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AbstractKiln operators are forced to rely on their own experience and expertise when adapting standard drying schedules to tackle changing situations or to better suit their needs. The online tuning of a mechanistic model and its use as forward control is therefore proposed to address the current lack of tools. An inverse analysis of the drying kinetics of wooden boards dried in an industrial kiln is carried out to determine the moisture transfer properties of the boards. The values obtained by the inverse method are found to be relatively close to those obtained by direct measurement. The mechanistic model is then used with these input values to simulate the drying of a stack of boards to find the best drying strategy to meet the objectives. This work focuses on achieving a compromise between quality and time. Several difficulties were encountered in developing this approach for a semi-industrial dryer, and some recommendations are made for developing this innovative strategy further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Buenos Aires, two remarkably similar Chinese ginger pots were found in two different archaeological contexts, coming from the same kiln in Shiwan, typical export stoneware from the early nineteenth century. Although there are archaeological references to objects of this origin, the presence of two similar ones draws attention and raises questions about access and the market for oriental objects in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of sticker thickness on final moisture content (MC) of southern pine lumber was investigated in this work. Three kiln charges of lumber were dried to examine the impact of sticker thickness. Sticker thicknesses were 0.75-, 1.00-, and 1.25-in. The moisture contents at different locations within the kiln pack (edge vs middle / course position) were noted. Three course positions were top 5, middle, and bottom 5 courses. Two within-pack locations were considered: outer 25% and middle 50%. Drying time decreased as sticker thickness increased from 0.75 in. to 1.00 in. Statistically significant interactions were noted for sticker thickness and course position (<0.0001) as well as location and course position (P= 0.0378); 1.25 in. thick stickers exhibited higher MC in comparison to 0.75 in. and 1.0 in. for top to bottom positions. Additionally, 1.0 in. thick stickers developed lower MC at the top and bottom. Lower MC was observed in outer relative to inner location regardless of course position. Lower MCs were observed at the top courses for both inner and outer location. The 1.25 in. thick stickers did not produce acceptably dry lumber given the production time constraint. The results suggested that 1.0 in. sticker thickness was most favorable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excavations in advance of redevelopment in two areas either side of Old Bread Street, Bristol, revealed remains dating from the eighteenth century including those of three clay tobacco pipe kilns and other structural remains. An assemblage of clay tobacco pipes and kiln furniture was also recovered amongst other finds. The structural remains are described and the development of the site is examined. The process of clay pipe manufacture is briefly outlined, and the clay pipes are described and placed within their local context. It has been established that the kilns were the clay pipe manufactory of James Winchester, who was making clay pipes here between at least 1834 and 1856. Documentary sources have been used to further illuminate the archaeological evidence from this site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The early Iron Age pottery kiln excavated at Groß Kienitz (Brandenburg) in 2017 still contained in situ remains of former firing loads. The finds consist of collapsed yet entirely preserved misfired vessels and numerous potsherds that have been secondarily used as firing aids or as technological fill of the firing chamber. Since the vessel shape types deriving from this closed find can be attributed to both the late Bronze Age as well as the early Iron Age, showing clear elements of the regional Göritz group, the strict division between the two periods is questioned once more. Some constructive elements of the domed clay-lined kiln such as a re-usable vent lid made from a pot remain so far unparalleled. Such details indicate an experimental phase arising from new demands requiring a reducing firing atmosphere to produce dark vessel surfaces. At the same time, kiln construction has to be viewed as the result of a changed self-perception of artisans as much as during antiquity the usage of fire is set against a mytho-practical background. Ancient sources, among them the poem 'The Kiln' attributed to Homer, stress that after closing the kiln (reduction phase) the firing process happens without further human intervention. In ancient beliefs, without proper super-natural assistance this critical phase could result in misfiring and the destruction of the kiln. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delves into the adversities and significant obstacles encountered by Korean potters during the 17th century and their endeavors to surmount these challenges by enhancing the government kiln system and refining pottery production techniques, drawing insights from an analysis of historical records and artifacts. Furthermore, it investigates the adaptation and resettlement experiences of Korean potters who were abducted to Japan. As part of the restructuring of the government kiln system aimed to improve the conditions of artisans, initiatives were undertaken to secure cloth taxes. Additionally, the system of mandatory labor shifted from mandatory labor assignments to artisans choosing their employment in the government kilns. Measures were taken to broaden access to high-quality clay by expanding raw material sources. Challenges related to kiln mobility, which encumbered artisans, prompted the proposal of fixed kiln establishments. Regarding production techniques, artisans exerted significant efforts to master the adept application of iron-red pigment, known as seokganju, as a substitute for cobalt blue. This endeavor resulted in the emergence of simple yet naturally bold designs evident in the patterns of porcelain crafted in local kilns using underglaze iron. Kiln construction techniques advanced with the introduction of more sophisticated kilns, featuring inner walls and pillars to enhance firing processes. Moreover, a kiln design characterized by a widened base ascending toward the chimney in a ladderlike formation, initially developed in local kilns, served as the prototype for government-operated kilns. Meanwhile, artisans who were abducted or forcibly relocated to Japan acclimated to various local environments across Kyushu. Leveraging their advanced skills compared to Japanese artisans, they focused on crafting ceramics and tea bowl ware in the Joseon style. Notably, artisans such as Yi Sampyeong played a pivotal role in Japan's inaugural porcelain production by discovering new clay deposits. Families like the Satsuma-based Sim Sugwan clan persisted in the ceramic production across generations, establishing themselves as prominent figures in the Japanese ceramic industry. Although the 17th century presented formidable obstacles to Korean potters, they met these challenges with remarkable diligence and ingenuity, pioneering new styles and technological advancements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the 16th-century Royal Kiln-produced white porcelain in the context of the interrelationship between the royal family as the main consumer and the kiln as the producer. In particular, it structurally explains the changes in white porcelain from the perspective of the increase in demand for white porcelain and the imbalance in supply. The royal family enacted the Sinyu In-kind Taxation Reform in the early 16th century and expanded royal finances based on this. The demand for white porcelain produced at the Royal Kiln also increased through the provisions on appropriation and tax-in-kind hikes of the reform. On the other hand, the Royal Kiln was operated under the governmentrun craftsmanship system and, therefore, had a limited annual budget to spend and a limited number of available artisans. As a result, an imbalance occurred in the supply and demand for Royal Kiln white porcelain. The royal family and the kiln responded to this issue by reflecting on each other's positions. Accordingly, it is assumed that changes were brought about in the quality and inscriptions of white porcelain, and in the way Royal Kiln was operated. This paper is of significance in that it organically understands changes seen in white porcelain created at the Royal Kiln in the 16th century through the relationship between the royal family, the highest ruling class at the time, and the kiln operated under the state-run handicraft system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salt glaze is one of the distinctive glazes with its special aesthetic effects, and the researcher has done a number of researches to obtain salt glaze with its various effects by traditional methods first and then by non-traditional methods secondly, and that was in several previous studies, and the fire was done in the traditional kiln to fire sewage pipes, to obtain Salt glaze in traditional ways, then fire in the tunnel kiln, then fire in the rolls kiln (fast firing), and the previous study was about the possibility of obtaining the effects of salt glaze on ceramic tiles by application methods different from the traditional known methods, and this was done by more than one method. For application, but in the laboratory and not on production lines, and given the importance of the method of application of salt on ceramic tiles to obtain the effects of salt glaze because the resulting salt effects differ according to the method of salt application, so the study completed the topic of applying salt on ceramic tiles, and this study deals with how to produce ceramic tiles with salt glazing by industrial methods of production and application, and an attempt to solve its problems on the production line. Therefore, in this research, the same methods of application are used on the production line. Production lines such as silkscreen printing of dry milled salt, but due to the tendency of table salt (NaCl) to become saturated with moisture in the air, after a short time, salt hydration and agglomeration occur, so another method of application was tried, which is grinding salt with water in certain proportions until we reach to a density suitable for spraying (as an emulsion), which is a method corresponding to the method of application by disc on the production line, as well as applying the same emulsion with increasing water percentages to adjust the density to be suitable for application by silkscreen printing. decoration), and each of them had a special aesthetic character and special results as a result of the different temperatures, the time of the fire cycle and the different method of application.

Lime is a versatile material that has been used by Maya societies in multiple aspects of their daily life for centuries. It is used in nixtamalization and cooking, ceramic preparation, in the surface of codex, pigment preparation, to support murals and as an important building material. How was lime made? Was lime production a specialized economic activity that fostered exchange between communities? Was its production in pyres and kilns dependent on its location? Was the use of pyres exclusively linked to domestic contexts of low production? These questions are still awaiting an answer in Maya lime production research. This paper presents a case study of experimental lime production carried out in the community of Uayma, Yucatan to try to address these questions. Characterization of the samples from the lime kiln has made it possible to infer mineralogical details and distinguish the ashes present. The recording of the operation of the lime kiln, the materials generated, and the analysis of the samples by molecular spectroscopies allow us to provide insights on the temperatures that were reached in the artisanal production of lime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the discovery of ceramic kilns in the archaeological complex of Atzompa in Monte Albán, Oaxaca. These kilns have similar characteristics to those of the ethnographic tradition of Atzompa and it is believed that they were used to produce large gray ceramic pots. An archaeomagnetic study conducted on one of the kilns indicates that it was used after the supposed abandonment of Monte Albán, suggesting that the inhabitants of Atzompa continued to manufacture ceramics. Additionally, evidence of specialization in ceramic production in Atzompa and a permanent relationship between Atzompa and Monte Albán were found. The study was funded by the CONAHCyT CF19-1761 project and UNAMDGAPA PAPIIT IN100224. [Extracted from the article]

For much of the 20th century, Royal Doulton was one the major producers of china and earthenware in the UK, most of which was manufactured at the Royal Doulton Potteries in Burslem, Stoke-on-Trent. Following the closure and demolition of this iconic works in the early 21st century, an archaeological excavation was undertaken in advance of redevelopment. This included the recording of the remains of an unusually large and enigmatic annular kiln that formed an integral element of the mid-20th-century works. Historical research combined with the archaeological work concluded that it was a massive gas-fired Woodall-Duckham tunnel kiln used for the continuous firing of both earthenware and bone china, representing a ground-breaking approach to the production of pottery during this period. This article presents the results of the excavation and historical research, and highlights how the kiln integrated many of the technological developments that were occurring in the wider pottery industry during the inter-war years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yaozhou Kiln is a famous ancient center for celadon production in China, located in present-day Shaanxi Province. While analyzing its olive-green celadon produced during the Song Dynasty, a common occurrence of brownish base (foot and bottom) was observed. This phenomenon can also be found in porcelain produced at other kilns in China and Vietnam. However, previous research has not systematically explored the coloration mechanism behind it. Through different analytical methods, coupled with reproduction firing experiments, this paper concludes that the brownish base is attributed to the diffusion of iron from the body and sand cushion into the thinly applied glaze on the base, as well as the crystallization formed by the combination of the sand cushion and the surface glaze. Factors influencing the depth of the brownish color include: (1) the iron content of the body; (2) the thickness of the base glaze; and (3) the sand cushion material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lost-wax glass casting, an esteemed yet technically demanding art form, traditionally relies on specialized, costly kiln equipment, presenting significant barriers to artists regarding equipment affordability, energy efficiency, and the technical mastery required for temperature control. Therefore, this study introduces an innovative approach by integrating a microwave kiln with standard household microwave ovens, thus facilitating the lost-wax glass casting process. This methodological adaptation allows artists to employ readily available home appliances for glass creation, significantly reducing the process's cost and complexity. Our experimental investigations reveal that, by using a 500W household microwave oven for heating, the silicon carbide (SiC) in microwave kilns can efficiently absorb microwave energy, allowing the kilns to reach temperatures exceeding 700 °C, a critical threshold for casting glass softening. We further demonstrate that by adjusting the number of heating cycles, producing high-quality, three-dimensional(3D) glass artworks is feasible, even for large-scale projects. In addition, the microwave kiln can be used as an effective cooling tool to uniformly cool the formed casting glass. This study presents a possible alternative to conventional kiln technology and marks a paradigm shift in glassmaking, offering a more accessible and sustainable avenue for artists and practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: The roller bearing and the through shaft bearing are the rotating and load-bearing components of the annealing kiln roller system, which operate at different locations and under different working conditions. Their health status is significant for maintaining the stable operation of the glass production line. In order to improve the efficiency of bearing condition monitoring, this paper proposes a variable-scale attention mechanism guided time-frequency feature fusion transfer learning method, which is used for bearing fault diagnoses at different installation locations in the annealing kiln roller system. It effectively achieves the intelligent diagnosis of roller bearing and through shaft bearing faults in the annealing kiln roller system. Effective real-time health condition monitoring of the roller table and through shaft bearings in the annealing kiln roller system of glass production lines is crucial for maintaining their operational safety and stability for the quality and production efficiency of glass products. However, the collected vibration signal of the roller bearing system is affected by the low rotating frequency and strong mechanical background noise, which shows the width impact interval and non-stationary multi-component characteristics. Moreover, the distribution characteristics of monitoring data and probability of fault occurrence of the roller bearing and through shaft bearing improve the difficulty of the fault diagnosis and condition monitoring of the annealing kiln roller system, as well as the reliance on professional experience and prior knowledge. Therefore, this paper proposes a variable-scale attention mechanism guided time-frequency feature fusion transfer learning method for a bearing fault diagnosis at different installation positions in an annealing kiln roller system. Firstly, the instinct time decomposition method and the Gini–Kurtosis composed index are used to decompose and reconstruct the signal for noise reduction, wavelet transform with the Morlet basic function is used to extract the time-frequency features, and histogram equalization is introduced to reform the time-frequency map for the blur and implicit time-frequency features. Secondly, a variable-scale attention mechanism guided time-frequency feature fusion framework is established to extract multiscale time-dependency features from the time-frequency representation for the distinguished fault diagnosis of roller table bearings. Then, for through shaft bearings, the vibration signal of the roller table bearing is used as the source domain and the signal of the through shaft bearing is used as the target domain, based on the feature fusion framework and the multi-kernel maximum mean differences metric function, and the transfer diagnosis method is proposed to reduce the distribution differences and extract the across-domain invariant feature to diagnose the through shaft bearing fault speed under different working conditions, using a small sample. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified based on the vibration signal from the experimental platform and the roller bearing system of the glass production line. Results show that the proposed method can effectively diagnose roller table and through shaft bearings' fault information in the annealing kiln roller system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The critical challenge of estimating the Remaining Useful Life (RUL) of MoSi2 heating elements utilized in pusher kiln processes is to enhance operational efficiency and minimize downtime in industrial applications. MoSi2 heating elements are integral components in high-temperature environments, playing a pivotal role in achieving optimal thermal performance. However, prolonged exposure to extreme conditions leads to degradation, necessitating precise RUL predictions for proactive maintenance strategies. Since insufficient failure experience deals with Predictive Maintenance (PdM) in real-life scenarios, a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) generates specific training data as failure experiences. The Remaining Useful Life (RUL) is the duration of the equipment's operation before repair or replacement, often measured in days, miles, or cycles. Machine learning models are trained using historical data encompassing various operational scenarios and degradation patterns. The RUL prediction model is determined through training, hyperparameter tuning, and comparisons based on the machine-learning model, such as Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) or Support Vector Regression (SVR). As a result, SVR reflects the actual resistance variation, achieving the R-Square (R2) of 0.634, better than LSTM. From a safety perspective, SVR offers high prediction accuracy and sufficient time to schedule maintenance plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ceramic tiles reach their final microstructures and acquire their technical properties by firing process after shaping, glazing, and drying processes. The firing process is carried out continuously in roller kilns. In roller kilns, tiles pass through firing zones at different firing temperatures such as preheating, firing, and cooling zones in which different types of rollers are used. deformations such as breakage and deterioration of roller smoothness occur in the kiln roller over time due to high temperature and tile mass. For these reasons, unused kiln rollers are separated into waste and replaced with new ones. In the present study, the purpose was to transform the kiln roller into a value-added product. For this purpose, the use of kiln roller wastes in glazed porcelain tile matte-opaque glaze was investigated. Ground kiln roller waste was used instead of alumina, quartz, and zircon in a standard matte-opaque glaze composition. The developed glazes were sintered at 1190 °C for 44 min. The thermal, optical, and physical properties of the glazes were examined and compared with the standard glaze recipe. The melting behaviors of the glazes were measured with a heating microscope, and the thermal expansion coefficients were measured with a dilatometer. The phases developed in the structure were determined by XRD analysis and scanning electron microscope (SEM). According to the results, the usage of roller waste instead of alumina and quartz decreased the crystal phase development in the glaze and the opacity, causing an increase in surface glossiness. When it was used instead of zircon, anorthite and crystal phase development increased and the surface brightness decreased, but the opacity decreased significantly due to the decline of zircon crystals. Considering all these thermal and optical properties, it was determined that the use of roller waste would be possible with some optimizations in the composition of matte-opaque glaze composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lime is used extensively in steel industry as fluxing material. Lime is produced by calcination of limestone in a lime kiln. The calcination process takes place at elevated temperatures near 900 °C to convert limestone into quick lime. Lances are distributed along the periphery of the kiln to provide uniform heating with by-product gases LD, COG, and BF as fuel. During the operation, lance tip is immersed in limestone and gets choked eventually which results in premature cracking. This reduces the length of the lance tubes which can be found only during their highly labor-intensive manual inspection performed every fortnight. Hence, a non-destructive method was developed, wherein an ultrasonic waveguide made of the same material of the lance was inserted to estimate chokage and real-time length of the lance. Additionally, the acoustic resonance of the air column-based method was also attempted to measure the length of the lance. These methods were able to guide operations by predicting remnant length with an accuracy > 95% and aiding in pre-planning shutdowns for replacement of damaged lances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research focuses on developing an adaptive fuzzy-neural control system to manage and maintain temperature in brick tunnel kilns. The problem is how to optimize performance and energy consumption in the brick production process. A control algorithm using a combination of a fuzzy logic system and neural network is proposed to automatically adjust temperature parameters, optimize production efficiency, and reduce energy consumption. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate the outstanding performance of the presented system, with significant improvements in energy efficiency and product quality compared to traditional control methods. Moreover, the obtained results exhibit the potential for wide application of the adaptive neuro-fuzzy control method in academic study or industrial production processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thirty‐three porcelain shards (28 Ru ware and 5 Ru‐type ware) unearthed from Qinglingsi kiln and 31 celadon fragments from Zhanggongxiang kiln were studied systematically for tracing their correlation and difference in glaze and body characteristics through a variety of characterisation methods. Samples without HF corrosion were applied to achieve the microstructure and composition details by SEM and TEM. Results exhibited that there were certain similarities between Ru ware, Ru‐type ware and Zhanggongxiang kiln celadon in glaze colour and thickness, body features, fracture structure; however, they showed obvious differences in body thickness, chemical composition of glaze and body, phase constituents and microstructure of glaze. Plentiful needle‐like diopside were widely distributed in Zhanggongxiang kiln celadon glazes, while this type of crystals was only existed in few Ru and Ru‐type ware glazes with small content. Besides, a large amount of residual quartz was present over the Ru ware glazes, which could have relation to the incorporation of agate. The liquid‐liquid phase separation structure (Ca‐rich droplets and Si‐rich matrix) was generated within the interspaces of anorthite clusters or around the brims of anorthite needles or columns. The occurrence of phase separation was generally accompanied by Al2O3 consumption, but suppressed in the areas far from anorthite due to the rise of Al2O3 content, indicating that Al2O3 was the most sensitive constituent for this glaze behaviour. The distinguished size, shape and distribution of phase‐separated droplets or interconnected structures were closely associated with the scale and crowding level of anorthite crystallisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Pakistan raw coal and a little quantity of waste plastics are burnt to sustain high temperature inside brick making kilns. The gaseous emissions of the kilns contain a considerable amount of darkish colored particulates. It is currently believed that the plastic burning produces these particulates. Advanced characterization instruments, such as a scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffractometer, surface area analyzer using nitrogen gas adsorption isotherms, and thermogravimetric analyzer, were used to find out the chemistry and physics of the particulates. At a magnification of 30,000x, the SEM picture shows masses that are roughly roundish in shape and their size is in between 0.1 to 0.5 microns. The elements detected in these particles are carbon, oxygen, and sulfur (EDS analysis), or in other words, these elements are a typical composition of raw coal. This elemental analysis suggest that fine coal particles come out with usual combustion gases and these emitted particulates are not plastic combustion product. To strengthen this finding, the sample when calcined discarded a significant amount of sulphur oxides species, as determined in the XRF study by noticing a considerable decrease of sulphur content in the calcined particles, suggesting that the particles are actually a coal. The N2 isotherm graph reveals that the light weight flying coal particles has a very low surface area. Additionally, the XRD and TGA studies supports the conclusion that these dark colored particulate emissions are primarily fine coal particles (cenosphere). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread exposure to ambient PM2.5 poses a substantial health risk globally, with a more pronounced impact on low- to medium-income nations. This study investigates the spatiotemporal distribution of PM2.5 in the communities hosting informal brickmaking industries in Vhembe District. Utilizing Dylos DC1700, continuous monitoring of PM2.5 was conducted at nine stations adjacent to informal brick kilns from March 2021 to February 2022. The study determined the correction factor for PM2.5 measurements obtained from the Dylos DC1700 when it was collocated with the GRIMM Environmental Dust Monitor 180. Additionally, the diurnal and seasonal variations across monitoring stations were assessed, and potential PM2.5 sources were identified. The study also evaluated the compliance of ambient PM2.5 concentrations across the stations with the South African National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) limits. Annual PM2.5 concentrations for the stations ranged from 22.6 to 36.2 μgm−3. Diurnal patterns exhibited peak concentrations in the morning and evening, while seasonal variations showed higher concentrations in winter and lower concentrations in summer and spring. All monitoring stations reported the highest daily exceedance with respect to the daily NAAQS limit in the winter. Major PM2.5 sources included domestic biomass combustion, vehicular emissions, industrial emissions, and construction sites. Well-calibrated low-cost sensors could be employed in suburb regions with scarce air quality data. Findings from the study could be used for developing mitigation strategies to reduce health risks associated with PM2.5 exposure in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pozzolanic performance of crushed brick powder (CBP), obtained by grinding under-burnt waste bricks from a continuous brick kiln, is studied. Two size fractions of CBP considered for cement replacement are CBP1 (passes through 150 μm but is retained on 75 μm) and CBP2 (passes through 75 μm). Compressive strength tests on mortar with CBP reveal that strength does not exceed that of the control; however, 10–15% cement replacement by CBP is the optimum. The presence of hydrate phases by X-ray diffraction and quantification of portlandite in the paste samples as studied by thermogravimetric analysis up to 90 days confirms the action of pozzolanicity. Furthermore, to determine the feasibility of CBP1 and CBP2 fractions in concrete, the strength and carbonation of M25 grade concrete were studied by replacing 45% cement with a combined proportion of CBP1 (20%) and CBP2 (25%). This reduced the concrete grade from M25 to M20 and increased the accelerated carbonation depth. Nevertheless, the projected natural carbonation coefficient with accelerated carbonation data is determined as low. The CBP used is cost-effective, requiring little mechanical processing and no chemical activation; thus it can satisfactorily be used for low-cost housing construction and lower-grade structural and non-structural uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global charcoal trade is steadily growing, with high-income countries importing significant quantities of this material from regions where its production is often associated with severe environmental issues, including forest overexploitation, illegal logging, and environmental pollution. Promoting local charcoal production in high-income countries is crucial to addressing these challenges. In this study, we have chosen to focus on the European context, specifically emphasizing Italy as a case study. Our study aimed to comprehensively compare five distinct charcoal production systems, including both traditional and modern solutions, with a specific focus on evaluating the quality of the resulting charcoal. Additionally, improvements were evaluated to enhance production efficiency. Traditional systems cannot satisfy production requests, resulting in inefficiencies in manpower, costs, times, and yield. Conversely, recent innovations consider mobile and stationary kiln prototypes. Mobile kilns offer flexibility and cost savings but require operator expertise, limit automation, and have long cycles. In contrast, stationary systems operate continuously, increasing productivity and efficiency, despite higher investment costs. Notably, charcoal quality showed minimal differences. These findings highlighted the potential of new technologies to enhance efficiency, reduce cost and environmental impact, and promote sustainable charcoal production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kilns used for drying grain and for malting are common features of archaeological excavations in medieval towns and in the countryside. They occur in a variety of situations, including within urban tenement plots, open spaces within the urban landscape, manorial enclosures and field systems. This paper examines what the situation of drying kilns can reveal about the ways in which household and community labour were organised and the role of infrastructure in cultivating and maintaining variegated forms of rural and urban sociality. In doing so, it seeks to contribute to ongoing debates about the legacy of 'binary' logics relating to urban and rural life and to the gendered use of space and forms of labour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes high-grade carbonate rocks from several strategic deposits in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries. The rocks are used locally for quicklime and dololime production in twin-shaft regenerative kilns. Stable C-O-Sr isotopes, along with chemical, mineralogical-petrographic analyses, micropaleontological investigations, cathodoluminescence microscopy, organic carbon speciation, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, were used to trace the provenance of these rocks from economically significant non-metallic deposits. The resulting database can help identify and differentiate industrial raw materials that may appear similar chemically and/or macroscopically but have different textures/microstructures that can affect the properties of the derived burnt lime products. Various technological tests, including slaking reactivity, sticking tendency at high-temperature (i.e., 1300 °C), and physico-mechanical behavior of the lime, were performed to evaluate their suitability and predict lime performance in twin-shaft regenerative kilns. Comparison of laboratory and plant results validated the resulting database. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linking the likelihood of convergent evolution to the technologies' complexity, this paper identifies the scales of technological diffusion and convergence, i.e., the evolving of structures that are similar, but not related to a common "ancestor." Our study provides quantitative measures for understanding complexity and connectivity in technologies. The utility of our approach is exemplified through the case study of Cucuteni-Tripolye pottery kilns in Chalcolithic Southeastern Europe. The analysis shows that technological evolution has to be scaled to the "technologically important" (in quantitative terms) component parts, whose introduction shapes a ground for extinction and self-evolvement caused by the cascade effects along technological design structure. Similar technological solutions to the technological design structure engender the spread of similar devices in various locations. Surprisingly, such a broad distribution may be the result of relatively low internal diversity, rather than arising from higher efficiency. This gives some reasons for the underestimation of convergence as a mechanism for evolution of technology in current prehistoric archaeology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article follows how migrant brick kiln molders are affected and adapt to short and long periods of suspension of work. In brick kilns near Delhi, involuntary idle time is revealed as an important modality of surplus extraction. While idleness is prevalent within many forms of work, idle time in the brick kilns operates at the intersection of other relations, namely, piece-rate wages, debt bondage, and capital's control over social reproduction space and time. It enables capital to flexibly move workers in and out of paid labor while extracting unpaid work and acts as an in-situ mode of rendering workers relative surplus population. Through enacting literal wagelessness and perpetuating wageless life, the article reads idle time as a time regime of capital, breaching and producing instabilities within workers' life and leisure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient fish preservation is important when quality, hygienic products and the highest possible profits are to be achieved in fish production. An effective-fired charcoal-fired fish smoking machine was designed and developed with a carrying capacity of 7.2 kg in which the smoking of fish was carried out. The temperatures of the air within the smoking chamber were raised to the smoking temperatures (343.15K, 363.15K and 383.15 K) at varying velocities of air and maintained for some time until the moisture contents of the fish were reduced to between 16 - 18%. The temperature of the air increased steadily until the smoking temperatures were achieved and these occurred between 20 - 27 min. The time taken for the fish to attain the smoking temperature was recorded to be between 120 - 160 min. The minimum time taken for expelling the moisture content was 155 min at a drying temperature of 383.15 K and velocity of 1.0 m/s and the maximum time was 225 min at a drying temperature of 343.15 K and velocity of 0.6 m/s. The computed fish drying rate was Rc = 0.005370(%/s) hence, for effective fish smoking, the fish should be smoked at a temperature and velocity of 383.15 K and 1.0 m/s respectively at a drying rate of Rc = 0.005370(%/S). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comprehensive study in which non-destructive testing utilizing ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), considering both pressure (P) waves and shear (S) waves, was used to assess the compressive strength (CS) of rubberized bricks. These innovative bricks were manufactured by blending lime kiln dust (LKD) waste with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), sand, and fine waste tire crumb rubber (WTCR). This study introduces mathematical models to explain the relationships between the results of destructive tests (DTs), specifically compression strength (CS) tests, and non-destructive tests (NDTs) employing UPV. These models were subsequently used to conduct validation exercises to accurately predict the strength of the rubberized bricks produced. The outcomes of the validation tests underscore the effectiveness of the UPV method in predicting the CS of rubberized eco-friendly bricks produced using an LKD-GGBFS blend. Importantly, the prediction using the power model exhibited minimal errors, confirming the utility of the UPV method as a reliable tool for assessing the compressive strength of such sustainable construction materials. This research contributes to advancing the field of eco-friendly construction materials and highlights the practical applicability of non-destructive ultrasonic testing in assessing their structural properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large number of pieces with impressed and moulded technique were found in 2015-2019 excavation seasons in the İznik Kilns Excavation which carry out in Bursa/İznik. These pieces, made of red paste, include plates, bowls, jugs, and filter jugs were evaluated according to their form, technical and decorations in various studies. In these studies, the technique and decoration properties of filtered jugs produced in İznik workshops were also emphasized. Moreover, during the 2019 excavation season, characterization studies were carried out using a portable XRF (pXRF) instrument on seven selected samples in order to determine the body, slip and glaze components. Chemical analysis indicated that some of these samples date back to at least the 15th century. In the light of the previous studies, in this article focuses on the form characteristics of molded technique filter jugs and wheel-thrown filter jugs. For this purpose, six excavation finds, whose form can be defined, were selected and these were evaluated together with other excavation finds. As a result, it is evident that the filtered jugs produced in İznik ceramic workshops were produced from red paste in two different methods, were associated with ceramic production traditions in Anatolia in the same period.

Chronometric studies of charcoal production remains are largely based on 14C‐dating of associated charcoal. Owing to intrinsic limitations, however, this method provides no meaningful time resolution for post‐1650 CE features. We investigate the potential of optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of heated sandy sediments as an alternative and complementary tool for dating charcoal kiln remains. Seven samples from five relic charcoal kilns and 11 complementary samples from the underlying sandy substrate are used. Through a range of procedural tests, we demonstrate that the single‐aliquot, regenerative‐dose procedure in combination with OSL signals from quartz allows determining equivalent doses both accurately and precisely. For four of the five investigated kilns, OSL ages are consistent with independent age information from 14C‐dating and written sources. Especially for post‐1650 CE features, the precision can be significantly better than that of 14C‐dating, and we highlight the potential of OSL dating for distinguishing, relatively, between charcoal production phases with an unprecedented time resolution. We conclude that the approach is a promising alternative to 14C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines, in parallel, two key archaeological material groups: the kilns and the ceramics from the exceptional tell site of Imvrou Pigadi, the first known and systematically excavated Middle Neolithic pottery workshop in Thessaly. The study forms an all-encompassing, material-based, and scientifically integrated framework based on macroscopic and microscopic analyses, including typological classification and geoarchaeology with an emphasis on micromorphology, as well as an examination of spatial organization. Direct and indirect evidence for standardization and specialization in technology and production practices points to advanced pyrotechnological knowledge and expertise in pottery manufacture at the site. Moreover, the paper examines the social interplay developed around pottery production by discussing cooperation and the organization of social space within the community. Overall, this analysis touches upon the discussion of the wider community of pottery manufacturing centers in Neolithic Thessaly and places the site within its cultural context, offering new insights into craftsmanship and social reciprocity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In order to improve the cleanliness of cathode materials of Li ion batteries (LIBs), it is necessary to develop and apply advanced kiln furniture. Low-impurities Corundum-mullite materials (CMM) with were prepared, and the damage mechanism in LNCM production was studied. Innovatively amplify the corrosion process in the form of prefabricated cracks and explore their interaction mechanism. Based on the corrosion mechanism, Si-Al sol was selected as a binder to replace PVA. The corrosion resistance of CMM with Si-Al sol was significantly improved. With the improvement of calcination temperature and purity requirements of LIBs, the research and development of this advanced CMM kiln furniture has a good application prospect in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The multiple-species raw material and the poorly controlled carbonization in brick kilns are drawbacks for producing homogeneous and high-quality charcoal with the wood wastes derived from the sustainable forest management plans in Amazon. How much improvement is possible with the previous grouping of woods with similar properties is still unknown. Thus, the objective of this work was to compare the quality of charcoals derived from previously segregated into four distinct groups and non-segregated (traditional carbonization) wood wastes of 23 Amazon species carbonized in brick kilns. Charcoals were characterized by apparent relative density (ARD), moisture content (MC), friability (F), fixed carbon content (FC), volatile matter content (VM), ash content (AC), higher heating value (HHV), and energy density (ED). The group formed by the species Dinizia excelsa provided charcoals with the best quality (ARD = 0.737 g/cm3, AC = 1.20%, HHV = 28.9 MJ/kg, and ED = 21.3 MJ/m3). In contrast, traditional carbonization generated highly heterogeneous and friable charcoals. The segregation promoted average improvements of 22.0, 9.4, 2.0, 2.3, 1.0, and 23.6% in ARD, AC, FC, F, HHV, and ED of the charcoals, respectively. These results encourage the steel industry since it requires high-quality charcoal from legal sources for iron ore reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lime is an important flux used in the iron and steel-making processes. Tata Steel Jamshedpur uses a twin-shaft Parallel Flow Regenerative type kiln to calcine limestone. Previously, the kiln was operated based on the temperature measurement at only three locations. This led to suboptimal kiln performance and difficulty in maintaining lime quality. A thermal digital twin was developed using first principles to address these issues. A set of unsteady-state partial-differential equations representing the thermophysical phenomena is solved numerically using the finite volume method. The model was validated with the measured flue gas temperature and lime temperatures. The model is implemented online with the real-time operating parameters to estimate the temperature profile of solid and gas and the degree of conversion of limestone. This real-time visibility enables the operators to optimize the process and achieve lime conversion up to 94%, resulting in energy savings of 31.8 GJ/day and stable lime quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a famous tea-producing region in China, Jiangxi has a long history of tea culture, which has made outstanding contributions to the enrichment and development of Chinese tea culture. Jiangxi tea set is most famous for its ceramic material, which has become an important part of its tea culture, with both material and spiritual attributes. With the development and enrichment of tea culture, the categories and forms of tea set have been updated constantly. In this paper, the correlation between tea culture and tea set was investigated through reviewing and analyzing the development of Jiangxi tea culture, ceramic tea set and kiln sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The beehive kiln type is widely used for firing bricks and ceramics because it can process a large number of products in one firing process. However, some locations in the kiln have unstable temperatures causing the ineffective firing of bricks. The emissions released from this kiln have never been reported. This study aims to clarify these issues by monitoring and analyzing various parameters, e.g., temperature variations at different locations, firewood feeding times, and flue gas properties for a run over 16 days. Different firewood types are filled to increase the temperature from 50 to 150 °C in the drying stage, 150–650 °C in the pre-heating stage, and 650–1,000 °C in the firing stage, respectively. Finally, firewood feeding ceases to allow the cooldown of the kiln. Results show that in any stage, the main temperature fluctuations are caused by firewood feeding, leading to excessive use of firewood. This kiln achieves the emission standard for the flue gas analysis, except for the CO in the drying process since this stage needs low temperature to maintain the brick quality, resulting in incomplete combustion. However, in the pre-heating and firing phases, the CO decreases substantially, reaching the standard restriction. The maximum value of CO2, CO, NOX and SO2 is 16.45%, 2496 ppm, 30.2 ppm and 4.0 ppm, respectively. The firewood feeding must be strictly controlled during the drying stage for complete combustion. Overall, this investigation is beneficial for improving the economy and environmental friendliness of operating this kiln. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbonizing Amazon wood waste with similar physical, chemical, and energy properties improves the quality of the derived charcoals. However, the effect of a quality-based grouping of wood on the productivity of a charcoal production unit remains an unfulfilled gap. This research compares the carbonization indexes of segregated and non-segregated wastes performed in brick kilns of an industrial facility in the Brazilian Amazonia. The wastes came from the Reduced Impact Exploration of twenty-three Amazonia species. Wood's physical properties (moisture, basic and apparent densities, and maximum moisture content) were determined by species. Segregating the wastes into four quality groups provided alternative carbonization, while the randomly mixed wastes underwent carbonization as the usual methodology. Overall productivity and productivity per kiln were explored for the five carbonization models. The research revealed that segregating the logging wastes raised the filled mass and volume of raw material, productivity, and carbonization yield per kiln. It promoted gains ranging from 6.81 (group 3) to 30.23% (group 1) for the charcoal volume and 17.65 (group 4) to 70.59% (group 1) for the charcoal mass per kiln. This study revealed a practical and straightforward solution to improve the sustainability and effectiveness of the wood production chain in the Amazonia region. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of cement manufacturing is both energy intensive and difficult to control. This complicated process results in inefficiencies in energy consumption and variations in cement quality with many complex influencing process factors such as input raw materials, variable fuels, firing conditions including temperature, burning, and reside time. Therefore, in order to address these challenges and investigate the effect of parameters and system optimization, the processes must be modeled first. This predictive model will be used to support process energy use reductions while maintaining and improving product quality. This article presents a study on the use of machine learning models to predict clinker kiln flow rate based on process parameters. The study tested different models such as linear regression, Extra Trees regressor, random forest, K-nearest neighbor, XGB regressor, and neural network and found that the linear regression model performed the best due to its ability to handle overfitting pretty well using dimensionally reduction techniques, regularization, and cross-validation. In fact, the predictive model found enable to predict kiln feed rate at an early stage based on a total of 91 significant input parameters and enable to make future suggestions for action to optimize the control of the kiln process. The findings have significant implications for the process and operation related to the kiln performances which implies potential reduction in terms of energy consumption and gas emissions and improvement of operational efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Xiangzhou kiln was the largest celadon kiln site in northern China from the Northern and Southern Dynasties to the Sui Dynasty (5th-7th centuries). In order to investigate the colouring mechanisms and firing process of two types of celadon (yellow-green and earthen-yellow glazes) from the Xiangzhou kiln, samples were tested and analysed using OM, ED-XRF, TD, SEM-EDS, LRS, XPS and UV-Vis-NIR. The study results show that most of the samples in the two enamels have different formulations. The celadon glaze of the Xiangzhou kiln contains a small amount of quartz, anorthite and other crystals. The yellow-green glaze is fired in a reducing atmosphere and the earthy yellow glaze is fired in an oxidising atmosphere. The colouring mechanism of the Xiangzhou kiln celadon is mainly dominated by the chemical colouring of ionic colouring and aided by structural colouring caused by the microstructure (bubbles, various crystals, fractal structures, etc.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the increase in diseases and environmental pollution, nowadays everyone's attention is towards controlling pollution. Industries are mainly liable for increasing environment pollution. In Punjab there are around 3000 brick kilns, out which many kilns are using old type technology, while to control pollution there is option available in the form of Zigzag kiln. This technology is very helpful in reducing pollution and reducing usage of coal. Study aims to identify factors of Zig-zag technology adoption using Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). For sampling the 340 brick kiln owners from 22 districts in the Indian region of Punjab served as the sample for this study, which was based on cross-sectional data. Data was collected from assigning authorities of brick kilns using structured questionnaires. Zig-zag technology in brick kilns of Punjab has a remarkable impact on productivity, but impact of social influence on behavior intention is found to be pointless. Effort Expectancy (EE), Performance expectancy (PE) and Facility Conditions (FC) are revealed to have a significant impact on adoption of Zig-zag klin technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a long time, due to no finding of kiln site, there has always been controversy over the provenance of proto-porcelain unearthed in Northern China. Here, PIXE was used to determine the chemical compositions of proto-porcelain of Xia and Shang Dynasty unearthed from Erlitou and Yinxu sites as well as the kiln sites in Zhejiang Province. Compared with the samples from kilns, the provenance of proto-porcelain from Erlitou and Yinxu was studied by the self-developed FCA program. It is found that proto-porcelain of Xia Dynasty unearthed from Erlitou might not origin from Piaoshan kiln in Zhejiang, and that only a small part of proto-porcelain of Shang Dynasty unearthed from Yinxu might come from Huzhou and Deqing in Zhejiang, while the vast majority should have other sources. It provided a new and reliable analytical method for studying the provenance of ancient ceramics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]