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Urban green infrastructure produces and provides number of ecosystem services with cultural ecosystem services being high in perception and stated importance among people living in the cities. Since cultural ecosystem services are subjective, therefore challenging to quantify using proxies, creating knowledge about perception and use of cultural ecosystem services must include its users. PPGIS (public participation GIS) is a valuable tool which allows collecting rich array of data about the spatial distribution of diverse attributes related to cultural ecosystem services alongside additional data from non-experts to create a comprehensive overview of the topic. In the city of Zagreb, Croatia, perception of five categories of cultural ecosystem services were explored using focus group participatory mapping, namely place attachment, recreation, aesthetics, education, and cultural identity. Focus group participatory mapping gathered quantitative and qualitative data on the topic of perception and use of cultural ecosystem services in every city district in Zagreb. Spatial data was collected with placing markers designating respondent’s mentioned locations on a physical map of the respective city district. Based on 21 conducted focus groups throughout the city of Zagreb with 94 focus group participants in-depth data about perception and use of different parts of urban green infrastructure was collected. With digitizing, categorizing, and analysing collected spatial data 13 different types of urban green infrastructure were identified as provides of cultural ecosystem services in the city of Zagreb. Parks and forests were most often mentioned types of urban green infrastructure, although other types were mentioned as well. Besides, patterns in perception and use were distinguished indicating different perception and use among types thus subsequently need for addressing those differences in planning, management, and operational work. Newly created knowledge about perception and use of cultural ecosystem services in cooperation with users of those services can help informing and enhancing planning and management of tree-based urban green infrastructure in cities. Even though conducting focus groups with participatory mapping is lengthy process, collected data could be beneficial and added to the existing knowledge base to enhance urban green infrastructure in a way that keeps providing ecosystem services and being beneficial to citizens’ well-being.

PPGIS (Public Participation GIS) is a tool and methodological approach for collecting spatial data primarily from non-experts about different aspects concerning places of interest. It is proven that this approach is highly useful when dealing with intangible and subjective aspects of places such as cultural ecosystem services. In the city of Zagreb, the PPGIS questionnaire was employed as a data collection method to assess and quantify the spatial distribution of perception toward cultural ecosystem services and disservices provided by urban green spaces. Precise spatial data in a point shape was collected and employed for spatial analyses. Knowing the locations and types of urban green spaces that are perceived as providers of specific service or disservice can enhance our understanding of those places and their general importance for the beneficiaries. Spatial analysis results with, among others, cartographic representation of ecosystem services’ manifestation in an urban landscape, that is, hotspot maps. Within this work, hotspots maps are produced for 19 selected attributes of cultural ecosystem services (15) and disservices (4) throughout the city of Zagreb. Hotspot maps are further enhanced by calculating spatial autocorrelation between collected spatial points for each perception attribute separately. Results emerged with different maps of point spatial distribution, hence indicating diverse usage patterns and perceptions people in Zagreb hold toward urban green spaces. While some attributes such as Cultural Identity are spatially clustered revealing locations in Zagreb perceived to be more important for providing particular cultural ecosystem service or disservice, others such as Running resulted in a more dispersed spatial pattern. Results of calculating spatial autocorrelation between points further enhanced interpretation and provided numerical values that can be used to describe produced hotspot maps. Maps are powerful and effective tools when communicating spatial information to stakeholders and policymakers in being easy to comprehend. Perception-based assessment and quantification of the spatial distribution of cultural ecosystem services and disservices in Zagreb provided useful and understandable information. Hotspots represent locations that are highly recognised, however the resulting coldspots should be acknowledged too. PPGIS questionnaire employed in the city of Zagreb proved to be an effective tool for gathering meaningful spatial data which, properly analysed, can be used as a valuable citizen’s input for enhancing planning and management practices regarding urban green spaces in the city of Zagreb.

Globalno, polovica stanovništva je urbana, a očekuje se da će se taj broj i povećati. Gradovi su pod stalnim pritiskom gradnje i širenja kako bi se mogli prilagoditi povećanju broja stanovnika. Urbana zelena infrastruktura često je stanovnicima jedini doticaj s prirodom u gradu. Koncept kulturoloških usluga ekosustava naglašava nematerijalne koristi koje ljudi dobivaju od ekosustava i koje u gradovima pozitivno djeluju na fizičko i psihičko zdravlje građana te povećavaju kvalitetu života. Kako bi se urbanom zelenom infrastrukturom upravljalo na način da se te usluge naglase te njihovo pružanje unaprijedi, prije svega treba odrediti gdje i na koji način se one pojavljuju u gradskom krajoliku. Korisnici ne moraju imati isključivo pozitivnu percepciju tih prostora, već mogu primjećivati i negativnosti i nedostatke. Percipirane negativnosti važan su izvor informacija koje mogu usmjeriti planiranje i gospodarenje prostorom. Procjena pozitivne i negativne percepcije zahtjevan je zadatak jer osim što su koncepti primarno nematerijalni, oni ovise o prostoru i krajnjem korisniku. U sklopu ovoga rada participativnim pristupom prikupljali su se prostorni podaci od građana grada Zagreba o njihovoj pozitivnoj i negativnoj percepciji i korištenju zelenih prostora u gradu. Prostorne i statističke analize rezultirale su kartografskim prikazima i tipovima urbane zelene infrastrukture koji su percipirani kao nositelji pojedinih kulturoloških usluga, kao i negativnosti. Rezultati su korisni za urbano planiranje i gospodarenje urbaniom zelenom infrastrukturom.

Participatory approaches in natural resource management are gaining momentum lately. When carried out properly, they produce important information, which can be used to inform planning and management based on the inputs from their direct users. The city of Zagreb has plenty of green spaces. However, insufficient public participation in green space planning and management leads to decisions that do not include public perceptions and opinions including those of green space users. This leads to green space management that does not meet public needs and expectations. Cultural ecosystem services of urban green infrastructure are important for citizens’ well- being. Focus group participatory mapping on the topic of cultural ecosystem services perception and use was employed for all districts of the city of Zagreb. In total, the focus groups consisted of 94 participants. Explored cultural ecosystem services were place attachment, recreation, aesthetic experiences, education, and cultural identity. Alongside focus group interviews, participatory mapping with participants had been conducted. Locations of certain cultural ecosystem services were recorded on a physical map and later digitalized. The qualitative analysis detected the most important attributes for each cultural ecosystem service category and tree-based urban green infrastructure type. The quantitative analysis further confirmed the results of the qualitative analysis, where place attachment, recreation and aesthetic experiences were more often mentioned, while education and cultural identity were less mentioned. Participatory approaches, such as focus group participatory mapping, are a highly useful methodological approach and tools for gathering a rich array of data on a specific phenomenon in public spaces. Even though it could be time- consuming, arguably, it is an efficient approach when there is lack of previous research and there is a need for deeper understanding, how people perceive and use urban green space. For governance and planning processes in green infrastructure that means that complete information is obtained from direct users producing new knowledge that is usually hard to capture using indicators or proxies, therefore, leading to better decision making. Besides, including public opinion in the planning and governance process increases the likelihood that future decisions are perceived positively and the process itself honest and inclusive.

U prezentaciji je prikazan dio rezultata koji se odnose na negativnu percepciju urbanih zelenih površina u greadu Zagrebu. Istraživanje je nastalo u sklopu projekta Unaprjeđenje planiranja i gospodarenja zelenom infrastrukturom kroz participativno mapiranje kulturnih usluga ekosustava (CULTUR-ES). Projekt financira Hrvatska zaklada za znanost (UIP-2017-05-1986), a sufinancira Hrvatski šumarski institut.

Zelena infrastruktura važan je dio gradskog krajolika. Ona građanima pruža brojne benefite koji se zajedničkim imenom zovu usluge ekosustava, a među njima se posebno ističu kulturološke usluge koje građani lako percipiraju i koriste. One se definiraju kao nematerijalne koristi koje ljudi dobivaju od ekosustava i povezane su s osjećajem dobrobiti. Unatoč tome, istraživanja percepcije kulturoloških usluga zelene infrastrukture još su uvijek rijetka, a i većinom su usmjerena na prostore parkova i šuma. Posljedično, uočen je nedostatak istraživanja percepcije kulturoloških usluga u različitim tipovima zelene infrastrukture. Koristeći participativno mapiranje u sklopu fokus grupa u svakoj gradskoj četvrti u Zagrebu prikupljeni su detaljni prostorni podaci o percepciji različitih kulturoloških usluga u brojnim tipovima zelene infrastrukture za područje grada Zagreba. Prikupljeni prostorni podaci statistički su obrađeni na razini cijelog grada Zagreba. Rezultati pokazuju da građani u gradu Zagrebu percipiraju kulturološke usluge u 13 različitih tipova zelene infrastrukture te da se pritom mogu definirati uzorci u percepciji kulturoloških usluga u odnosu na tipove zelene infrastrukture. Rezultati predstavljaju detaljan pregled percepcije kulturoloških usluga zelene infrastrukture u gradu Zagrebu na temelju kojih se može unaprijediti planiranje i gospodarenje zelenim površinama u gradu Zagrebu, te koristiti kao temelj za buduća istraživanja.

Vrijednost urbanih zelenih površina svakim danom je sve vidljivija u gusto nastanjenim urbaniziranim krajobrazima, to potvrđuje i sve veći broj korisnika urbanih ekosustava, posebice u ljetnim mjesecima. Urbane zelene površine, posebice urbane šume, pružaju brojne usluge ekosustava. Ovim istraživanjem obuhvaćene su kulturološke usluge ekosustava, nematerijalne koristi koje dobivamo od ekosustava, usluge ekosustava koje utječu na osjećaj dobrobiti. One su usko povezane s fizičkim atributima, lokacijama ili situacijama koje uzrokuju promjene u fizičkim i mentalnim stanjima ljudi. Kulturološke usluge mogu uključivati pojedine vrste, staništa i cijele ekosustave. Urbana šuma Maksimir je zbog svoje povijesne (prvi javni park u jugoistočnoj Europi od 1794. godine) i suvremene važnosti odabrana kao lokacija za proučavanje kulturoloških usluga ekosustava prikupljanjem kvantitativnih i kvalitativnih atributa prostornih podataka participativnim mapiranjem. Participativno mapiranje kvantitativnih prostornih podataka i njihovih atributa unutar urbane šume Maksimir provodi se metodom anketiranja licem-u-lice unutar urbane šume te pomoću mrežnog upitnika kojim obuhvaćamo korisnike koji u trenutku ispitivanja nisu u samom prostoru. Uz prikupljene kvantitativne podatke prikupljaju se i kvalitativni podatci kroz otvorena i opisna pitanja te razgovore s građanima. Istraživanja percepcije urbanih zelenih površina, a posebice kulturoloških usluga ekosustava, su na našem području još uvijek rijetka, ovo i slična istraživanja postavljaju temelje za buduća istraživanja i unaprjeđenje planiranja i gospodarenja urbanim zelenim površinama uzimanjem u obzir percepcije građana.

Cultural ecosystem services of urban green spaces are important and often recognized as such by people living in urban areas. There is a lack of qualitative studies and understanding how people perceive cultural ecosystem services provided by different types of tree-based urban green space. The aim of the study was to explore whether and how citizens of Zagreb perceive and use cultural ecosystem services of different types of tree- based urban green spaces. Focus groups were conducted in each city district with its residents. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and transcripts analyzed in MAXQDA software. For data analysis we used the bottom up code- category-theme approach Results showed that place attachment, aesthetic and recreational services were more recognized than educational and cultural identity services. Most important single attributes for place attachment were positive memories and good maintenance, while most important categories were facilities, existence of emotional ties, possibility of experiences, recreational use and access. Presence of specific tree species and presence of trees in general were the most important attributes for aesthetic services, while possibility of experiences and trees were the most important categories. People perceived various cultural ecosystem services from tree-based urban green space, even though some services more than others. Forests and parks were recognized as those providing all investigated cultural ecosystem services. However, other types of green spaces were also recognized as bearers of these services, albeit with fewer services and attributes attached. Our findings support the importance of having access to different types of quality urban green spaces. The study provided a basis for later quantification of cultural ecosystem services of tree-based urban green space.

Vrijednost urbanih zelenih površina svakim danom je sve očitija, posebice u gusto nastanjenim urbaniziranim krajobrazima, to potvrđuje i rastući broj korisnika urbanih ekosustava, posebice kroz ljetne mjesece. Urbane zelene površine, prvenstveno urbane šume, pružaju brojne usluge, od usluga opskrbe preko regulacijskih usluga do kulturoloških usluga ekosustava. Kulturološke usluge ekosustava predstavljaju nematerijalne koristi koje čovječanstvo dobiva od ekosustava, to su usluge ekosustava koje možemo povezati sa osjećajem dobrobiti. Istraživanje obuhvaća 5 kulturoloških usluga koje pruža park Maksimir: estetsku vrijednost, rekreacijsku vrijednost, edukaciju o prirodi, vrijednost kulturne baštine i društvene odnose. Percepcija kulturoloških usluga je usko povezana s fizičkim atributima, lokacijama ili situacijama koje uzrokuju promjene u fizičkim i mentalnim stanjima ljudi. Kulturološke usluge mogu uključivati pojedine vrste, staništa i cijele ekosustave. Park Maksimir je zbog svoje povijesne i suvremene važnosti odabran za proučavanje kulturoloških usluga ekosustava prikupljanjem kvantitativnih i kvalitativnih atributa prostornih podataka. Podaci se prikupljaju provođenjem terenskog anketiranja i participativnog kartiranja s posjetiteljima unutar samog parka te putem mrežnog upitnika kojim se obuhvaćaju korisnici koji se u trenutku istraživanja ne nalaze u parku. Krajnji produkt dobiven primjenom ove metodologije su detaljni prostorni podaci o percepciji istraživanih kulturoloških usluga unutar parka te povezanost postojećih prostornih atributa sa percipiranim kulturološkim uslugama ekosustava. Rezultati ovog istraživanja su korisni u razumijevanju vrijednosti koju pojedini atributi prostora i kulturološke usluge ekosustava predstavljaju korisnicima urbanih zelenih površina. Također, uključivanjem percepcije samih korisnika parka, predstavljaju i doprinos unapređenju planiranja i gospodarenja promatranim parkom te ostalim postojećim ili budućim kompleksnim urbanim šumskim i parkovnim površinama.

Grad Zagreb obiluje šumama i urbanim zelenilom koji pružaju Zagrepčanima i njihovim gostima brojne usluge ekosustava, a posebno kulturološke. Kulturološke usluge ekosustava de inirane su kao „nematerijalne koristi koje ljudi dobivaju od ekosustava“. C esto se ističu kao veoma važne u urbanim prostorima gdje zelena infrastruktura pruža građanima brojne koristi (bene ite), poput rekreacije i unaprjeđenja estetske vrijednosti prostora, a koji su neposredno povezani boljim općim psiho izičkim stanjem građana te višom kvalitetom života. Istraživanje se odnosi na percepciju pet kulturoloških usluga zelene infrastrukture u Zagrebu: privrženost mjestu, rekreacija, estetika, edukacija o prirodi i kulturni identitet. Podaci su se prikupljali provodeći fokus grupe i participativno kartiranje s građanima gradskih četvrti grada Zagreba. Fokus grupama po gradskim četvrtima obuhvatilo se cijelo područje grada Zagreba. Participativnim kartiranjem prikupljeni su točkasti prostorni podaci koji su digitalizirani u GIS bazu i statistički skupno obrađeni za područje cijelog grada Zagreba. Rezultati ovog pristupa su detaljni podaci o percepciji istraživanih kulturoloških usluga različitih tipova zelene infrastrukture u Zagrebu. Ukupno je 13 različitih tipova zelene infrastrukture percipirano kao nositelj barem jedne ispitivane kulturološke usluge. Parkovi i šume dominantni su tipovi zelene infrastrukture, ali građani su prepoznali i brojne druge tipove urbanog zelenila kao pružatelje kulturoloških usluga što je važna informacija za urbano planiranje. Usto pronađeni su uzorci u načinu percepcije i korištenja zelene infrastrukture koji se mogu podijeliti na rekreaciju i neopipljive koristi te uz njih povezane tipove zelene infrastrukture. Primjenom fokus grupa i participativnog kartiranja može se dobiti detaljna informacija o percepciji i prostornom rasporedu kulturoloških usluga ekosustava. Poopćavanjem prikupljenih prostornih informacija na razinu grada gube se pojedini detalji važni za gradsku četvrt, ali se pritom dobivaju informacije i uzorci s većom preciznošću za razinu cijelog grada. Rezultati ovoga istraživanja mogu pomoći prilikom valorizacije te posljedično unaprjeđenja planiranja i upravljanja zelenom infrastrukturom u Zagrebu na temelju percepcije korisnika prostora

Today, Public participation GIS (PPGIS) are successfully employed in different spatial contexts and for a variety of purposes. PPGIS methods integrate collecting non-expert spatial and aspatial information in a participative process. Usually, results gathered using PPGIS are used to represent public opinion on a particular topic, e.g., to inform spatial planning and decision-making. Currently, there are various commercial and non-commercial – often open-source – PPGIS software packages available on the market. Here, we present the motivation for applying PPGIS methods, and introduce MyDynamicCity, a highly customizable, adaptive, and re-usable open- source PPGIS software. MyDynamicCity was used for collecting data in a PPGIS survey conducted for the city of Zagreb, Croatia, focusing on the mapping of selected cultural ecosystem services and ecosystem disservices related to the city’s urban green infrastructure, as perceived by the respondents. Furthermore, the survey sought to elicit contextual information, e.g., using open and close-ended questions, multiple choice, or Likert-scale items. The integration of open-source extensions, e.g., enabled as elements as part of a fully customizable front page, implements heatmaps of so far collected spatial data to inform other participants and provide preliminary results to the interested public. The high customization of MyDynamicCity helped designing and tailoring the PPGIS survey to the local context of Zagreb. While the survey is still open to participation, at this moment more than 200 people took part, ensuring richness of collected data and confirmation of software usability. MyDynamicCity could therefore find its application in diversity of projects for the benefit of research and society.

Medvednica je višestruko važna za Zagreb i Zagrepčane u prirodnom i kulturološkom smislu. Činjenica da je dijelom smještena unutar administrativnih granica grada Zagreba, čini je pogodnom za rekreaciju i turizam kako stanovnika tako i turista. Rekreacija, turizam, kao i druge usluge ekosustava spadaju u kulturološke usluge ekosustava. Neizmjerno su važne stanovnicima gradova i često ih percipiraju kao najvažnije ili jednako važne, kao i primjerice regulatorne usluge ekosustava. Definirane su kao nematerijalne koristi koje ljudi dobivaju od ekosustava te uključuju, među ostalim, kognitivni razvoj, rekreaciju, estetiku i duhovno obogaćivanje. S druge strane upravo su kulturološke usluge urbane zelene infrastrukture rjeđe bile predmet istraživanja na području grada Zagreba, uključujući i područje Medvednice. Projekt Hrvatske zaklade za znanost „Unaprjeđenje planiranja i gospodarenja zelenom infrastrukturom kroz participativno mapiranje kulturnih usluga ekosustava (CULTUR-ES)“ upravo nastoji istražiti korištenje, percepciju i prostorni raspored kulturoloških usluga zelenih površina u gradu Zagrebu, kao i negativnu percepciju kombinacijom kvalitativnih i kvantitativnih metoda. Provodeći fokus grupe i participativno kartiranje sa stanovnicima svih gradskih četvrti grada Zagreba prikupljeni su podaci o pozitivnoj i negativnoj percepciji Medvednice kao i o karakteristikama sudionika. Usto, prikupljeni su i markeri kojima se prikazuje prostorna komponenta percipiranih kulturoloških usluga i negativnosti. Jedan od najvažnijih rezultata je da su sudionici fokus grupa prepoznali Medvednicu kao nositeljicu svih kulturoloških usluga koje su bile predmet istraživanja (privrženost mjestu, rekreacija, estetska vrijednost, mogućnost edukacije o prirodi, kulturni identitet), ali također je prisutna i negativna percepcija. Rezultati ovog istraživanja mogu pomoći unaprjeđenju održivog upravljanja Parkom prirode Medvednica kao i planiranju održive turističke djelatnosti uz uvažavanje percepcije različitih korisnika Parka. Naglasak je stavljen na participaciju i sudjelovanje korisnika prostora u procesu planiranja čime upravljanje postaje transparentno i demokratično, što povećava kvalitetu donesenih odluka. Identificiranje percipiranih negativnosti može pomoći promijeni negativnih praksa ili definiraju komunikacijskih strategija kako bi se one smanjile ili otklonile.

Over the last year, we have witnessed a COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV2 virus that has spread around the world unexpectedly fast. Besides the health aspect of the human population, a pandemic also affected the entire social and economic situation and relations around the world [1], [2]. The temporary closure of educational institutions and many service industries almost all over the world marked the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. In Croatia first wave started on March 16, 2020, when the Government of the Republic of Croatia issued the decision on suspension of teaching in higher education institutions, secondary and primary schools and the regular operation of pre-school education institutions and the establishment of distance learning. Physical distancing was among the most promoted measures aiming to slow down the spread of the virus [3]. The intensity of daily migrations has decreased, and many citizens have spent their days inside private housing. We were interested in whether the citizens used green urban areas in that period. The reasons, motivation, categories of green areas and the frequency of visits during the lockdown were examined and the obtained results were compared with the use of green areas by the same citizens in the period before the pandemic. The research was conducted through a web questionnaire in Croatia. City parks are the most visited category of green spaces before and during the lockdown. In order to avoid meeting other people, there was an increase in the use of green areas outside the city and the use of riverbanks. Besides the use of green areas before and during the lockdown, we assessed general thoughts on urban green areas, they showed that maintenance of existing as well as planning of future urban green areas are very important to respondents regardless of them living in the village, small or big cities. Most respondents emphasized the importance of having the nearest green area within a radius of 300 m from home. Respondents from villages were more content with the aesthetic side of green areas they are visiting than city residents. City residents stress the importance of having accessible public green space, as village dwellers prefer the presence of private green areas. Both would like to improve waste collection in the green areas they frequently use. Frequently suggested improvements that respondents shared included a wish of more green areas, more trees, better maintenance, more care for older trees and better acility infrastructure inside the green areas (dog parks, children’s playgrounds, sports equipment benches, tables and waste bins). Respondents also shared dissatisfaction with tree topping, frequently used pruning technique, which shows a deeper understanding of urban green spaces. The research showed the importance of urban greenery in the everyday life of citizens, as well as in times of crisis. Interestingly, the number of green area users increased during the lockdown, which also confirms to us the importance of urban green spaces. The collected data enabled a better understanding of the use of green areas in general and the perception of the same by citizens.

Urban green infrastructure (UGI) provides invaluable services and benefits for urban population contributing to their sense of wellbeing. Among these are cultural ecosystem services (CES). These are often defined as non- material benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, reflection, recreation, and aesthetic experiences (MEA, 2005). Despite their importance for urban population and the prevalence of cultural landscapes in Europe, these services are less explored than others. Urban planning and green space management is often expert-based and leaves out perception of citizens as users and beneficiaries of services and benefits UGI provides. This is very true for the city of Zagreb (Croatia) as well where our research took place. We used mixed method approach to explore perceptions of CES of UGI at the city level. Besides exploring perception of CES of UGI we also explored how CES is perceived based on the different types of UGI. We conducted focus groups in each city district (altogether 20 focus groups and 94 participants). Focus group participants also pointed on maps exact locations in which they perceive specific CES (namely place attachment, aesthetics, recreation, education, and cultural identity). Using spatial and statistical analyses we were able to find out how CES of UGI are distributed based on type of UGI and which types are perceived as providing more CES than others. We believe the results would be relevant for (urban) planners and managers of UGI.

Urbani ekosustavi svakim danom imaju sve više korisnika, njihova se važnost potvrđuje i predviđanjima o rastu urbanog stanovništva na čak 66% do 2050. godine te prevladavanjem urbaniziranih krajobraza u Europi. Kulturološke usluge ekosustava su usko povezane sa fizičkim uvjetima, mjestima ili situacijama koje uzrokuju promjene u fizičkim i mentalnim stanjima ljudi, njihov karakter ovisi o životnim procesima ; mogu uključivati pojedine vrste, staništa i čitave ekosustave. Vrednovanje koristi koje pružaju usluge ekosustava provesti će se pomoću web upitnika te metodom anketiranja lice-u-lice na samim lokacijama. Pri tome se koriste metode unutar skupine metodologija modeliranja izbora, Choice experiment i Contingent rating, zasnovane na ideji da se svako dobro može opisati u pogledu njegovih osobina ili karakteristika i razina koje oni zauzimaju. Koriste se za modeliranje preferencija za odabrana dobra, u ovom slučaju odabrane kulturne usluge i zelene površine, koje se opisuju atributima i nivoima atributa. Prednost tog pristupa je dublje razumijevanje preferencija i prikaz cjelovite vrijednosti. Razumijevanje povezanosti percepcije kulturoloških usluga različitih tipova zelenih površina sa vrijednostima koje im građani pridaju pruža smjernice sudionicima u političkim procesima i procesu donošenja odluka, te može poslužiti urbanistima, krajobraznim arhitektima, urbanim šumarima i ostalim korisnicima općekorisnih funkcija šuma.

Kulturološke usluge ekosustava definirane su definirane Milenijskom procjenom ekosustava kao nematerijalne koristi koje ljudi dobivaju od ekosustava kroz duhovno obogaćivanje, kognitivni razvoj, razmišljanje, rekreaciju i estetske doživljaje. One su neopipljive, ali jednom kada nestanu ne mogu se nadoknaditi. Zbog toga su iznimno važne za ljude koji žive u urbanim područjima jer su neodvojivo povezane s ljudskima blagostanjem i urbanom zelenom infrastrukturom koja ih pruža. Sve kulturološke usluge nisu jednako istražene s rekreacijom, ekoturizmom i estetskim vrijednostima kao više te edukacijskim vrijednostima i duhovnošću kao slabije istraženima. U ovisnosti o lokaciji koja ih pruža, ljudi također različito vrednuju kulturološke usluge ekosustava. S obzirom na to koliko su bitne za stanovnike gradova od iznimne je važnosti uzeti u obzir percepciju i način korištenja stvarnih korisnika. Poznavanje preferiranih lokacija omogućava prostorne i statističke analize kojima se mogu identificirati faktori važni za pružanje određene kulturološke usluge. Kartiranje prostorne pojavnosti kulturoloških usluga u odnosu na tipove zelene infrastrukture i praćenje tih promjena kroz vrijeme može dati vrijedne informacije za buduće planiranje i gospodarenje. Iako su kulturološke usluge nematerijalnog karaktera, otkrivanje gdje se one pojavljuju, kao i obilježja mjesta koje ih nude važan je korak prema njihovoj implementaciji u prostorno planiranje.

Proteklih mjeseci svjedoci smo pandemije bolesti COVID-19 uzrokovane SARS-CoV-2 virusom koji se svijetom proširio neočekivano brzo. Pandemija ne utječe samo na zdravstveni aspekt ljudske populacije već i na cijelu društvenu i ekonomsku situaciju i odnose širom svijeta. Prvi val pandemije je u gotovo cijelom svijetu obilježen privremenim zatvaranjem obrazovnih ustanova i mnogih uslužnih djelatnosti. Intenzitet dnevnih migracija je smanjen te su brojni građani proveli dane unutar privatnih stambenih prostora. Ispitani su razlozi, motivacija, kategorije zelenih površina i učestalost posjeta za vrijeme lockdown-a te su dobiveni rezultati uspoređeni sa korištenjem zelenih površina od strane istih građana u periodu prije pandemije. Istraživanje je provedeno putem mrežnog upitnika na području Hrvatske. Prikupljeni podaci omogućili su bolje razumijevanje korištenja i percepcije zelenih površina. Zanimljivo je da je broj korisnika zelenih površina za vrijeme lockdown-a porastao. Gradski parkovi su bili najčešće posjećivana kategorija zelenih površina prije i za vrijeme lockdown-a. Za vrijeme lockdown-a zbog izbjegavanja susreta s drugim ljudima zabilježen je i porast korištenja zelenih površina izvan grada te korištenja obala rijeka. Istraživanje je pokazalo važnost gradskog zelenila u svakodnevnom životu građana, kao i tijekom pandemije.

Growing body of evidence links urban green infrastructure (GI) and quality of life of residents. With prevalence of cultural landscapes in Europe, demand for cultural ecosystem services increases as well. Cultural ecosystem services are defined as “the nonmaterial benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, reflection, recreation, and aesthetic experiences”. There is also increasing demand for including public in decision making related to planning and management of urban GI. Participatory mapping of cultural ecosystem services aims to collect information on how people perceive these services and disservices from urban GI in a way that it can be linked to specific location and assessed. This exercise helps identifying and quantifying cultural ecosystem services linked to particular type of GI that later serves as an input for planning and management. In this particular study mixed methodology is used to identify, quantify and map cultural ES and disservices from urban GI based on public perception, explore what affects the perception, and to give recommendation on how to include results of participatory mapping in current planning and management of urban GI. The study will be conducted in the city of Zagreb, the largest city in Croatia with a three-quarter million population. First phase includes series of focus groups with residents in each city district that would serve as orientation and input for the second phase, a webGIS/PPGIS survey. Since we are still in the first phase of the study, we will show results of several focus groups with residents. The benefit of the study is that it aims to grasp various cultural ecosystem services and disservices of urban GI and it is focused on entire city area, not only one particular park or forest. It includes and goes beyond recreational services, as the most studied cultural ecosystem service, and focuses as well on those that are not often used in similar studies.