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Relationships between form and function have been the subject of many morphological and evolutionary studies (e.g., Dean et al., 2007; Kolmann et al., 2014). For example, elongated rostra have appeared [...]

Pathological scars (PS) are involved in the excessive response of inflammation and overactivation of myofibroblasts. Herein, a novel microneedle (MN) patch based on the adipose‐derived stem cell concentrated conditioned medium (ADSCC‐CM) cross‐linked keratin hydrogel is developed to load triamcinolone acetonide (TA), thereby achieving the dual‐drug delivery of ADSCC‐CM and TA to simultaneously reduce the inflammation and guide myofibroblast behaviors. Results not only confirm the ability of ADSCC‐CM to drive the formation of keratin‐based hydrogel, but also verify the dual‐drug release capacities of the hydrogel‐developed MNs (TA@AC‐MN). Using human hyperplastic scar fibroblast (HSF), the combination of ADSCC‐CM and TA demonstrates a pronounced synergistic effect in mitigating the detrimental effects of the inflammatory microenvironment on HSFs, including suppressing the production of reactive oxygen species and attenuating the expression of inflammatory factors. Compared with the clinically used TA, TA@AC‐MN promotes scar biomimetic repair (i.e., optimizing the proportion of collagen and increasing the tissue tensile strength). This study demonstrates that TA@AC‐MN has the capacity to provide a self‐managing and minimally invasive therapeutic strategy for PS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents an aggressive subtype characterized by high rates of recurrence and metastasis, necessitating the exploration of alternative treatment strategies. Oncolytic vaccinia virus (OVV) therapy has emerged as a promising approach, selectively infecting and destroying tumor cells. However, its efficacy is often hampered by inadequate viral distribution within the tumor microenvironment. Here, we investigate the potential of keratin (KTN) as a carrier for OVV delivery to enhance viral distribution and antitumor efficacy. In vitro assays revealed that KTN significantly improves OVV stability, leading to increased tumor cell apoptosis and necrosis. Furthermore, KTN effectively inhibits cancer cell migration by suppressing the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) process and downregulating metastasis-related proteins. These findings are corroborated in a syngeneic TNBC mouse model, where KTN-mediated OVV delivery enhances cytotoxic T cell-mediated antitumor immune responses without compromising the anti-angiogenic effects of the virus. Notably, KTN alone exhibits antitumor effects by suppressing tumor growth and metastasis, underscoring its potential as a standalone therapeutic agent. In conclusion, our study underscores the promise of KTN-mediated OVV delivery as a promising therapeutic strategy for TNBC. By improving viral distribution, suppressing EMT, and enhancing antitumor immunity, this approach holds significant potential for enhancing patient outcomes in TNBC treatment. Further investigation is warranted to explore the broader utility of KTN in various cancer therapy approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Valorisation of poultry co-products can fulfil the protein demand of the pet food sector thereby supporting a circular bioeconomy. In this investigation, keratin was produced through an optimised reduction (0.8 % sodium sulphite, for 90 min) and hydrolysis (using papain for 120 min) with a yield of 56.87 %. FTIR analysis, in vitro digestibility, SEM imaging, and amino acid profiling of the derived keratin were done and it was subsequently used for pet formulations. Results revealed significant alteration in secondary protein structure post-hydrolysis with in vitro digestibility of 90 %. Higher levels (>100 % increase) of histidine, arginine, lysine, and methionine were observed in the hydrolysate compared to conventional feather meal. Pet food was formulated with 20 % protein replacement that showed maximum palatability in single and two-bowl tests for 2–4 year old Labrador dogs. The developed pet food exhibited desirable colour, water activity (0.5), moisture (4.7 %), and relatively lower TBARS value (0.8 mg/kg) than the critical value. [Display omitted] • Digestible keratin derived protein harvested from broiler chicken feathers. • FTIR spectra of CFH shown structural changes in the secondary protein structure. • Histidine, Arginine, Lysine were higher in CFH as compared to feather meal. • Pet food was formulated with 20 % protein replacement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite major implications, moult remains understudied compared with other major annual cycle phenomena such as breeding and migration. This is certainly true for Eurasian Spoonbills Platalea l. leucorodia for which even the primary moult has remained poorly described. Using digital photography, we studied primary moult of Spoonbills in the eastern Dutch Wadden Sea from July to October 2021. From the images that were sufficiently clear to quantify primary moult we obtained a total of 168 observations for immatures and 790 for adults. We aged spoonbills by the extent of black on the primary tips and scored their abdominal profile as an index of body mass. Progression of the descendent moult showed a distinct sigmoid pattern, implicating population turnover at the start and end of the study period. Also, few individuals completed moult in the study area. Therefore, we applied Underhill-Zucchini models to actively moulting individuals. As expected, immatures were estimated to initiate moult over a month earlier (11 June) than adults (20 July). Surprisingly, immature spoonbills moulted at a higher rate, which would allow immatures to complete primary moult in 131 days without suspension compared with 170 days in adults. As a fast moult may reduce feather quality, we speculate that the black wing tips of immature spoonbills may compensate for lower feather quality. Birds with low abdominal profile scores were observed only in July and August, but fat birds were seen throughout the study period. The incidence of suspended moult sharply increased through September in both age groups. By late September 30–40% of birds had suspended moult and abdominal profile scores peaked. This means that immature and adult spoonbills appear to synchronize the suspension of moult before migration, despite marked age differences in the onset and rate of primary moult. Spoonbills may benefit from synchronized migration by improving navigational accuracy and flight efficiency through collective decision-making and formation flights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quest for novel chromophoric materials with tunable properties to match the natural spectrum of skin tones lacks comprehensive solutions, particularly in harnessing natural proteins for pigment synthesis. This research delved into the synthesis of sub‐micron Keratin‐Cysteine particles inspired by natural pigment production pathways. Adjustment of the initial conditions of the water‐based reaction between keratin, tyrosinase and cysteine, yielded Keratin‐Cysteine particles with colors tunable within the light to intermediate skin tone range. A systematic investigation of the reaction conditions through factorial design of experiment (DOE) identified the sequence of addition of tyrosinase and cysteine as the key determinant of color tone. Ultraviolet‐visible (UV‐Vis) spectroscopy, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) spectroscopy and color analysis were performed to elucidate the reaction mechanism. This research presents a promising approach to chromophore synthesis for cosmetic and biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Venous leg ulcers (VLUs) are often large and complicated wounds that, despite combinations of advanced wound care techniques and systemic treatment of underlying vascular issues, take many months to heal and have high rates of recurrence. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of a novel wound care solution—human keratin matrix (HKM). Method: A case series of VLUs were treated with HKM in conjunction with indicated vascular intervention and standard of care (SoC) procedures. For analysis, these wounds were divided into very large (>200 cm2) and smaller (<35 cm2) wounds. Results: The cohort comprised 16 VLUs (very large=7; smaller=9). Very large VLUs were reduced in size by an average of 71% within 10 weeks, and showed a 50% size reduction within four applications of HKM. Smaller VLUs reduced by 50% in size within the first three weeks of treatment, and 88.9% of these wounds healed completely with an average of 4.5 HKM applications over an average of 6.5 weeks. Conclusion: The results of this series highlight the potential of HKM, in combination with indicated systemic interventions and SoC, as an effective treatment for hard-to-heal (chronic) VLUs, even in very large wounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keratinases, a subclass of proteases, are used to degrade keratin thereby forming peptones and free amino acids. Bacillus paralicheniformis strain T7 was isolated from soil and exhibited high keratinase, protease, collagenase, amylase, xylanase, lipase, and phosphatase activities. Keratinases of the strain showed maximum activity at 70°C and pH 9.0 as well as high thermal stability. A mass-spectrometric analysis identified seven peptidases with molecular masses of 26.8–154.8 kDa in the secretory proteome. These peptidases are members of S8 and S41 serine peptidase families and of M14, M42, and M55 metallopeptidase families. Additionally, α-amylase (55.2 kDa), alkaline phosphatase (59.8 kDa), and esterase (26.8 kDa) were detected. The strong keratinolytic properties of the strain were confirmed by degradation of chicken and goose feathers, which got completely hydrolyzed within 4 days. Submerged fermentation by strain B. paralicheniformis T7 was carried out in a pilot bioreactor, where the highest keratinase production was noted after 19 h of cultivation. After the fermentation, in the culture fluid, the keratinase activity toward keratin azure was 63.6 ± 5.8 U/mL. The protease activity against azocasein was 715.7 ± 40.2 U/mL. The possibility of obtaining enzyme preparations in liquid and powder form was demonstrated, and their comparative characteristics are given. In the concentrate, the keratinase, protease, α-amylase, phosphatase, and esterase/lipase activities were 2,656.7 ± 170.4, 29,886.7 ± 642.9, 176.1 ± 16.3, 23.9 ± 1.8, and 510.9 ± 12.2 U/mL, respectively. In the lyophilizate, these activities were 57,733.3 ± 8,911.4, 567,066.7 ± 4,822.2, 2,823.0 ± 266.8, 364.2 ± 74.8, and 17,618.0 ± 610.3 U/g, respectively. In the preparation obtained by air flow drying at 55°C, these activities were 53,466.7 ± 757.2, 585,333.3 ± 4,277.1, 2,395.8 ± 893.7, 416.7 ± 52.4, and 15,328.1 ± 528.6 U/g, respectively. The results show high potential of B. paralicheniformis strain T7 as a producer of keratinases and other enzymes for applications in agricultural raw materials and technologies for processing of keratin-containing animal waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keratin intermediate filaments confer structural stability to epithelial tissues, but the reason this simple mechanical function requires a protein family with 54 isoforms is not understood. During skin wound healing, a shift in keratin isoform expression alters the composition of keratin filaments. If and how this change modulates cellular functions that support epidermal remodeling remains unclear. We report an unexpected effect of keratin isoform variation on kinase signal transduction. Increased expression of wound-associated keratin 6A, but not of steady-state keratin 5, potentiated keratinocyte migration and wound closure without compromising mechanical stability by activating myosin motors to increase contractile force generation. These results substantially expand the functional repertoire of intermediate filaments from their canonical role as mechanical scaffolds to include roles as isoform-tuned signaling scaffolds that organize signal transduction cascades in space and time to influence epithelial cell state. [Display omitted] • During skin wound healing, the isoform composition of keratin filaments changes • Wound-associated keratin isoforms organize cellular signals to activate myosin • Keratin isoform-dependent signaling is separable from canonical mechanical function Nanes et al. explore why the seemingly simple mechanical function of keratin intermediate filaments requires a protein family with 54 isoforms. They find that skin wound healing triggers a change in keratin isoform expression not to alter force resistance but to organize signals activating myosin and promoting cell motility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein-based adhesives have attracted substantial consideration due to their environmentally friendly advantages and the abundance of functional groups they possess. However, these adhesives suffered from poor properties, including poor bonding strength, low stability, and limited resistance to mildew, which hindered their widespread application in the wood processing sector. In this study, a straightforward and practical strategy for preparing keratin-based wood adhesives was presented. By incorporating hydrogen peroxide, the performance of the fabricated adhesives was significantly reinforced. The adhesion forces between wood substrates reached up to approximately 2.4 and 1.3 MPa under dry and wet conditions, respectively. All components used in the adhesive were derived from biomass and low cost. Furthermore, this keratin-based adhesive demonstrated excellent mildew resistance and bactericidal properties compared to other modified protein adhesives. Therefore, this study proposed an eco-friendly and effective approach to developing high-performance, multifunctional, and fully biobased protein adhesives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The epidermis of the skin and skin appendages, such as nails, hair and sebaceous glands, depend on a balance of cell proliferation and terminal differentiation in order to fulfill their functions at the interface of the body and the environment. The differentiation of epithelial cells of the skin, commonly referred to as keratinocytes, involves major remodeling processes that generate metabolically inactive cell remnants serving as building blocks of the epidermal stratum corneum, nail plates and hair shafts. Only sebaceous gland differentiation results in cell disintegration and holocrine secretion. A series of studies performed in the past decade have revealed that the lysosome-dependent intracellular degradation mechanism of autophagy is active during keratinocyte differentiation, and the blockade of autophagy significantly alters the properties of the differentiation products. Here, we present a model for the autophagy-mediated degradation of organelles and cytosolic proteins as an important contributor to cellular remodeling in keratinocyte differentiation. The roles of autophagy are discussed in comparison to alternative intracellular degradation mechanisms and in the context of programmed cell death as an integral end point of epithelial differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background Aims Methods Results Conclusions Keratin hydrolysates are active components used in food supplements to alleviate aging signs on skin, hair, and nails.This randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study evaluates a novel keratin hydrolysate obtained from poultry feathers. This feather keratin hydrolysate (FKH) results in a characteristic mix of free L‐amino acids (≥ 83.5%). FKH was administered as a food supplement to a panel of adult women showing aging physiological signs.Participants were randomly assigned in three groups to receive daily dosages of 500 or 1000 mg of FKH or placebo for 90 days. Parameters of skin roughness, wrinkle features, deep skin moisturization, skin maximum elongation and elasticity, skin thickness, skin anisotropy, skin density, gloss of skin, hair and nails, and nail hardness were evaluated. Subjects also answered a questionnaire related to the treatment efficacy perception.Both FKH treatments showed a significant improvement of all parameters compared to day 0 and to placebo, with an exception for fiber anisotropy and fiber density which showed a significant improvement compared to day 0 and a tendency to improve compared to placebo. These measurements were bolstered by the results of a self‐assessment questionnaire, showing an overall set of positive answers for both treatments compared to placebo.Oral supplementation of FKH for 90 days is associated with an improvement in the appearance of facial skin, hair, and nails. This study highlights the benefits of free L‐amino acids mix as potential aminobiotics and not just as building blocks of proteins, suggesting a new perspective of nutricosmetic food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Mechanical forces provide critical biological signals to cells. Within the distal lung, tensile forces act across the basement membrane and epithelial cells atop. Stretching devices have supported studies of mechanical forces in distal lung epithelium to gain mechanistic insights into pulmonary diseases. However, the integration of curvature into devices applying mechanical forces onto lung epithelial cell monolayers has remained challenging. To address this, we developed a hammock-shaped platform that offers desired curvature and mechanical forces to lung epithelial monolayers. Methods: We developed hammocks using polyethylene terephthalate (PET)-based membranes and magnetic-particle modified silicone elastomer films within a 48-well plate that mimic the alveolar curvature and tensile forces during breathing. These hammocks were engineered and characterized for mechanical and cell-adhesive properties to facilitate cell culture. Using human small airway epithelial cells (SAECs), we measured monolayer formation and mechanosensing using F-Actin staining and immunofluorescence for cytokeratin to visualize intermediate filaments. Results: We demonstrate a multi-functional design that facilitates a range of curvatures along with the incorporation of magnetic elements for dynamic actuation to induce mechanical forces. Using this system, we then showed that SAECs remain viable, proliferate, and form an epithelial cell monolayer across the entire hammock. By further applying mechanical stimulation via magnetic actuation, we observed an increase in proliferation and strengthening of the cytoskeleton, suggesting an increase in mechanosensing. Conclusion: This hammock strategy provides an easily accessible and tunable cell culture platform for mimicking distal lung mechanical forces in vitro. We anticipate the promise of this culture platform for mechanistic studies, multi-modal stimulation, and drug or small molecule testing, extendable to other cell types and organ systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Tan sheep, a popular breed in China, exhibit distinctive crimped wool patterns that diminish with age, leading to a reduction in wool's commercial value. This study examined the protein expression profiles of crimped and straight wool. We identified several key proteins, including KAP24-1, K84, K32, and K82, which are more abundant in crimped wool, and K6A, K27, K80, KAP16-1, KAP27-1, and trichohyalin (TCHH), which are more prevalent in straight wool. The findings provide insights into how these proteins influence wool morphology, potentially guiding improvements in wool quality for the textile industry. Crimped wool in Tan sheep gradually transitions to straight wool after 35 days (the er-mao stage), which reduces its commercial value. To investigate the changes in wool proteins during this stage, we performed comparative proteomic analysis of the straight and crimped wool using tandem mass tag (TMT)-based quantification. The mean fur curvature (MFC) of crimped wool was significantly greater than that of straight wool (p < 0.001). We identified 1218 proteins between the two types of wool, including 50 keratins (Ks) and 10 keratin-associated proteins (KAPs). There were 213 differentially expressed proteins, including 13 Ks and 4 KAPs. Crimped wool showed relatively high abundances of KAP24-1, K84, K32, K82, and intermediate filament rod domain-containing protein (IRDC), whereas straight wool had relatively high abundances of K6A, K27, K80, KAP16-1, KAP27-1, and trichohyalin (TCHH). The expression levels of KAP16-1, KAP24-1, and KAP27-1 were related to the ratio of paracortex, which may be associated with wool crimp formation. Additionally, high expressions of TCHH, K27, and K6A in the inner root sheath (IRS) were linked to fiber fineness in straight wool. These findings provide insight into the overall expression and distribution patterns of Ks and KAPs, offering opportunities to improve wool quality and enhance its economic potential in the textile industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bone repair and regeneration require physiological cues, including mechanical, electrical, and biochemical activity. Many biomaterials have been investigated as bioactive scaffolds with excellent electrical properties. Amongst biomaterials, piezoelectric materials (PMs) are gaining attention in biomedicine, power harvesting, biomedical devices, and structural health monitoring. PMs have unique properties, such as the ability to affect physiological movements and deliver electrical stimuli to damaged bone or cells without an external power source. The crucial bone property is its piezoelectricity. Bones can generate electrical charges and potential in response to mechanical stimuli, as they influence bone growth and regeneration. Piezoelectric materials respond to human microenvironment stimuli and are an important factor in bone regeneration and repair. This manuscript is an overview of the fundamentals of the materials generating the piezoelectric effect and their influence on bone repair and regeneration. This paper focuses on the state of the art of piezoelectric materials, such as polymers, ceramics, and composites, and their application in bone tissue engineering. We present important information from the point of view of bone tissue engineering. We highlight promising upcoming approaches and new generations of piezoelectric materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Central mucoepidermoid carcinoma is a relatively rare salivary gland tumour of the jawbone. Glandular odontogenic cyst is another unique odontogenic developmental cyst characterised by glandular differentiation. Both entities share several histological characteristics, and a pre-existing Glandular odontogenic cyst can evolve into Central mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Case 1: A 56-year-old male presented with chief complaint of swelling in lower left facial region since 1 year. Histopathology revealed multicystic compartments resembling mucoepidermoid carcinoma, but strong positive expression of Cytokeratin 13 upon immunohistochemistry helped us in rendering the final diagnosis as Glandular odontogenic cyst Case 2: A 34-year-old female presented with a lesion on right side of face. Histologically, the biopsy specimen revealed both typical findings of a Glandular odontogenic cyst component and a recognizable component of Mucoepidermoid carcinoma. The results from cytokeratin profiling demonstrated that, while both Mucoepidermoid carcinoma and Glandular odontogenic cyst expressed Cyokeratins 7, 18, and 19. Cytokeratin 13 was interestingly exclusively expressed in Glandular odontogenic cyst. Present case findings showed that central mucoepidermoid carcinoma and Glandular odontogenic cyst may be part of the same disease spectrum. However, because the expression profile of Cytokeratin13 in mucoepidermoid carcinoma and Glandular odontogenic cyst was so diverse, it can be used to differentiate both. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The majority of primary, intraocular tumors in cats originate from the uvea and include feline diffuse iris melanoma, lymphoma, and iridociliary epithelial adenoma or adenocarcinoma. In this case report, we describe for the first time the clinical, histological, and immunohistochemical findings of a rare myxoid intraocular neoplasm arising from the ciliary body in a cat. Case presentation: A 14-year-old, female, spayed domestic shorthaired cat was presented for evaluation of discolouration of the right eye. Upon examination, a clear to light whitish-tan, bubble-shaped intraocular mass adherent to the inferior ciliary body and extending into the anterior chamber was noted. Within five weeks, the tumor was significantly larger and the eye had developed secondary glaucoma so was enucleated. Light microscopic examination of the globe revealed a multinodular, hypocellular neoplasm arising from the ciliary body composed of interwoven spindle cells embedded in abundant amounts of a lightly basophilic myxoid matrix. Neoplastic cells exhibited strong immunoreactivity for cytokeratin while also showing moderate to strong immunoreactivity to vimentin. A diagnosis was therefore made of an unusual intraocular myxoid epithelioid sarcoma arising from the ciliary body. Conclusions: Although apparently exceedingly rare, epithelioid myxosarcoma should be included as a differential diagnosis for intraocular tumors in cats and they represent a clinical, histologic, and immunohistochemical diagnostic challenge. Early surgical intervention should be considered to prevent local invasion and ascension to the brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbes within a consortium exhibit a synergistic interaction, enhancing their collective capacity to perform functions more effectively than a single species, especially in the degradation of keratin-rich substrates. To achieve a more stable and efficient breakdown of chicken feathers, a comprehensive screening of over 9,000 microbial strains was undertaken. This meticulous selection process identified strains with the capability to degrade keratin effectively. Subsequently, antagonistic tests were conducted to isolate strains of fungi and bacteria that were non-antagonistic, which were then used to form the artificial microbial consortia. The optimal fermentation conditions for the keratinophilic microbial consortia were determined through the optimization of response surface methodology. The results revealed that 11 microbial strains–comprising of 4 fungi and 7 bacteria–were particularly proficient in degrading chicken feathers. The artificially constructed microbial consortia (AMC) comprised two bacterial strains and one fungal strain. The optimal conditions for feathers degradation were identified as a 10 g/L concentration of chicken feathers, a 2.6% microbial inoculation volume and a fermentation fluid pH of 9. Under these conditions, the degradation rate for chicken feathers reached a significant 74.02%, representing an 11.45% increase over the pre-optimization rate. The AMC developed in this study demonstrates the potential for efficient and economical process of livestock and poultry feathers. It provides innovative insights and a theoretical foundation for tackling the challenging degradation of keratin-rich materials. Furthermore, this research lays the groundwork for the separation and purification of keratins, as well as the development of novel proteases, which could have profound implications for a range of applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The molecular mechanisms that drive muscle adaptations after eccentric exercise training are multifaceted and likely impacted by age. Previous studies have reported that many genes and proteins respond differently in young and older muscles following training. Keratin 18 (Krt18), a cytoskeletal protein involved in force transduction and organization, was found to be upregulated after muscles performed repeated bouts of eccentric contractions, with higher levels observed in young muscle compared with older muscle. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine if Krt18 mediates skeletal muscle adaptations following eccentric exercise training. The anterior crural muscles of Krt18 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice were subjected to either a single bout or repeated bouts of eccentric contractions, with isometric torque assessed across the initial and final bouts. Functionally, Krt18 KO and WT mice did not differ prior to performing any eccentric contractions (P ≥ 0.100). Muscle strength (tetanic isometric torques) and the ability to adapt to eccentric exercise training were also consistent across strains at all time points (P ≥ 0.169). Stated differently, immediate strength deficits and the recovery of strength following a single bout or multiple bouts of eccentric contractions were similar between Krt18 KO and WT mice. In summary, the absence of Krt18 does not impede the muscle's ability to adapt to repeated eccentric contractions, suggesting it is not essential for exercise-induced remodeling. NEW & NOTEWORTHY: The molecular processes that underlie the changes in skeletal muscle following eccentric exercise training are complex and involve multiple factors. Our findings indicate that Krt18 may not play a significant role in muscle adaptations following eccentric exercise training, likely due to its low expression in skeletal muscle. These results underscore the complexity of the molecular mechanisms that contribute to muscle plasticity and highlight the need for further research in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein gels prepared by keratin extracted from chicken feathers show potential applications as engineered materials. Feathers are an abundant waste material, whose principal component is keratin, which may have gelling properties not yet sufficiently studied so far which are strongly dependent on the extraction method adopted. The aim of the study is to explore the properties of gels obtained through mercaptoethanol extraction and dialysis process and to evaluate their structural characteristics. The keratin hydrogels were characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy through which it was possible to identify the secondary structure of the protein on hydrated and dry gel. Moreover, the morphological analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with the rheological analysis showed how the consistency of the gels is maintained on a wide range of loads and frequencies. Furthermore, the biocompatibility of the gels was investigated for the release of subcutaneous drugs using curcumin, an antioxidant polyphenol compound. The fastest release was obtained at pH 7.4, corresponding to physiological conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing global consumption of poultry meat has led to the generation of a vast quantity of feather keratin waste daily, posing significant environmental challenges due to improper disposal methods. A growing focus is on utilizing keratinous polymeric waste, amounting to millions of tons annually. Keratins are biochemically rigid, fibrous, recalcitrant, physiologically insoluble, and resistant to most common proteolytic enzymes. Microbial biodegradation of feather keratin provides a viable solution for augmenting feather waste's nutritional value while mitigating environmental contamination. This approach offers an alternative to traditional physical and chemical treatments. This review focuses on the recent findings and work trends in the field of keratin degradation by microorganisms (bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi) via keratinolytic and proteolytic enzymes, as well as the limitations and challenges encountered due to the low thermal stability of keratinase, and degradation in the complex environmental conditions. Therefore, recent biotechnological interventions such as designing novel keratinase with high keratinolytic activity, thermostability, and binding affinity have been elaborated here. Enhancing protein structural rigidity through critical engineering approaches, such as rational design, has shown promise in improving the thermal stability of proteins. Concurrently, metagenomic annotation offers insights into the genetic foundations of keratin breakdown, primarily predicting metabolic potential and identifying probable keratinases. This may extend the understanding of microbial keratinolytic mechanisms in a complex community, recognizing the significance of synergistic interactions, which could be further utilized in optimizing industrial keratin degradation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study explored the feasibility of producing protein feed by microbial enzyme synergy fermentation of feather meal and to determine the process parameters for this production. The keratin-degrading bacterial strains selected from the laboratory were combined with commercially available keratinase enzyme preparations to utilize microbial enzyme synergy in solid-state fermentation of feather meal. The in vitro pepsin digestibility was used as the index to analyze the fermentation time, inoculation amount, microbial enzyme ratio, and water addition through single-factor and orthogonal test analysis. The results showed that the optimal fermentation process was obtained: The water addition to feather meal was 45%, the microbial enzyme ratio was 1:1, the inoculation amount was 6%, and the fermentation time was 7 days. After fermentation, the in vitro pepsin digestibility of feather meal was 63.97%, which was significantly improved by 15.22% compared to before fermentation (P<0.01), and the soluble protein content was 3.51 g/L, which was significantly increased by 80% compared to before fermentation (P<0.05). The study indicates that under the optimal process parameters, using microbial enzyme synergy in solid-state fermentation of feather meal can efficiently produce protein feed and enhance the feed value of feather meal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keratins are typical intermediate filament proteins of the epithelium that exhibit highly specific expression patterns related to the epithelial type and stage of cellular differentiation. They are important for cytoplasmic stability and epithelial integrity and are involved in various intracellular signaling pathways. Several keratins are associated with enamel formation. However, information on their expression patterns during tooth development remains lacking. In this study, we analyzed the spatiotemporal expression of keratin family members during tooth development using single‐cell RNA‐sequencing (scRNA‐seq) and microarray analysis. scRNA‐seq datasets from postnatal Day 1 mouse molars revealed that several keratins are highly expressed in the dental epithelium, indicating the involvement of keratin family members in cellular functions. Among various keratins, keratin 5 (Krt5), keratin 14 (Krt14), and keratin 17 (Krt17) are highly expressed in the tooth germ; KRT17 is specifically expressed in the stratum intermedium (SI) and stellate reticulum (SR). Depletion of Krt17 did not affect cell proliferation in the dental epithelial cell line SF2 but suppressed their differentiation ability. These results suggest that Krt17 is essential for SI cell differentiation. Furthermore, scRNA‐seq results indicated that Krt5, Krt14, and Krt17 exhibited distinct expression patterns in ameloblast, SI, and SR cells. Our findings contribute to the elucidation of novel mechanisms underlying tooth development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of valorization of the protein by-products recovered from the leather processing industry in the horticultural field. Collagen and keratin extracts were the starting point for protein combinations containing nanometric particles that indicate the presence of amino acids and oligopeptides, recognized for the effects of biostimulation, nutrition and systemic protection of plants. The protein extracts associated with plant extracts for the development of a biofungicidal product, with the double action of antifungal protection of plants and stimulation of agricultural production, were tested in a cherry orchard. The test results of two of the variants of the biofungicidal product show better fruit quality indicators and increased production, both compared to a standard treatment and compared to a variant to which no specific treatment was applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the potential of fungal chitosan derived from Aspergillus niger as a sustainable alternative to traditional petrochemical-based ingredients in cosmetic products. Specifically, the research examines the solubility of fungal chitosan in aqueous solutions of varying ionic strength and its adsorption onto negatively charged surfaces that mimic human hair keratin. The adsorption behavior, water content, and frictional properties of chitosan films were evaluated using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring and a surface force apparatus (SFA). The findings indicated that fungal chitosan exhibits good solubility at a pH of 4.5. Conversely, the adsorption of chitosan is subject to the influence of both polymer concentration and ionic strength. At the lowest ionic strengths, a screening-enhanced adsorption process occurs as a consequence of the reduction in chitosan solubility in the presence of salt. This results in the depletion of polymer chains from the solution and their subsequent deposition. An increase in ionic strength above 15–20 mM results in a worsening of the chitosan–surface interaction, due to the simultaneous screening of both the chitosan and the surface charges. This results in a hindrance to the adsorption process. The deposited films are highly hydrated, and this hydration increases with both polymer concentration and ionic strength. Furthermore, the films exhibit a predominantly elastic behavior, and the response of the films under shear deformations shows a strong dependence on the polymer concentration. These findings contribute to the development of environmentally friendly cosmetic formulations that meet consumer demands for sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Goats (Capra hircus) have always been a source of fiber for human use and hold an important place in international high-end textiles. Fiber diameter is the most concerning economic indicator for producers. Understanding the formation mechanism of fiber diameter and its related key proteins can help optimize and control the production of cashmere. Methods: Cashmere goats (n = 36) of the Alpas (n = 18) and Alxa (n = 18) breeds, with a similar age (2 years old) and live weight (25–26 kg), were selected from the Yiwei White Cashmere Goat Breeding Farm, Erdos, Inner Mongolia. Using phenotypic indicators, we evaluated the diameter of the cashmere fibers in Alxa and Alpas goats. We also used electron microscopy to examine the cashmere fiber's structure and label-free liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry to determine the protein content of the two cashmere fibers. The proteins affecting fiber diameter were identified and analyzed by Western blot, Co-Immunoprecipitation, and bioinformatics analysis. Results: The average diameter of the Alxa breed was smaller (p < 0.05) than that of the Alpas breed (Alxa's cashmere vs. Alpas' cashmere). Proteomics technology enabled the highly confident detection of 171 proteins. A total of 68 differentially expressed proteins were identified in the two types of cashmere; 131 proteins were specifically expressed in Alpas goats, and 40 proteins were specifically expressed in Alxa goats. A key protein group that could cause variations in fiber diameter was found using the protein–protein interaction network. To ascertain the reason for the variation in fiber diameter, a structural study of the major protein groups was carried out. Conclusions: KRT10, KRT14, KRT17, and KRT82 are the main proteins impacting the diameter difference, and they have a substantial effect on the average fiber diameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epidermal nevi are common benign cutaneous hamartomas that may rarely demonstrate histopathologic evidence of epidermolytic hyperkeratosis (EHK), representing cutaneous mosaicism for pathogenic keratin variants. Rarely, individuals with linear epidermal nevi transmit to their children the inherited form of EHK, also known as epidermolytic ichthyosis, characterized by generalized erythema, blistering, and scaling at birth evolving to widespread hyperkeratosis. We present an updated review of reported cases of linear epidermal nevi with EHK exhibiting transmission of epidermolytic ichthyosis to guide important considerations in the care of individuals with epidermal nevi. Clinical characteristics of linear epidermal nevi do not reliably predict the presence of EHK. All reported cases of transmission to offspring have occurred in individuals with linear epidermal nevi involving more than one anatomic area suggesting increased reproductive risk with involvement of two or more anatomic sites. Therefore, genetics consultation is recommended for these individuals with biopsy‐confirmed EHK. For individuals with smaller areas of epidermal nevus involvement, the implications are less well known, though genetics consultation may still be considered for those interested in further discussion of general reproductive risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to investigate the effectiveness of chicken feather hydrolysate for promoting the growth of Spinacia oleracea L., a commonly consumed leafy green vegetable. An earlier isolated and identified keratinolytic bacterial species Bacillus tropicus was utilized for the preparation of chicken feather hydrolysate through submerged fermentation. Minimal media which was supplemented with chicken feather was used for the preparation of hydrolysate. The bacterial strain degraded chicken feather within 4 days of incubation after which the feather hydrolysate was collected and tested to check plant growth promoting activity through the seed germination trials and greenhouse study. Upon characterization of feather hydrolysate, it was found that the hydrolysate was a cocktail of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium (NPK) as well as other micro elements needed for plant growth. Four different concentrations of feather hydrolysate were employed for both the seed germination and greenhouse study which ranged from 25% (v/v), 30% (v/v), 35% (v/v) and 40% (v/v) including a control group (CN) which was not supplemented with feather hydrolysate. The hydrolysate supplementation brought about plant growth in all the four test concentrations with 35% (v/v) giving the highest result of 14 cm and 27.6 mg/g for tested parameters like plumule length and total chlorophyll content, respectively. The same concentration supported maximum seed germination and highest radicle extension for the germination studies as well. This study investigates the efficacy of chicken feather hydrolysate in promoting spinach growth, elucidating its potential as a fertilizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Inverted follicular keratosis (IFK) is a rare benign tumour of the follicular infundibulum. Owing to its similarity to other benign and malignant cutaneous lesions, it poses a diagnostic challenge. There is limited information on the dermatoscopic characteristics of IFK and the majority of cases have been reported in patients with lighter skin types. Objectives To describe the prevalent dermatoscopic features of IFK, especially in patients with skin of colour. Methods We retrospectively analysed 35 histopathologically verified cases of IFK from a single university hospital in Turkey. Results With respect to the Fitzpatrick skin phototype, 2 (6%), 12 (34%), 16 (46%) and 5 (14%) patients had Fitzpatrick skin phototypes II, III, IV and V, respectively. Clinically, the majority of IFKs were hypopigmented or nonpigmented (83%). Pink–white structureless areas (54%), ulceration (54%), a central keratin mass (43%) and blood spots on keratin mass (43%) were the most frequent dermatoscopic findings. Pigmented structures were observed as blue–grey structureless areas in 12 lesions and as blue–grey clods in 5, primarily in Fitzpatrick phototype IV and V skin. The incidence of a pink, structureless area and blood spots on ulceration was found to be statistically significantly higher in individuals with fairer skin types, while a greater prevalence of blue–grey coloration was observed in those with skin of colour (P < 0.05). Conclusions Although our study found some distinguishing dermatoscopic findings in IFK, diagnosis is generally confirmed by histopathology, as the clinical appearance and dermatoscopic findings may not be sufficient to differentiate it from other tumours, especially squamous cell carcinoma or keratoacanthoma. The dermatoscopic characteristics of dark skin are comparable to those of pale skin; however, hyperpigmentation can be more noticeable in skin of colour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the use of lignocellulose, a renewable source of chemical products, for the production of high-value compounds. The authors focus on the nitration of lignin-derived monomeric products, such as vanillin, to produce 5-nitrovanillin. They explore the use of acetyl nitrate as a nitrating agent and highlight its advantages over other methods. The study demonstrates that the nitration of vanillin is highly selective and can be carried out in a simple and efficient manner. The authors hope that this research will contribute to the practical applications of lignin-derived structures and enhance our understanding of their reactivities. [Extracted from the article]

Waterborne polyurethane (WPU) has excellent performance because of its special soft and hard segments in polymer chains, but the relatively high cost, poor water vapor permeability, and inferior biocompatibility limit its application. The introduction of biomass materials can improve the performance of WPU. Keratin belongs to natural macro-molecule compounds which contain numerous peptide bonds and hydrophilic groups. It can make up for the shortcomings of WPU materials. In this study, keratin was extracted from the recycled cattle hair waste, and then it was chemically bonded with isocyanates, polyols, and other raw materials to prepare a keratin-modified WPU film which has excellent performance. First, polytetramethylene ether glycol (PTMEG) was reacted with 4.4-dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate (HMDI) to form a prepolymer, then it was reacted with dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA), neopentyl glycol (NPG) and trimethylolpropane (TMP). The addition of keratin was in the emulsification process, and the structure of keratin-modified WPU was investigated. TG analysis results showed that the addition of keratin can improve the thermal stability of the WPU film with a higher residual carbon content at 600°C. The DMA analysis showed that the mechanical properties of the modified WPU film with a certain amount of keratin added (≤ 0.1%) were significantly improved. The yellowing resistance test showed that the addition of an appropriate amount (≤ 0.1%) of keratin can increase its stability to light, but the addition of an excessive amount of protein (≥ 0.2%) will result in a decrease in the yellowing resistance of the WPU film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Polypropylene (PP) is an inert polymer that is very difficult to dye and finish. In the current work, PP fabrics were activated by an oxygen plasma beam, followed by treatment with a renewable natural biopolymer, namely keratin, in the presence of glutardialdehyde as a crosslinker using the pad-dry-cure method. The treated PP fabric exhibited adequate hydrophilic characteristics which make it dyeable with cationic dyestuffs with excellent fastness properties. The effects of curing time and temperature on the fibers' weight, strength, elongation, wettability, and yellowness were monitored. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy were used to verify the formation of polar functional groups within the chemical structure of the treated PP fabrics. The proposed method has a positive effect on some of the comfort attributes of the treated PP fabrics, such as the enhanced resistance to ultraviolet rays as well as the accumulation of electrostatic charge without deterioration in the fabrics' inherent properties. The microscopic investigation using scanning electron microscopy demonstrated a coating of PP fabric with a layer of keratin. The induced effect was durable in terms of their wettability and dyeability, against washing for up to 20 washing cycles, indicating the formation of a fortified bond between the O2-plasma-irradiated PP fabric and keratin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Widad Aghnia Shalannandia,1 Yoan Chou,2 Muhammad Hasan Bashari,1,3 Astrid Feinisa Khairani1,3 1Graduate School of Master Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Jatinangor, West Java, Indonesia; 2Graduate School of Master Program in Anti Aging and Aesthetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Jatinangor, West Java, Indonesia; 3Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Jatinangor, West Java, IndonesiaCorrespondence: Astrid Feinisa Khairani, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jalan Raya Bandung – Sumedang Km 21, Jatinangor, Sumedang, West Java, 45363, Indonesia, Tel +62-22-7795594, Email astrid.khairani@unpad.ac.idAbstract: Intermediate filaments are one of the three components of the cytoskeletons, along with actin and microtubules. The intermediate filaments consist of extensive variations of structurally related proteins with specific expression patterns in cell types. The expression pattern alteration of intermediate filaments is frequently correlated with cancer progression, specifically with the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition process closely related to increasing cellular migration and invasion. This review will discuss the involvement of cytoplasmic intermediate filaments, specifically vimentin, nestin, and cytokeratin (CK5/CK6, CK7, CK8/CK18, CK17, CK19, CK20, CSK1), in breast cancer progression and as prognostic or diagnostic biomarkers. The potential for drug development targeting intermediate filaments in cancer will be reviewed. Keywords: breast malignancy, cytokeratin, EMT, intermediate filament, keratin, nestin, vimentin

The study aims to investigate the effectiveness of chicken feather hydrolysate for promoting the growth of Spinacia oleracea L., a commonly consumed leafy green vegetable. An earlier isolated and identified keratinolytic bacterial species Bacillus tropicus was utilized for the preparation of chicken feather hydrolysate through submerged fermentation. Minimal media which was supplemented with chicken feather was used for the preparation of hydrolysate. The bacterial strain degraded chicken feather within 4 days of incubation after which the feather hydrolysate was collected and tested to check plant growth promoting activity through the seed germination trials and greenhouse study. Upon characterization of feather hydrolysate, it was found that the hydrolysate was a cocktail of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium (NPK) as well as other micro elements needed for plant growth. Four different concentrations of feather hydrolysate were employed for both the seed germination and greenhouse study which ranged from 25% (v/v), 30% (v/v), 35% (v/v) and 40% (v/v) including a control group (CN) which was not supplemented with feather hydrolysate. The hydrolysate supplementation brought about plant growth in all the four test concentrations with 35% (v/v) giving the highest result of 14 cm and 27.6 mg/g for tested parameters like plumule length and total chlorophyll content, respectively. The same concentration supported maximum seed germination and highest radicle extension for the germination studies as well. This study investigates the efficacy of chicken feather hydrolysate in promoting spinach growth, elucidating its potential as a fertilizer.

* Context.--Loose tumor cells and tumor cell clusters can be recognized in the lumen of intratumoral pulmonary arteries of resected non-small cell lung cancer specimens. It is unclear whether these should be considered tumor-emboli, and as such could predict a worsened prognosis. Objective.--To investigate the nature and prognostic impact of pulmonary artery intraluminal tumor cells. Design.--This multicenter study involved an exploratory pilot study and a validation study from 3 institutions. For the exploratory pilot study, a retrospective pulmonary resection cohort of primary adenocarcinomas, diagnosed between November 2007 and November 2010, were scored for the presence of tumor cells, as well as potentially other cells in the intravascular spaces, using hematoxylineosin and cytokeratin 7 (CK7) stains. In the validation part, 2 retrospective cohorts of resected pulmonary adenocarcinomas, between January 2011 and December 2016, were included. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) data were collected. Results.--In the pilot study, CK7+ intravascular cells, mainly tumor cells, were present in 23 of 33 patients (69.7%). The 5-year OS for patients with intravascular tumor cells was 61%, compared with 40% for patients without intravascular tumor cells (P = .19). In the validation study, [CK7.sup.+] intravascular tumor cells were present in 41 of 70 patients (58.6%). The 5-year RFS for patients with intravascular tumor cells was 80.0%, compared with 80.6% in patients without intravascular tumor cells (P = .52). The 5-year OS rates were, respectively, 82.8% and 71.6% (P = .16). Conclusions.--Loose tumor cells in pulmonary arterial lumina were found in most non-small cell lung cancer resection specimens and were not associated with a worse RFS or OS. Therefore, most probably they represent an artifact., Lung cancer is associated with a high incidence of pulmonary embolism, caused by thrombotic emboli, as a paraneoplastic phenomenon, but also caused by real tumor-emboli. (1) In general, pulmonary tumor [...]

Epidermolysis bullosa simplex – Dowling-Meara type (EBS-DM) is characterized by the presence of bullae and vesicles with arcuate borders in a herpetiform manner at the trauma-prone areas of the body since birth. Here we report the clinical course of EBS-DM in a 10-year-old boy. We confirmed the diagnosis by antigen mapping which showed clumping of keratin 14 with decreased staining in few areas.

The purpose of this research was to identify the role of keratin proteins in causing inherited as well as pathogenic alopecia, pinpoint deleterious SNPs, and predict structural changes affecting protein-protein interactions in hair disorders. To elucidate the role of keratin proteins and genetic mutations in alopecia by analyzing protein structures through bioinformatics and identifying a mutation in the LPAR6 gene. It sought to identify the microorganisms linked to alopecia and conducted a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis of proteins with unknown experimental structures and molecular simulation analysis. The study identified a genetic mutation (c.188 A > T, p.Asp63Val) in the LPAR6 gene associated with hereditary hair loss. Pathogenic alopecia was identified to be associated with S. aureus and two ic keratinophilic fungi namely M. canis, and T. violaceum. Additionally, among 14 proteins lacking prior structural information, four proteins namely Keratin, type II cuticular Hb3 (KR1), Keratin, type II cuticular Hb6 (KR2), Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 74 (KR3) and Keratin, type II cuticular Hb1 (KR4) exhibited common ‘K-head’ and ‘F’ domains. Docking analysis revealed five distinct binding sites (C1-C5) for each protein. The ‘K-head’ displayed the highest predicted binding affinities with Vina scores of -5.6 for KR2 and − 4.7 for KR4 whereas the ‘F’ domain showed Vina scores of -6.0 for KR3 and − 5.7 for KR2. This research underscores the crucial role of keratin proteins in both hereditary and pathogenic alopecia, emphasizing their significance for future investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plectin is a cytoskeletal linker of intermediate filaments, encoded by the PLEC gene. Recently, plectin mutations have been identified in a pair of siblings with progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis. Here, we reported two unrelated infants with plectinopathy causing cholestatic jaundice with novel variants in the PLEC gene. Trio exome sequencing identified compound heterozygous variants in the PLEC gene for each patient: c.71‐11768C>T and c.4331G>T (p.Arg1444Leu) in Patient 1, and c.592C>T (p.Arg198Trp) and c.4322G>A (p.Arg1441His) in Patient 2. Immunofluorescence staining of liver samples from both patients revealed scattered signals of plectin in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes and reduced colocalization of plectin and cytokeratin 8. This study not only underscores the involvement of plectin in cholestasis but also highlights the utility of exome sequencing as a powerful diagnostic tool in identifying genetic underpinnings of infantile cholestasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a Dielectrically Modulated Junctionless Rectangular Gate All Around Field Effect Transistor (DM-JLRGAA-FET) is demonstrated and explored for label free detection of neutral biomolecules. In comparison to its conventional architectures, proposed biosensor exhibits a significantly improved sensing and conjugation performance due to its remarkable structure, which enhances its performance by providing substantial rejection to SCEs (short channel effects) and strengthened gate control over channel electrostatics. Drain current sensitivity, surface potential, transconductance and output conductance are employed to determine the sensing competence of the proposed biosensor. The proposed biosensor offers maximum drain current sensitivity of 8.09 for keratin biomolecule. The detection will become quite difficult during conjugation of two or more biomolecules. The conjugation analysis is also investigated by effective dielectric constant approach governed by Bruggeman's Model. The conjugations of Streptavidin-Keratin and Streptavidin-Zein is studied for various concentration in the cavity. Conjugations of Streptavidin and Keratin shows the highest sensitivity of 18.5%. The sensing performance of proposed biosensor is optimized for schottky source/drain contacts engineering and also for channel material engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Sustained drug delivery system (DDS) for clinically relevant osteosarcoma medications is a promising strategy for treatment. β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) microbeads loaded with doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) and cis-diamminedichloroplatin (CDDP) anticancer drugs in a matrix of hydroxyapatite-keratin-polyvinyl alcohol composite matrix scaffolds (HAp-K-PVA) was developed as promising DDS. HAp, β-TCP, and K utilized for the development of DDS were resourced from avian eggshells and human hairs, respectively, and duly characterized before application. Methods The β-TCP/alginate microbeads were fabricated using droplet extrusion and ionotropic gelation, and integrated into secondary drug carrier HAp-K-PVA composite matrix, via freeze gelation. The physicochemical and thermal characterization of developed microbeads and matrix scaffolds was performed. Results When DOX and CDDP were co-loaded in DDS, a synergistic impact was observed after 30 days of continuous release, in contrast to the immediate outburst as seen with individual DOX and CDDP releases. Besides, the drug release from the microbeads only, the release with the HAp-K-PVA composite matrix scaffolds was observed slower. The controlled release, antibacterial effectiveness against the test pathogens and cell viability with osteoblast-like osteosarcoma (UTOS) cells indicated the therapeutic potential for the treatment of osteosarcoma in situ. The cell viability was observed for 24 h, which showed nearly 90% after 24 h for HAp-K-PVA composite matrix scaffolds, decreased for all the scaffold groups after 72 h, indicating the enhancement due to combined synergistic effect of the co-loaded drugs. Conclusion This study established a promising foundation for novel and sustainable biomaterials for osteosarcoma treatment. Further advancement holds the potential to enhance patient clinical outcomes and foster advancements in the field of regenerative medicine.

Abstract The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) has surged by 600% in recent decades, with a dismal 5-year survival rate of just 15%. Barrett’s esophagus (BE), affecting about 2% of the population, raises the risk of EAC by 40-fold. Despite this, the transcriptomic changes during the BE to EAC progression remain unclear. Our study addresses this gap through comprehensive transcriptomic profiling to identify key mRNA signatures and genomic alterations, such as gene fusions. We performed RNA-sequencing on BE and EAC tissues from 8 individuals, followed by differential gene expression, pathway and network analysis, and gene fusion prediction. We identified mRNA changes during the BE-to-EAC transition and validated our results with single-cell RNA-seq datasets. We observed upregulation of keratin family members in EAC and confirmed increased levels of keratin 14 (KRT14) using immunofluorescence. More differentiated BE marker genes are downregulated during progression to EAC, suggesting undifferentiated BE subpopulations contribute to EAC. We also identified several gene fusions absent in paired BE and normal esophagus but present in EAC. Our findings are critical for the BE-to-EAC transition and have the potential to promote early diagnosis, prevention, and improved treatment strategies for EAC.

Abstract Natural polymer-based hydrogels have demonstrated great potential as wound-healing dressings. They help to maintain a moist wound environment as well as promote faster healing. In this work, a multifunctional hydrogel was prepared using keratin, sodium alginate, and carboxymethyl chitosan with tannic acid modification. Micro-morphology of hydrogels has been performed by scanning electron microscopy. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy reveals the presence of hydrogen bonding. The mechanical properties of the hydrogels were examined using a universal testing machine. Furthermore, we investigated several properties of the modified hydrogel. These properties include swelling rate, water retention, anti-freezing properties, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, hemocompatibility evaluation and cell viability test in vitro. The modified hydrogel has a three-dimensional microporous structure, the swelling rate was 1541.7%, the elastic modulus was 589.74 kPa, the toughness was 211.74 kJ/m3, and the elongation at break was 75.39%, which was similar to the human skin modulus. The modified hydrogel also showed inhibition of S. aureus and E. coli, as well as a DPPH scavenging rate of 95%. In addition, the modified hydrogels have good biological characteristics. Based on these findings, the K/SA/CCS hydrogel holds promise for applications in biomedical engineering.

Background: Sustained drug delivery system (DDS) for clinically relevant osteosarcoma medications is a promising strategy for treatment. β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) microbeads loaded with doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) and cis-diamminedichloroplatin (CDDP) anticancer drugs in a matrix of hydroxyapatite-keratin-polyvinyl alcohol composite matrix scaffolds (HAp-K-PVA) was developed as promising DDS. HAp, β-TCP, and K utilized for the development of DDS were resourced from avian eggshells and human hairs, respectively, and duly characterized before application. Methods: The β-TCP/alginate microbeads were fabricated using droplet extrusion and ionotropic gelation, and integrated into secondary drug carrier HAp-K-PVA composite matrix, via freeze gelation. The physicochemical and thermal characterization of developed microbeads and matrix scaffolds was performed. Results: When DOX and CDDP were co-loaded in DDS, a synergistic impact was observed after 30 days of continuous release, in contrast to the immediate outburst as seen with individual DOX and CDDP releases. Besides, the drug release from the microbeads only, the release with the HAp-K-PVA composite matrix scaffolds was observed slower. The controlled release, antibacterial effectiveness against the test pathogens and cell viability with osteoblast-like osteosarcoma (UTOS) cells indicated the therapeutic potential for the treatment of osteosarcoma in situ. The cell viability was observed for 24 h, which showed nearly 90% after 24 h for HAp-K-PVA composite matrix scaffolds, decreased for all the scaffold groups after 72 h, indicating the enhancement due to combined synergistic effect of the co-loaded drugs. Conclusion: This study established a promising foundation for novel and sustainable biomaterials for osteosarcoma treatment. Further advancement holds the potential to enhance patient clinical outcomes and foster advancements in the field of regenerative medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neutrophils are the first immune cells to reach inflamed sites and contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory skin diseases. Yet, little is known about the pattern of neutrophil infiltration in inflamed skin in vivo and the mechanisms mediating their recruitment. Here, we provide insight into the dynamics of neutrophil infiltration in skin in response to acute or repeated inflammatory stress, highlighting a novel keratinocyte- and keratin 17 (K17)-dependent mechanism that regulates neutrophil recruitment to inflamed skin. We used the phorbol ester TPA and UVB, alone or in combination, to induce sterile inflammation in mouse skin. A single TPA treatment results in a neutrophil influx in the dermis that peaks at 12 h and resolves within 24 h. A subsequent TPA treatment or a UVB challenge, when applied 24 h but not 48 h later, accelerates, amplifies, and prolongs neutrophil infiltration. This transient amplification response (TAR) is mediated by local signals in inflamed skin, can be recapitulated in ex vivo culture, and involves the K17-dependent sustainment of protein kinase Cα (PKCα) activity and release of chemoattractants by stressed keratinocytes. K17 binds RACK1, a scaffold protein essential for PKCα activity. The N-terminal head domain of K17 is crucial for its association with RACK1 and regulation of PKCα activity. Analysis of RNAseq data reveals a signature consistent with TAR and PKCα activation in inflammatory skin diseases. These findings uncover a novel, keratin-dependent mechanism that amplifies neutrophil recruitment in skin under stress, with direct implications for inflammatory skin disorders. Neutrophils contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases, but the mechanisms underlying their recruitment to inflamed skin are unclear. This study shows that repeated acute stress to the skin amplifies a neutrophil infiltration response involving keratin 17 and PKCα. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human hair is a filament rich in protein that grows from the follicles present in the scalp. It is considered to be a notable biomaterial consisting of β-keratin, which shows excellent catalytic activity in organic transformation. Keratin is a family of structural fibrous proteins rich in cysteine, which are abundantly present in human hair. Based on the template synthesis strategy, human-hair Keratin was used as a platform template to synthesise metal oxide nanoparticles. Here the aim was to synthesis hair protein supported CuO nanoparticles (HHP/CuONPs) and study their catalytic applications. Protein is extracted from the hair sample using the Shindai method. The HHP/CuONPs sample has been scrutinised using various characterisation techniques such as UV, FT-IR, SEM, TEM, EDX, Raman, XPS, and zeta potential. The synthesised HHP/CuONPs show photo-catalytic efficiency against coloured organic pollutants, 2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP), and amaranth dye. The degradation level has been found to be 96% in DNP and 94% in amaranth dye. Optimisation and reusability of hair protein-mediated copper oxide have been tested under various conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The extracellular matrix (ECM) structural deficiencies in chronic wounds prevent the wounds from healing through natural physiological processes. Electrospun biocompatible polymers offer a platform to produce microstructure wound dressing materials that mimic the ECM containing various bioactives to address the deficiencies in the chronic wound healing process. Quantitative characterization of the electrospun fiber microstructure could provide valuable information on using fiber constructs to facilitate wound healing. This work employed a validated image analysis tool to quantitatively explain various parameters for the microstructure of six electrospun fiber constructs, D1{Polycaprolactone (PCL), Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), Keratin}, D2{PCL, PVA, keratin, Co-enzyme Q10 (CoQ10)}, D3 (PCL, PVA, keratin, mupirocin), D4 (PCL, PVA, keratin, CoQ10, mupirocin, valsartan), D5 {PVA, Hyaluronic acid (HA)}, and D6 (PVA), using scanning electron microscopy imaging modality. Results: The fiber intersection density (FID) parameter was quantified in the formulations, e.g., 0.272% for D5 and 0.416% for D4. Orientation histograms for D1 and D6 are characteristic of isotropic materials, while orientations for D2 and D3 indicate anisotropy with 2 preferred orientations in each formulation. D4 and D5 present orientations characteristic of transversely isotropic materials. The tortuosity for D2 and D4 indicates almost straight fiber segments, in contrast with undulated fiber segments in all other formulations. Furthermore, the mean fiber diameter was quantified, e.g., 1.414 and 1.630 mm for D3 and D4, respectively. Conclusion: Co-electrospun PVA/PCL microfibers offer great potential for controlled delivery of bioactives needed to accelerate the healing of chronic wounds. This image-based analysis technology quantitatively characterized different formulations of electrospun fiber scaffolds. This analysis sets the stage for future study that utilizes microstructural information in finite element biomechanical modeling, to investigate possible influence of structure-based mechanical factors on the ECM restorative potential of wound dressings. Adjustment of electrospinning conditions could produce fabricated constructs like the native ECM structural components with a functional role in wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) has surged by 600% in recent decades, with a dismal 5-year survival rate of just 15%. Barrett's esophagus (BE), affecting about 2% of the population, raises the risk of EAC by 40-fold. Despite this, the transcriptomic changes during the BE to EAC progression remain unclear. Our study addresses this gap through comprehensive transcriptomic profiling to identify key mRNA signatures and genomic alterations, such as gene fusions. We performed RNA-sequencing on BE and EAC tissues from 8 individuals, followed by differential gene expression, pathway and network analysis, and gene fusion prediction. We identified mRNA changes during the BE-to-EAC transition and validated our results with single-cell RNA-seq datasets. We observed upregulation of keratin family members in EAC and confirmed increased levels of keratin 14 (KRT14) using immunofluorescence. More differentiated BE marker genes are downregulated during progression to EAC, suggesting undifferentiated BE subpopulations contribute to EAC. We also identified several gene fusions absent in paired BE and normal esophagus but present in EAC. Our findings are critical for the BE-to-EAC transition and have the potential to promote early diagnosis, prevention, and improved treatment strategies for EAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]