybridation des séquences TAR et cTAR du génome viral. C'est à l'aide de séquences cTAR marquées à leurs extrémités 3' et 5' par des chromophores et différentes techniques de spectroscopie de fluorescence et d'absorption que nous avons pu mettre en évidence l'importance des structures primaire et secondaire de la NCp7 et de cTAR dans le premier saut de brin. L'activité déstabilisatrice est fortement dépendante des bulges et de la boucle interne de cTAR. D'autre part, cette activité dépend également de la présence du Trp37 ainsi que de la présence des deux doigts de zinc de la NCp7 dans leur conformation native. Ensuite, nous avons pu mettre en évidence que la NCp7 favorisait la formation de l'homodimère de mutants de la partie haute de cTAR par formation d'un complexe boucle-boucle. Finalement, nous avons étudié une nouvelle sonde fluorescente analogue à l'adénine (la 8-vinyl-déoxyadénosine) qui est une solution alternative à la 2-aminopurine.

SL1 is a stem-loop RNA sequence from the genome of HIV-1 thought to be the initiation site for the dimerization of the retroviral genomic RNA. The aim of this study is to check the stability in solution of different experimental dimeric structures available in the literature. Two kinds of dimer have been evidenced: an extended duplex looking like a double helix with two internal bulges and a kissing complex in which the monomers with a stem/loop conformation are linked by intermolecular loop-loop interactions. Two divergent experimental structures of the kissing complex from the Lai isolate are reported in the literature, one obtained from NMR (Mujeeb et al., Nature Structural Biology, 1998, Vol. 5, pp. 432-436) and the other one from x-ray crystallography (Ennifar et al., Nature Structural Biology, 2001, Vol. 8, pp. 1064-1068). A crystallographic structure of the Mal isolate was also reported (Ennifar et al., Nature Structure Biology, 2001, Vol. 8, pp. 1064-1068). Concerning the extended duplex, a NMR structure is available for Lai (Girard et al., Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 1999, Vol. 16, pp. 1145-1157) and a crystallographic structure for Mal (Ennifar et al., Structure, 1999, Vol. 7, pp. 1439-1449). Using a molecular dynamics technique, all these experimental structures have been simulated in solution with explicit water and counterions. We show that both extended duplex structures are stable. On the contrary, the crystallographic structures of the Lai and Mal kissing complexes are rapidly destabilized in aqueous environment. Finally, the NMR structure of the Lai loop-loop kissing complex remains globally stable over a 20 ns MD simulation, although large rearrangements occur at the level of the stem/loop junctions that are flexible, as shown from free energy calculations. These results are compared to electrophoresis experiments on dimer formation.