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Platelet indices such as mean platelet volume (MPV) and platelet numbers (Plt) have been used as predictive indicators in many diseases of preterm infants. However, there is limited data regarding use of plateletcrit (PCT) as an indicator of many detrimental conditions (ie, gestational diabetes, hypertension and infection) and also clinical conditions such as necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), sepsis and mortality in preterm neonates.Objective: The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate if PCT in the first 24 hour could indicate above mentioned conditions and predict poor prognosis compared to other blood parameters such as Hemoglobin (Hgb), Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Red Blood Cell Distribution Width (RDW), White Blood Cell (WBC), Plt, MPV and Platelet Distribution Width (PDW). Design/Method: All premature babies ≤ 32 weeks and admitted to NICU of Selcuk University between January 2018 to June 2019 were investigated. Their maternal conditions for gestational hypertension (GH), diabetes and infection during pregnancy were analysed to reveal potential relation between antenatal conditions and postnatal markers. Infants were also reviewed according to their clinical prognosis and presence of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), sepsis, NEC and mortality. The first blood parameters (Hgb, MCV, RDW, WBC, Plt, MPV, PDW and PCT were recorded and evaluated. Results: Of the 186 infants (GW: 29±1weeks, BW: 1300±100 gr), 92 (49.5%) were girls and 94 (50.5%) were boys. Mean maternal age was 28 ± 1years and 3.8% of these mothers had gestational diabetes, 10.2% hypertension and 9.7% infection. From baby standpoint, 20 infants (10.8%) had IUGR, 50 (26.8%) infants had sepsis, and 18 (9.6%) infants had NEC. Thirty five infants (18.8%) died during hospital course. In term of gender, there was no difference between BW, Mother’s age, although male infants were heavier than females (p0.05). WBC, Plt, RDW parameters were affected from GH. Interestingly MPV was not affected from any antenatal and postnatal conditions, but PCT levels were significantly low in IUGR, sepsis and in mortality group. Although, platelet numbers are closely related with PCT, they were also affected from IUGR. Both sepsis and mortality were found associated with GW and BW. Conclusions: Unlike to many studies showing benefits of MPV as a marker of poor prognosis in preterm babies, our study did not show such a benefit of MPV. On the other hand we found PCT as a good marker for detection of antenatal and postnatal detrimental factors on the newborn babies. We believe that prospective studies are needed to understand value of using PCT in this tiny population.

Bu çalışmanın amacı ipek kumaşa plazma uygulamasının, ipek kumaşın doğal boya ile boyanabilirlik özelliklerine etkisininincelenmesidir. Bu amaçla, bu çalışmada, ipek kumaş Phytolacca Decandra bitkisinden elde edilen doğal boya ile konvansiyonelyönteme göre boyanmıştır. Boyama işleminden önce, ipek kumaşın serisini giderilmiş ve ardından numuneler oksijen ve azot gazı iledüşük frekansta 1, 5 ve 10 dakika plazma işlemine tabi tutulmuştur. Plazma işlemine maruz kalan numuneler potasyum alüminyumsülfat ile mordanlanmıştır. Boyama işleminden sonra, renk kuvveti, renk haslıkları ve yüzey özellikleri incelenmiştir. Sonuçlara göreplazma uygulaması ve mordanlama işlemi renk verimini artırmıştır. Taramalı elektron mikroskobu görüntüleri plazma uygulamasınınipek liflerinin yüzeyinde mikro boyutta çatlakların oluşmasına neden olduğunu göstermektedir. Plazma uygulamasından sonra,numunelerin hidrofilitesinin artığını görülmektedir. Ayrıca plazma uygulaması ipek liflerinin yüzeyinde mikro çatlakların oluşturmuş venumunelerin mukavemetleri azalmıştır., The aim of this study is that plasma treatment effect on dyeability properties of silk fabric with natural dye is investigated. For thispurpose, in this study, silk fabric was dyed by the conventional method with natural dye extracted from Phytolacca Decandra L. Beforethe dyeing process, the sericin on silk fabric was removed. After then, plasma treatment was applied the samples with using oxygen andnitrogen gas for 1, 5 and 10 minutes at low frequency. Furthermore, plasma treated samples were mordanted with potassium aluminumsulfate before the dyeing process. After the dyeing process, colour strength, colour fastness, surface properties, moisture absorption,chemical groups and tensile strength of the dyed samples were investigated. According to the results, the plasma treatment andmordanting process caused to improve the colour yields. The scanning electron microscope images showed that the plasma treatmentcauses microcracks on the surface of the silk fiber. After the plasma treatment, the hydrophility of samples increased. Moreover, plasmatreatment creates microcracks on the silk fiber surface, resulting tensile strength decreases.

Malign fibröz histiositomlar (MFH) erişkinlerde, en sık ekstremiteler ve retroperitoneumda görülen yumuşak doku sarkomlarıdır. Böbreğin primer MFH’ si ise son derece nadirdir. Atipik yerleşimli olan tümörlerin tanısı, klinisyen, radyolog ve patologlar için çok zor olabilmektedir. Olgumuz 4 özelliğinden dolayı önem arzetmektedir. Bunlar; yerleşim yeri, hidronefrotik böbrekte gelişmesi, tümör çapı ve bizim için en önemlisi, makroskopik inceleme sonucu bu tümörün lokalizasyonunun belirlenmiş olmasıdır. 67 yaşında erkek hasta, idrarından kan gelmesi ve sık idrara çıkma şikayetleri nedeni ile dış merkezde muayene edilmiş ve tetkikler yapılmış. Bilgisayarlı tomografi görüntülemesinde, tümörün daha çok retroperiton kaynaklı olduğu düşünülmüştür. Ameliyat esnasında kitlenin, böbrek, sürrenal ve karaciğere yapışıklıklar gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Makroskopik incelemede böbrek dokusu üzerindeki fasianın tümöral d okuyuda kuşatmış olduğu görüldü. Böbrekte primer MFH çok nadir görülen bir durumdur. Makroskopik inceleme bu gibi durumlarda çok daha değerli olabilmektedir. Bu ve benzeri atipik yerleşimli olgularda ayırıcı tanı daha dikkatli yapılmalıdır.

Adenocarcinoma arising from renal pelvis is uncommon. A mucinous cystadenoma of the renal pelvis with malignant transformation is a rare entity. We report a case of well-differentiated mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the renal pelvis with malignant transformation of cystadenoma with mucus-filled kidney (muconephrosis) due to mucin produced by the tumor.

Moprhology and anatomy of Crocus speciosus Bieb. subsp. speciosus, C. speciosus Bieb. subsp. ilgazensis, C. speciosus subsp. xantholaimos were done. Two of them (subsp. ilgazensis and xantholaimos) are endemic to small areas of Turkey. The subsp. xantholaimos has flowers with tube stained yellow. The subsp. ilgazensis has a corm splitting into vertical fibres. These properties are characteristic for the two subspecies investigated. Cross-sections of root and aerial stem of three subspecies were examined and characterized. A key to the identification of the three taxa, based solely on anatomical features is provided here.

Objective: To investigate the role of maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels measured in the second trimester of pregnancy for Down Syndrome screening in predicting the outcome of pregnancy associated with gestational diabetes mellitus, low birth weight and preterm labor. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted retrospectively in 412 pregnant women whom applied for Down Syndrome Screening Test. Maternal midtrimester AFP levels were obtained between 15th to 20th weeks of gestation on the basis of fetal biparietal measurement. AFP levels were defined as MoM. Pregnant women were considered negative (control) when their blood glucose level was 2500 g), [1.34±1.38 MoM vs 0.88±0.45 MoM] and this difference was significant (P=0.000). The level of AFP in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus and glucose intolerance without complication were 0.92, 0.76 and 0.81 MoM, respectively and this difference was not significant (P>0.05). Conclusion: We contemplate pregnancies with a high maternal serum AFP, which is measured during the second trimester for Down syndrome screening test, is a crucial marker in predicting the pregnancy outcome in respect to birth weight and preterm labor.

The research area, Kunduz Forests, is located on Kunduz Mountain, which is about 35 km south-west of Vezirköprü (Samsun). This area is in the A5 square in the grid scheme of Davis and is in the Euxine sector of the Euro-Siberian floristic region phytogeographically. The distribution of 306 specific and infraspecific taxa forming the flora of the research area according to floristic regions is as follows: Euro-Siberian 28.43%. Mediterranean 11.44% and Irano-Turanian 4.90%. The percentage of taxa found in more than one floristic region is 55.23%. Twenty-five of the 306 taxa found in the study area are given as new floristic records for the A5 square in the Flora of Turkey. Besides the dominant forest vegetation type, there is also degraded forest vegetation in the research area. These vegetation types are represented by Carpino-Quercetum cerridis Kutbay and Kilinç 1995. Daphno-Pinetum sylvestris Kutbay and Kilinç 1995. Junipero-Pinetum nigrae Özen and Kilinç ass. nov. and Galio-Fagetum orientalis Özen and Kilinç ass. nov. associations. The last two out of the four associations mentioned here are determined to be new associations.

VI ÖZET SİSTİK FİBROZİS HASTALIĞINDA, GENOTİP-FENOTİP BAĞLANTISININ KURULMASI VE SEKEL SENDROMU VE PEKTUS KARİNATUM İÇİN GEN BÖLGELERİNİN BELİRLENMESİ Gen mutasyonların saptanması hastalığın patogenetiğinin anlaşılması ve genotip ile phenotip arasında bağlantı kurulmasına yardım eder. Türk toplumunda Sistik fibrozise (CF) yol açan mutasyonların belirlenmesi amacı ile 166 farklı CF kromozomunda genin kullanım bölgesi ile ekson-intron sınırlan taranarak 126'sında 37 farklı mutasyon saptandı ve 8 yeni mutasyon bulundu. Bunlardan 5 tanesi missens mutasyonu (K68E, Q493P, E608G, VI 1471 and D891G), ikisi ekson-intron bağlantı bölgesi mutasyonu, (406-3T->C and 3849+5G-+A), bir tanesi de büyük bir delesyondur (CFTRdelel7b,18). Bu bulgular CFTR bölgesinde bugüne kadar kaydedilen en yüksek genetik heterojenliğin Türk toplumunda olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Toplumumuzda çok sık görülen akraba evliliği gözönüne alındığında, hastaların çoğunun heterozigot olması beklenmedik bir durumdur. CF sadece Avrupa kökenli toplumlara özgü bir hastalık olarak düşünüldüğünden, bu durum öngörülenden fazla bir taşıyıcı sıklığı olasılığım düşündürtmektedir. Mutasyonların ne tür farklı klinik bulgulara yol açacağı toplumumuzda ilk kez yapılan genotip-fenotip bağlantı analizi ile değerlendirilmiştir. Nadir bir hastalıktan sorumlu genin ilk yerinin, sonra da kendisinin belirlenmesi bağlantı analizi yöntemi ile o hastalığın moleküler temelini aydınlatmaya yardımcı olur. Homozigotluk haritalaması akraba evliliği yapmış geniş ailelerde nadir otozomal çekinik hastalık genlerinin yerlerinin saptanması için güçlü bir yöntemdir. Bu yöntem kullanılarak iki nadir hastalığın, Sekel sendromu ve pektus karinatumun genlerinin yerleri belirlenmiştir. Buna karşın azospermiye yol açan etkileyici bir genin yerini arama çalışmasında olumlu sonuç alınamamıştır. ABSTRACT GENOTYPE-PHENOTYPE CORRELATION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS AND GENE LOCALIZATION IN SECKEL SYNDROME AND PECTUS CARINATUM Identification of gene mutations is essential for understanding the pathogenesis of the disease and assessment of correlation between genotype and phenotype. In order to determine the spectrum of cystic fibrosis (CF) mutations in the Turkish population, 166 unrelated Turkish CF chromosomes were analysed in the entire coding sequence and the exon-intron boundaries. Thirty-seven different mutations were detected in 126 (75%) of them. Eight novel mutations were identified: five missense (K68E, Q493P, E608G, VI 1471 and D891G), two splice-site (406-3T-»C and 3849+5G-*A), and one a large deletion (CFTRdelel7b,18). The data revealed that among the populations the Turkish population had the highest genetic heterogeneity at the CFTR locus, studied so far. The observation that most of the patients were compound heterozygotes was unexpected, considering the high rate of consanguinity. Hence, the results point out to a much higher carrier frequency in our population than had been expected, since the disease is believed to be common only in the populations of European descent. The extent to which various mutations contributed to clinical variation in CF was evaluated by a genotype-phenotype correlation for the first time in our population. Linkage analysis and subsequent identification of a gene responsible for a rare disorder will facilitate understanding the molecular basis of the disease. Homozygosity mapping has proven to be a powerful tool for the localization of rare autosomal recessive disorders in large consanguineous families. Using this approach, genes responsible for two rare disorders, Seckel syndrome and pectus carinatum, were localized. However, no result was obtained from the search for a modifier gene for azoospermia. 113

The flora of Kelkit Valley was investigated between 1990 and 1993. In the vegetation period, a total of 2800 plant specimens were collected. At the end of the study. 1316 species and subspecies and 519 genera belonging to 105 families were established. Of these, 132 taxa are endemic to Turkey and the ratio is 10.03%. The rates of taxa which are included in certain phytogeographical regions are as follows: Irano-Turanian 14.75%, Euro-Siberian 12.69% and Mediterranean 11.40%.

In this work, the forest, macchie and hygrophilous vegetation of Kelkit Valley was studied. Interesingly the study area is a transitional zone along the boundaries of Central Anatolia and the Central and East Black Sea regions. From the phytogeographical point of view this area is situated between the Euro-Siberian and Irano-Turanian floristic regions. This study was carried out according to the Braun-Blanquet method. Twelve plant associations and 2 subassociations were identified belonging to four different vegetation types. Ten of the associations and two subassociations here are determined as new associations. Vegetation tables are given.

Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl. subsp. oxycarpa (Bieb. ex Willd). Franco and Rocha Afonso forests formed pure stands along the alluvial delta of the Central Black Sea Region. These forests represent hygrophyllous azonal formations. This species usually forms mixed stands with other deciduous species in other regions. In this study the phytosociological structure and soil characteristics of F. angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa forests were investigated. Nutrient concentrations in the leaves of the dominant species F. angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa were also studied during mid-growing season and senescence. It was determined that nutrient concentrations tended to decrease during senescence.

This covers the flora and vegetation of the coastal dunes of the eastern Black Sea region. The flora of the study area consists of 72 genera and 82 species and subspecies belonging to 35 families. The vegetation of the study area was investigated from a phytosociological angle and the vegetation was classified according to the Braun-Blanquet (1) method with respect to plant associations. In the study area, two subassociations (euphorbietosum paraliae and eryngietosum maritimi) belonging to the associations Otantho maritimi-Euphorbietum paraliae and Clematido vitalbae-Hippophaetum rhamnoidis are reported.

The arrhythmogenic actions of endothelin peptides were studied in isolated perfused hearts from guinea pigs and rats. Digoxin-induced ectopic ventricular complexes were partially antagonized by phosphoramidon, an endothelin-converting enzyme inhibitor. On the contrary, these rhythm disturbances were potentiated by big endothelin-1 in isolated perfused whole hearts from guinea pigs. Endothelin-1, when infused through the coronary circulation at a concentration of 10(-10) mol/l, produced an increase in coronary perfusion pressure without altering the heart rate and contractility in the isolated perfused hearts of rats. However, ventricular ectopic complexes occurred when the rise in coronary perfusion pressure reached the peak value. BQ 485, an endothelin-A receptor antagonist, at a concentration of 10(-6) mol/l, completely blocked the vasoconstrictor and arrhythmogenic effects of endothelin-1. In BQ 485-pretreated rat hearts, endothelin-1 produced a fall in coronary perfusion pressure and a slight positive inotropic response which could be blocked by N-G-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. BQ 485 at the same concentration also caused a significant reduction in the duration but not the onset of ventricular ectopic complexes in the guinea pig isolated perfused heart induced by digoxin. These results were taken as evidence of the arrhythmogenic action of endothelin peptides and their possible participation in the ventricular dysrhythmia induced by digoxin.

The study area is situated in the western part of the Eastern Black Sea Mountains. From the phytogeographical point of view, it is located in the Euxine province of the Euro-Siberian floristic region. A total of 323 taxa belonging to 58 families and 181 genus from the study area have been determined during this investigation. The distribution of these taxa according to phytogeographic regions is as follows Euro-Siberian, 26.62 %; Euxine, 16.40 %; Hyrcano-Euxine, 3.72 % (Total Euro-Siberian is 46.74 %); IranoTuranien, 4.03 %; and Mediterranean 0.93%. The ratio of unknown floristic regions or pleuriregionals is 48.30 %. The number of endemic taxa is 28, and 15 of these taxa are endemic for the Euxine province and Euro-Siberian region. Endemic taxa make up 8.7 % of the total flora. Seventy-eight taxa are new records from the A6 and A7 squares for the Flora of Turkey.

The phytosociological structure of weeds in the wheat fields at Samsun city boundaries has been investigated by the method of Braun-Blanquet, and associations have been classified according to differential and characteristic species. The following associations have been described: a) Convolvulo-Polygonetum convolvuli Nova b) Cerastio-Poetum annuae Nova c) Lolio-Avenetum sterilis Nova.

In this study, the macroelement concentrations of different parts of Ferula communis L. subsp. communis which belonging to Mediterranean phytogeographic region and located at Black Sea Region have been determined during the vegetative and generative growth phases. In addition to this plant samples belonging to the main distribution area have been taken and the results have been compared with each other. Finally it has been determined that there is a difference between two regions in respect to phosphorus and potassium concentrations of stems during vegetative growth phase and potassium concentrations of leaves during generative growth phase. In addition to these the reasons of occuring of this plant at Black Sea Region have been discussed.

The nutrient relationships between Cuscuta epithymum (L.) L. var. epithymum and its common host Heliotropium europaeum L. in the Middle Black Sea Region were investigated. It was determined that C. epithymum var. epithymum accumulate greater concentrations of nutrients ranging from 1.24 to 2.50 in respect to host species compared with other parasitic species. Additionally, active and passive nutrient uptake theories were also discussed.

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Endothelin-1 caused an increase in perfusion pressure, bronchial resistance, lung weight and tracheal effusion when infused through the pulmonary artery of rat and guinea-pig isolated lungs. In contrast to vasoconstriction, the effects of endothelin-1 on bronchial resistance, lung weight and tracheal effusion were not concentration-dependent. Recovery from vasoconstriction occurred within 15-30 min when the lung was further perfused with Krebs buffer. Increases in lung weight, bronchial resistance and tracheal effusion induced by endothelin-1 were irreversible when infused at concentrations above 10(-10) M. UK 38,485, a thromboxane A2 synthesis inhibitor, partly prevented the increase in lung weight and tracheal effusion without altering the vasoconstriction induced by endothelin-1. Such an antagonism was not seen in guinea-pig lung at the concentration used. Iloprost, a stable analogue of prostacyclin, antagonized the effects of endothelin-1 on perfusion pressure and lung weight without reducing tracheal effusion in both rat and guinea-pig lungs. Pretreatment with allopurinol did not alter the effects of endothelin-1. These results were taken as evidence for the potent lung oedema-producing effect of the peptide which seems to be partially mediated by the secondary release of thromboxane A2.