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Imidacloprid, one of the latest members of the neonicotinoids, is a widely used synthetic organic insecticide. In this study, it was aimed to reveal the effects of 2 ppm, 4 ppm, and 8 ppm imidacloprid on antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in Helianthus annuus L. Tarsan-1018 oilseed sunflower leaves. As a result of the applications, sunflower leaves were collected and frozen in liquid nitrogen, then stored at -40 °C until analyses were conducted. Sunflower seeds were a registered variety and were obtained from Trakya Agricultural Research Institute. Imidacloprid were applied as foliar to the Sunflower plant grown under controlled conditions and samples were taken at 24. 48. and 72. hours. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione s-transferase (GST), glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and malondialdehyde (MDA) analyzes were performed in the samples taken after the applications. As a result, it was determined that imidacloprid had different effects on the biochemical parameters of sunflower plant leaves. It was understood that imidacloprid used in ppm doses stimulated antioxidant defense and created stress responses in the plant, and as with all plant protection products, the importance of proper dosage and controlled use must not be overlooked. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, biochemical analyses of honey produced in Hizan district of Bitlis province which is one of the important honey centers of Turkey, were performed. In the research, 7 honey samples collected from villagers dealing with beekeeping in different regions of Hizan were studied. Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), antioxidant activities, sugar, flavonoid and total phenolic levels were measured with the HPLC device. As a result, the flavonoid, sugar and total phenolic levels of 1, 4, 5 and 7 honeys were similar to the properties of natural honeys. The HMF values of all honey samples were found to be in accordance with the value determined in the Turkish Food Codex Honey Communiqué. It was determined that the honeys used in our study have scavenging properties on DPPH and ABTS radicals. In addition, the maltose value of the 3 and 5 honey samples was found to be slightly higher than that of the other honey samples. Since maltose is formed as a result of the hydrolysis of starch, it cannot be found naturally in plant juices. Honey samples with high maltose content are considered to be produced under unnatural conditions. The antioxidant and chemical properties of Bitlis-Hizan honey make them high value-added quality products. As a result, it was seen that the results comply with EU standards and the Turkish Food Codex Honey Communiqué. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]