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ABSTRACT This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding lupin kernel and faba bean as an alternative to soybean meal on the growth performance, blood profiles, relative organ weight, and hepatic fatty acid composition of broiler chicks. A total of 525, 1-day-old Ross 308 male chicks were randomly assigned into five groups with seven replicates. The treatments consisted of five experimental diets; corn-soybean meal without lupin or faba bean (as control), diets with lupin 5% or 10%, and diets with faba bean 5% or 10%. The body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG) were not significantly different among the groups during starter period. However, BW and ADG of chicks fed diets with 10% lupin and faba bean were significantly higher than those of 5% lupin and faba bean during grower period (p

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary oxidized oil and natural polyphenol antioxidants on laying performances and egg quality of laying hens. A total of two hundred, 61-week-old Lohmann Brown laying hens were divided into five groups, consisting in four replicates of 10 birds each. They were fed one of the five experimental diets (fresh oil only, oxidized oil without antioxidants, oxidized oil with vitamin E 200 ppm, oxidized oil with vitamin E 100 ppm + Cabanin CSDⓇ 100 ppm, oxidized oil with Cabanin CSDⓇ 500 ppm)respectively, for 6 weeks. There were no significant differences in laying performances and egg weight among the treatments. However, egg mass in group fed oxidized oil with vitamin E 100 ppm + Cabanin CSDⓇ 100 ppmwas significantly higher than group fed oxidized oil only (p

ABSTRACT Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of β-mannanase on egg production performance, egg quality, intestinal microbiota, viscosity, and ammonia concentration in laying hens. In Exp. 1, two hundred and seventy 30-wk-old Hy-Line Brown laying hens were assigned to 6 diets arranged in a 3 × 2 factorial of three levels of MEn and CP [(a corn-soybean meal based diet (HEHP), a diet containing 50 kcal of MEn/kg and 1.0% less energy and CP than the HEHP (MEMP), and a diet containing 80 kcal of MEn/kg and 1.5% less energy and CP than HEHP (LELP)], and β-mannanase supplementation (0 or 0.04%). In Exp. 2, A total of two hundred and sixteen62-wk-old Hy-Line Brown laying hens were assigned to 6 dietary treatments in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement. In Exp. 1, β-mannanase supplementation increased egg production rate in hens fed LELP diet, but not in those fed HEHP or MEMP diet (interaction, p

Abstract Introduction The national malaria programme of Cambodia targets the rapid elimination of all human malaria by 2025. As clinical cases decline to near-elimination levels, a key strategy is the rapid identification of malaria outbreaks triggering effective action to interrupt local transmission. We report a comprehensive, multipronged management approach in response to a 2022 Plasmodium falciparum outbreak in Kravanh district, western Cambodia. Methods The provincial health department of Pursat in conjunction with the Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control (CNM) identified villages where transmission was occurring using clinical records, and initiated various interventions, including the distribution of insecticide-treated bed nets, running awareness campaigns, and implementing fever screening with targeted drug administration. Health stations were set up at forest entry points, and later, targeted drug administrations with artesunate–pyronaridine (Pyramax) and intermittent preventive treatment for forest goers (IPTf) were implemented in specific village foci. Data related to adherence and adverse events from IPTf and TDA were collected. The coverage rates of interventions were calculated, and local malaria infections were monitored. Results A total of 942 individuals were screened through active fever surveillance in villages where IPTf and TDA were conducted. The study demonstrated high coverage and adherence rates in the targeted villages, with 92% (553/600) coverage in round one and 65% (387/600) in round two. Adherence rate was 99% (551/553) in round one and 98% (377/387) in round two. The study found that forest goers preferred taking Pyramax over repeated testing consistent with the coverage rates: 92% in round one compared to 65% in round two. All individuals reachable through health stations or mobile teams reported complete IPTf uptake. No severe adverse events were reported. Only six individuals reported mild adverse events, such as loss of energy, fever, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and muscle aches. Two individuals attributed their symptoms to heavy alcohol intake following prophylaxis. Conclusions The targeted malaria outbreak response demonstrated high acceptability, safety, and feasibility of the selected interventions. Malaria transmission was rapidly controlled using the available community resources. This experience suggests the effectiveness of the programmatic response for future outbreaks.

Purpose: To compare the clinical results of the arthroscopic foveal repair of the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) for distal radio-ulnar joint (DRUJ) instability in patients with or without generalized joint laxity., Methods: Patients who underwent arthroscopic transosseous foveal TFCC repair of Palmer 1B foveal TFCC tears (Atzei classification class II or III) from January 2018 to October 2021 were identified. Patients treated for symptomatic DRUJ instability for more than 3 months, and with at least 2 years of follow-up, were included. Patients were categorized into two groups based on the Beighton and Horan criteria: those with generalized joint laxity (group L) and those without (group N). Clinical outcomes were measured by the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) score, modified Mayo wrist score (MMWS), wrist range of motion (ROM), grip strength, sports/recreation activity level, recurrent DRUJ instability, and achievement of minimal clinically important differences (MCID)., Results: One-hundred-and-twenty patients (Group L, 51 patients; Group N, 69 patients) were included. Both groups showed significant improvements in preoperative DASH and MMWS at the final follow-up. Overall, 103 patients (85.8%) achieved MCID, with 82.4% in Group L and 88.4% in Group N, and no significant differences between the two groups (P = .347). At the final follow-up, ROM and sports/recreation activity levels were similar between the groups. Significantly, the rates of postoperative DRUJ instability recurrence were 17.7% in group L (9/51) and 5.8% in group N (4/69) (P=0.039). Beighton scores were an independent risk factor for recurrent DRUJ instability in the multivariable analysis (P=0.024; odds ratio=1.62)., Conclusions: Clinical outcomes after arthroscopic TFCC foveal repair in patients with generalized joint laxity are comparable to those without, with 82.4% achieving MCID. Generalized joint laxity impacts DRUJ instability recurrence over a minimum two-year follow-up period., Level of Evidence: Level III, retrospective comparative study., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of postoperative complications on long-term survival after laparoscopic surgery for resectable colorectal cancer., Methods: We retrospectively included 204 patients who underwent laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer from January 2016 to June 2020., Results: Overall, 68 (33.3%) patients had postoperative complications, twelve (17.6%) of which were classified as Clavien-Dindo class 3a or higher. The 5-year overall survival rate of the non-complication and complication groups were 93.0% and 81.7%, respectively (p = 0.048; Kaplan-Meier analysis and log-rank test), and those among patients with stage III disease were 87.0% and 61.3%, respectively (p = 0.045). The 5-year disease-free survival rates were 85.6% and 77.4%, respectively (p = 0.042). Multivariable Cox proportional-hazards analysis revealed that nodal stage (hazard ratio, 8.392; 95% confidence interval, 1.892-37.175; p = 0.005) was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival, and postoperative complications (hazard ratio, 2.996; 95% confidence interval, 1.076-8.340; p = 0.036) were independent prognostic factors for disease-free survival., Conclusion: Postoperative complications were associated with poor oncological outcomes, especially among patients with stage III colorectal cancer, and independent prognostic factors for disease-free survival., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Recent research underscores the pivotal role of cellular organelles, such as mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum, and lysosomes, in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Their dynamic interactions are critical for metabolic regulation and stress response. Analysis of organelle proteomes offers valuable insights into their functions in both physiology and disease. Traditional proteomic approaches to studying isolated organelles are now complemented by innovative methodologies focusing on inter-organelle interactions. This review examines the integration of advanced proximity labeling technologies, including TurboID and split-TurboID, which address the inherent limitations of traditional techniques and enable precision proteomics of suborganelle compartments and inter-organellar contact sites. These innovations have led to discoveries regarding organelle interconnections, revealing mechanisms underlying metabolic processes such as cholesterol metabolism, glucose metabolism, and lysosomal repair. In addition to highlighting the advancements in TurboID applications, this review delineates the evolving trends in organelle research, underscoring the transformative potential of these techniques to significantly enhance organelle-specific proteomic investigations.

Chlamys farreri is primarily cultivated in Japan, China, and South Korea. Although mass mortality of scallops has been occurring recently, likely caused by high temperatures or infectious diseases, the underlying cause remains unclear. Little is known regarding the viral diseases affecting them. Therefore, we explored DNA virus diversity in the mid-gut gland of C. farreri and compared it with that of seawater. C. farreri was cultivated at depths below 5 m from the sea surface in the coastal waters of South Korea and sampled from May to August 2018. Different DNA viral communities were observed in both C. farreri and seawater. In C. farreri , prevalent groups included Mimiviridae (7%), Poxviridae (6%), and Phycodnaviridae (5%). Conversely, the dominant groups in seawater were Autographiviridae (20%), Kyanoviridae (12%), and Zobellviridae (10%). We identified C. farreri -specific viral communities and potentially infectious viruses, such as Ostreid herpesvirus 1 and Abalone herpesvirus Victoria/AUS/2009. Furthermore, C. farreri acts as a reservoir for various viruses, which impact microbial community dynamics and disease transmission in marine ecosystems. Understanding these viral communities is crucial to protecting and restoring coastal ecosystems by highlighting their role in the transmission of potential avian- and bivalve-specific viruses.

Background/objectives: Sarcopenia has known negative effects on clinical and oncological outcomes in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). The use of the Strength, Assistance in walking, Rise from a chair, Climb stairs, and Falls (SARC-F) questionnaire to determine the effects of sarcopenia on postoperative complications of CRC has not been reported to date. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship of SARC-F score with clinicopathologic outcomes after CRC surgery., Subjects/methods: We retrospectively included 285 patients who completed SARC-F questionnaires before CRC surgery between July 2019 and March 2022. Patients with an SARC-F score ≥4 (total score: 10) were classified in the high SARC-F group., Results: Overall, 34 (11.9%) patients had high SARC-F scores. These patients were older (76.9 ± 8.5 vs. 64.5 ± 11.4 years, p < 0.001) and had a higher preoperative CRP (2.5 ± 3.9 vs. 0.8 ± 1.6 mg/L, p = 0.019), lower body mass index (21.7 ± 3.4 vs. 24.0 ± 3.8 kg/m 2 , p = 0.001), and higher pan-immune-inflammation value (632.3 ± 615.5 vs. 388.9 ± 413.8, p = 0.031). More postoperative complications were noted in the high SARC-F group than in the low SARC-F group (58.8% vs. 35.6%, p = 0.009). High SARC-F scores were significantly associated with higher nodal stage, higher number of harvested lymph nodes, and larger tumor size. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed high SARC-F score and operation time as independent risk factors associated with postoperative complications (odds ratio, 2.212/1.922; 95% confidence interval, 1.021-4.792/1.163-3.175; p = 0.044/0.011, respectively)., Conclusions: Preoperative SARC-F score was an independent risk factor associated with postoperative complications following colorectal cancer surgery., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

Prcis: Different mechanisms of angle closure represented distinct aspects of intraocular pressure (IOP) control after phacoemulsification. Classification of angle closure mechanisms is necessary for postoperative IOP management and glaucoma progression in primary angle closure eyes., Purpose: To investigate the relationship between the anterior chamber angle (ACA) characteristics, measured by swept-source anterior segment optical coherence tomography (SS AS-OCT), and intraocular pressure (IOP) control after phacoemulsification in eyes with primary angle closure disease (PACD) with different angle closure mechanisms., Methods: PACD eyes were classified into 3 groups according to angle closure mechanisms using preoperative SS AS-OCT images; pupillary block (PB), plateau iris configuration (PIC), exaggerated lens vault (ELV). This retrospective, clinical cohort study included eighty-five eyes of 85 PACD patients: 34 with PB, 23 with PIC, and 28 with ELV. ACA parameters were measured preoperatively and 1 month postoperatively using SS AS-OCT. IOP measurements were performed preoperatively and during 6 months postoperatively. Postoperative IOP reduction and fluctuation were calculated, and their correlations with SS AS-OCT parameters were analyzed., Results: PIC group showed the lowest postoperative IOP reduction compared with the other groups ( P =0.023). Preoperative ACA measurements were significantly associated with postoperative IOP reduction in ELV and PB groups, while postoperative measurements were in PIC group. Preoperative and postoperative change of iridotrabecular contact (ITC) index and area were correlated with postoperative IOP reduction in PB and ELV groups but not in PIC group. Postoperative ITC index ( P =0.031) and area ( P =0.003) showed significant correlations with postoperative IOP fluctuation only in PIC group., Conclusions: SS AS-OCT parameters including ITC index and area showed different associations with postoperative IOP control, which should be considered in determination of lens extraction and treatment of PACD eyes., Competing Interests: Disclosure: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Cell-cell interactions orchestrate complex functions in multicellular organisms, forming a regulatory network for diverse biological processes. Their disruption leads to disease states. Recent advancements - including single-cell sequencing and spatial transcriptomics, coupled with powerful bioengineering and molecular tools - have revolutionized our understanding of how cells respond to each other. Notably, spatial transcriptomics allows us to analyze gene expression changes based on cell proximity, offering a unique window into the impact of cell-cell contact. Additionally, computational approaches are being developed to decipher how cell contact governs the symphony of cellular responses. This review explores these cutting-edge approaches, providing valuable insights into deciphering the intricate cellular changes influenced by cell-cell communication., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: The study investigated whether incorporating magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) alongside ultrasonography (US) in the preoperative evaluation is associated with differing survival outcomes between male and female breast cancer patients in a matched analysis. Additionally, clinicopathological prognostic factors were analyzed., Methods: Between January 2005 and December 2020, 93 male and 28,191 female patients who underwent breast surgery were screened. Exact matching analysis was conducted for age, pathologic T and N stages, and molecular subtypes. The clinicopathological characteristics and preoperative imaging methods of the matched cohorts were reviewed. Disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were assessed using Kaplan-Meier analysis, and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to identify prognostic factors., Results: A total of 328 breast cancer patients (61 men and 267 women) were included in the matched analysis. Male patients had worse DFS (10-year DFS, 70.6% vs. 89.2%; P=0.001) and OS (10-year OS, 64.4% vs. 96.3%; P&lt;0.001) than female patients. The pathologic index cancer size (hazard ratio [HR], 2.013; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.063 to 3.810; P=0.032) was associated with worse DFS, whereas there were no significant factors associated with OS. Adding MRI to US for preoperative evaluation was not associated with DFS (HR, 1.117; 95% CI, 0.223 to 5.583; P=0.893) or OS (HR, 1.529; 95% CI, 0.300 to 7.781; P=0.609) in male patients., Conclusion: Adding breast MRI to US in the preoperative evaluation was not associated with survival outcomes in male breast cancer patients, and the pathologic index cancer size was associated with worse DFS.

Background: COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy has been particularly high among immigrant populations, whose experience is shaped by a history of racism and discriminations, and distrust of the healthcare system. In this study we draw from the Theory of Planned Behavior to examine COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among immigrants in Chicago., Methods: A mixed-methods approach comprising of both focus groups and a health survey was conducted from February to August 2022. Five focus groups were held (N = 35) among Black, Asian and Arab/Palestine participants to understand attitudes and beliefs around the COVID-19 vaccine. Focus groups were analyzed using a modified template approach to text analysis. Based on these findings and themes, we developed a survey that was conducted among 413 immigrants from the mentioned communities. We used hierarchical ordinal regression analyses to examine the relationship between COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and vaccination status., Results: Qualitative analysis suggest that the major factors influencing COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy included fear of adverse reactions, misinformation around COVID-19 and the vaccine, negative social norms around vaccination, and external pressure to get vaccinated. From our quantitative analysis we found that 24% of participants were unvaccinated, 5% were partially vaccinated, 32.3% were vaccinated but not boosted, and 39% were vaccinated and boosted for COVID-19. Hierarchical regression models suggest that immigrants who hold negative attitudes and social norms around the COVID-19 vaccine are less likely to vaccinate., Conclusions: Understanding vaccine hesitancy among immigrants allows for the creation of culturally and linguistically tailored education that can be utilized to increase vaccine confidence and uptake., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Purpose: Traumatic peripheral nerve injury (PNI), which occurs in up to 3% of trauma patients, is a devastating condition that often leads to permanent disability. However, knowledge of traumatic PNI is limited. We describe epidemiology and clinical characteristics of traumatic PNI in Korea and identify the predictors of traumatic complete PNI., Methods: A list of enlisted soldier patients who were discharged from military service due to PNI over a 10-year period (2012-2021) was obtained, and their medical records were reviewed. Patients were classified according to the causative events (traumatic vs. nontraumatic) and injury severity (complete vs. incomplete). Of traumatic PNIs, we compared the clinical variables between the incomplete and complete PNI groups and identified predictors of complete PNI., Results: Of the 119 young male patients who were discharged from military service due to PNI, 85 (71.4%) were injured by a traumatic event; among them, 22 (25.9%) were assessed as having a complete injury. The most common PNI mechanism (n=49, 57.6%), was adjacent fractures or dislocations. Several injury-related characteristics were significantly associated with complete PNI: laceration or gunshot wound, PNI involving the median nerve, PNI involving multiple individual nerves (multiple PNI), and concomitant muscular or vascular injuries. After adjusting for other possible predictors, multiple PNI was identified as a significant predictor of a complete PNI (odds ratio, 3.583; P=0.017)., Conclusions: In this study, we analyzed the characteristics of enlisted Korean soldiers discharged due to traumatic PNI and found that the most common injury mechanism was adjacent fracture or dislocation (57.6%). Patients with multiple PNI had a significantly increased risk of complete injury. The results of this study contribute to a better understanding of traumatic PNI, which directly leads to a decline in functioning in patients with trauma.

Purpose: To investigate the predictive capabilities of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) and macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (mGCIPL) thinning to detect visual field (VF) progression in normal-tension glaucoma patients with an initial parafoveal scotoma (IPFS) or nasal step (INS)., Design: Retrospective cohort study., Methods: A total of 185 early-stage glaucoma eyes, followed for 10 years, were retrospectively stratified into IPFS and INS groups. Progressive pRNFL and mGCIPL thinning were assessed using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and VF progression using both event- or trend-based analysis. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis compared VF survival in each VF phenotype with or without progressive pRNFL and mGCIPL thinning. Cox proportional regression analysis identified VF progression factors., Results: VF progression was detected in 42 IPFS (n = 86) and 47 INS (n = 99) eyes. Among VF progressors, pRNFL thinning was significantly faster in INS group compared to IPFS group (P < .01), while mGCIPL thinning was similar (P = .16). At 5 years, eyes with progressive mGCIPL thinning showed significantly lower VF survival in both VF phenotypes (all P < .05). Progressive pRNFL thinning showed significantly lower VF survival only in INS eyes (P = .015). Cox multivariate regression revealed that mGCIPL thinning predicted subsequent VF progression in IPFS eyes, while mGCIPL and pRNFL thinning had significant associations with VF progression in INS eyes., Conclusions: mGCIPL outperforms pRNFL at early follow-up in detecting VF progression in IPFS eyes but not INS eyes. Appropriate selection of structural parameters (mGCIPL vs. pRNFL) maximizes early VF progression detection according to initial VF defect location., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Given the long-term and severe distress experienced during breast cancer treatment, detecting depression among breast cancer patients is clinically crucial. This study aimed to explore a machine-learning model using self-report questionnaires to screen for depression in patients with breast cancer., Methods: A total of 327 patients who visited the breast cancer clinic were included in this study. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). The depression was evaluated according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition. The prediction model's performance based on supervised machine learning was conducted using MATLAB2022., Results: The BDI showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.785 when using the logistic regression (LR) classifier. The HADS and PHQ-9 showed an AUC of 0.784 and 0.756 when using the linear discriminant analysis, respectively. The combinations of BDI and HADS showed an AUC of 0.812 when using the LR. The combinations of PHQ-9, BDI, and HADS showed an AUC of 0.807 when using LR., Conclusion: The combination model with BDI and HADS in breast cancer patients might be better than the method using a single scale. In future studies, it is necessary to explore strategies that can improve the performance of the model by integrating the method using questionnaires and other methods.

ConspectusThe multifunctionality and resilience of living systems has inspired an explosion of interest in creating materials with life-like properties. Just as life persists out-of-equilibrium, we too should try to design materials that are thermodynamically unstable but can be harnessed to achieve desirable, adaptive behaviors. Studying minimalistic chemical systems that exhibit relatively simple emergent behaviors, such as motility, communication, or self-organization, can provide insight into fundamental principles which may enable the design of more complex and life-like synthetic materials in the future.Emulsions, which are composed of liquid droplets dispersed in another immiscible fluid phase, have emerged as fascinating chemically minimal materials in which to study nonequilibrium, life-like properties. As covered in this Account, our group has focused on studying oil-in-water emulsions, specifically those which destabilize by solubilization, a process wherein oil is released into the continuous phase over time to create gradients of oil-filled micelles. These chemical gradients can create interfacial tension gradients that lead to droplet self-propulsion as well as mediate communication between neighboring oil droplets. As such, oil-in-water emulsions present an interesting platform for studying active matter. However, despite being chemically minimal with sometimes as few as three chemicals (oil, water, and a surfactant), emulsions present surprising complexity across the molecular to macroscale. Fundamental processes governing their active behavior, such as micelle-mediated interfacial transport, are still not well understood. This complexity is compounded by the challenges of studying systems out-of-equilibrium which typically require new analytical methods and may break our intuition derived from equilibrium thermodynamics.In this Account, we highlight our group's efforts toward developing chemical frameworks for understanding active and interactive oil-in-water emulsions. How do the chemical properties and physical spatial organization of the oil, water, and surfactant combine to yield colloidal-scale active properties? Our group tackles this question by employing systematic studies of active behavior working across the chemical space of oils and surfactants to link molecular structure to active behavior. The Account begins with an introduction to the self-propulsion of single, isolated droplets and how by applying biases, such as with a gravitational field or interfacially adsorbed particles, drop speeds can be manipulated. Next, we illustrate that some droplets can be attractive, as well as self-propulsive/repulsive, which does not fall in line with the current understanding of the impact of oil-filled micelle gradients on interfacial tensions. The mechanisms by which oil-filled micelles influence interfacial tensions of nonequilibrium interfaces is poorly understood and requires deeper molecular understanding. Regardless, we extend our knowledge of droplet motility to design emulsions with nonreciprocal predator-prey interactions and describe the dynamic self-organization that arises from the combination of reciprocal and nonreciprocal interactions between droplets. Finally, we highlight our group's progress toward answering key chemical questions surrounding nonequilibrium processes in emulsions that remain to be answered. We hope that our progress in understanding the chemical principles governing the dynamic nonequilibrium properties of oil-in-water droplets can help inform research in tangential research areas such as cell biology and origins of life.

Esculentin-2CHa(1-30) (‟ESC") has been reported as a potent anti-diabetic peptide with little toxicity. However, its very short plasma residence time severely limits the therapeutic efficacy. To address this issue, we genetically engineered a fusion protein of tandem trimeric ESC with an albumin binding domain (ABD) and a fusion partner, SUMO (named ‟SUMO-3×ESC-ABD"). The SUMO-3×ESC-ABD, successfully produced from E. coli, showed low cellular and hemolytic toxicity while displaying potent activities for the amelioration of hyperglycemia as well as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in vitro. In animal studies, the estimated plasma half-life of SUMO-3×ESC-ABD was markedly longer (427-fold) than that of the ESC peptide. In virtue of the extended plasma residence, the SUMO-3×ESC-ABD could produce significant anti-hyperglycemic effects that lasted for >2 days, while both the ESC or ESC-ABD peptides elicited little effects. Further, twice-weekly treatment for 10 weeks, the SUMO-3×ESC-ABD displayed significant improvement in blood glucose control with a reduction in body weight. Most importantly, a significant improvement in the conditions of NAFLD was observed in the SUMO-3×ESC-ABD-treated mice. Along the systemic effects (by improved glucose tolerance and body weight reduction), direct inhibition of the hepatocyte lipid uptake was suggested as the major mechanism of the anti-NAFLD effects. Overall, this study demonstrated the utility of the long-acting SUMO-3×ESC-ABD as a potent drug candidate for the treatment of NAFLD., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: The relationship between human papillomavirus (HPV) and Bowen disease (BD) is not fully understood., Objectives: To investigate the differences in HPV detection rates in BD samples across various body regions and analyse the expression patterns of p53, p16 and Ki-67 in relation to HPV presence., Methods: Tissue samples from patients diagnosed with BD, confirmed through histopathology, were retrospectively collected. Next-generation sequencing was used for HPV DNA detection. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for p16, p53 and Ki-67 was performed., Results: Out of 109 patients with BD, 21 (19.3%) were HPV-positive. All identified types were α-HPVs, with HPV-16 being the most common. The HPV detection rate was significantly higher in the pelvic (9/13, 69%, P < 0.001) and digital (5/10, 50%, P = 0.02) areas compared with those in the other regions. HPV presence was significantly correlated with p53 negativity (P = 0.002), the p53 'non-overexpression' IHC pattern (P < 0.001) and p16-p53 immunostain pattern discordance (P < 0.001). Conversely, there was no notable association between HPV presence and p16 positivity, the p16 IHC pattern or Ki-67 expression., Conclusions: Our findings suggest the oncogenic role of sexually transmitted and genito-digitally transmitted α-HPVs in the pathogenesis of BD in pelvic and digital regions., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of British Association of Dermatologists. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Acrylic resins are widely used as the main components in removable orthodontic appliances. However, poor oral hygiene and maintenance of orthodontic appliances provide a suitable environment for the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. In this study, strontium-modified phosphate-based glass (Sr-PBG) was added to orthodontic acrylic resin at 0% (control), 3.75%, 7.5%, and 15% by weight to evaluate the surface and physicochemical properties of the novel material and its in vitro antifungal effect against Candida albicans (C. albicans). Surface microhardness and contact angle did not vary between the control and 3.75% Sr-PBG groups (p > 0.05), and the flexural strength was lower in the experimental groups than in the control group (p < 0.05), but no difference was found with Sr-PBG content (p > 0.05). All experimental groups showed an antifungal effect at 24 and 48 h compared to that in the control group (p < 0.05). This study demonstrated that 3.75% Sr-PBG exhibits antifungal effects against C. albicans along with suitable physicochemical properties, which may help to minimize the risk of adverse effects associated with harmful microbial living on removable orthodontic appliances and promote the use of various materials., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The synthesis of a biologically relevant 2-amino- N 3-alkylamido 4-quinazolinone has been accomplished in four steps from commercially available materials using design principles from both modular and divergent synthesis. N 3-Alkylation of 2-chloro-4(3 H )-quinazolinone using methyl bromoacetate, followed by C2-amination produced a suitable scaffold for introducing molecular diversity. Optimization of alkylation conditions afforded full regioselectivity, enabling exclusive access to the N -alkylated isomer. Subsequent C2-amination using piperidine, pyrrolidine, or diethylamine, followed by amide bond formation using variously substituted phenethylamines, generated fifteen unique 4-quinazolinones bearing C2-amino and N 3-alkylamido substituents. These efforts highlight the reciprocal influence of C2 and N 3 substitution on functionalization at either position, establish an effective synthetic pathway toward 2, N 3-disubstituted 4-quinazolinones, and enable preliminary bioactivity studies while providing an experiential learning opportunity for undergraduate student researchers.

Secreted protein acidic and cysteine rich/osteonectin, cwcv and kazal-like domain proteoglycan 2 (SPOCK2) is a protein that regulates cell differentiation and growth. Recent studies have reported that SPOCK2 plays important roles in the progression of various human cancers; however, the role of SPOCK2 in melanoma remains unknown. Therefore, this study investigated the roles of SPOCK2 and the related mechanisms in melanoma progression. To evaluate the clinical significance of SPOCK2 expression in patients with melanoma, we analysed the association between SPOCK2 expression and its prognostic value for patients with melanoma using systematic multiomic analysis. Subsequently, to investigate the roles of Spock2 in melanoma progression in vitro and in vivo, we knocked down Spock2 in the B16F10 melanoma cell line. High SPOCK2 levels were positively associated with good prognosis and long survival rate of patients with melanoma. Spock2 knockdown promoted melanoma cell proliferation by inducing the cell cycle and inhibiting apoptosis. Moreover, Spock2 downregulation significantly increased cell migration and invasion by upregulating MMP2 and MT1-MMP. The increased cell proliferation and migration were inhibited by MAPK inhibitor, and ERK phosphorylation was considerably enhanced in Spock2 knockdown cells. Therefore, Spock2 could function as a tumour suppressor gene to regulate melanoma progression by regulating the MAPK/ERK signalling pathway. Additionally, Spock2 knockdown cell injection induced considerable tumour growth and lung metastasis in C57BL6 mice compared to that in the control group. Our findings suggest that SPOCK2 plays crucial roles in malignant progression of melanoma and functions as a novel therapeutic target of melanoma., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide. Breast cancer often metastasizes to the regional lymph nodes, bone, brain, liver, and lungs, whereas gastrointestinal tract metastases are rare. Herein, we present a rare case of rectal metastasis from breast cancer that occurred during palliative chemotherapy. A 69-year-old female with a history of invasive ductal carcinoma, negative for hormonal receptors and positive for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) receptor, underwent various treatments, including neoadjuvant chemotherapy, breast-conserving surgery, and adjuvant therapy. Eight months postoperatively, the patient experienced axillary lymph node recurrence, requiring palliative chemotherapy. Despite ongoing treatment, metastatic lesions were confirmed in the lungs and pleura. During palliative chemotherapy, the patient developed anal pain, and subsequent examination revealed an infiltrating rectal lesion. Despite histological confirmation of metastatic breast carcinoma and tubular adenoma, a multidisciplinary decision was made regarding palliative chemotherapy over surgical intervention. Eribulin was administered, but due to the patient's inability to tolerate the treatment, she passed away 3 months after rectal lesion diagnosis. Although breast cancer metastasis to the rectum is rare, clinicians should consider the possibility of rectal involvement and perform a digital rectal examination if anal symptoms are present.

Background and Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the clinical presentation and features in electrodiagnostic and imaging investigations of young South Korean males diagnosed with Hirayama disease (HD)., Methods: We reviewed the electronic medical records of South Korean enlisted soldiers who were diagnosed with HD and discharged from military service during 2011-2021. We investigated the clinical characteristics and results of electrodiagnostic and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) investigations. We analyzed laterality and identified the involved muscles using needle electromyography (EMG). Loss of lordosis, localized cervical cord atrophy, loss of attachment between the posterior dura and subjacent lamina, asymmetric flattening of the cord, crescent-shaped mass in the posterior epidural space, and noncompressive intramedullary T2-weighted high signal intensity were investigated using neutral- or flexion-position MRI., Results: Forty-two male patients aged 20.2±0.8 years (mean±standard deviation) were identified. All patients complained of hand weakness, and 10 complained of hand tremor (23.8%). Four patients (9.5%) had symptoms in both upper limbs, and five (11.9%) had sensory disturbances. Needle EMG revealed that muscles in the C7-T1 myotome were commonly involved, and C5-C6 involvement of the deltoid (10.5%) and biceps brachii (12.5%) was also observed. In cervical MRI, localized cord atrophy (90.0%) was the most characteristic finding, and cord atrophy was most severe at the C5-C6 level (58.3%)., Conclusions: This is the first description of a large number of patients with HD in South Korea. The clinical presentation and features found in electrodiagnostic and imaging investigations will improve the understanding of HD in the young South Korean male population., Competing Interests: The authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 Korean Neurological Association.)

Hyperpigmentation occurs due to irregular secretion of melanin pigment in the skin. This can affect quality of life depending on its severity, so prevention and management are essential. Oats ( Avena sativa L.), a grain consumed worldwide, are known to offer improved health benefits upon germination and fermentation. This study is aimed to investigate the protective effects of lactobacilli-fermented sprouted oat extracts on oxidative stress and melanin overproduction in vitro. The anti-melanogenic effect was investigated using melanin content and tyrosinase activity assays in B16F10 cells, as well as a mushroom tyrosinase-based enzyme inhibition assay. The results showed that L. casei -fermented oat extracts were the most effective for reducing melanin formation by reducing the mRNA expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, tyrosinase, and tyrosinase-related protein 2. Furthermore, L. casei fermentation was effective in improving the total phenolic, flavonoid, and avenanthramide A contents of sprouted oat extracts. The results also demonstrated the antioxidant effects of L. casei -fermented sprouted oat extracts in promoting DPPH radical-scavenging activity, superoxide dismutase-like activity, and reduction in reactive oxygen species levels. Overall, the findings indicate that fermented sprouted oat extracts are promising candidates for antioxidant and anti-hyperpigmentation treatments.

Sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1c is involved in cellular lipid homeostasis and cholesterol biosynthesis and is highly increased in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, the molecular mechanism by which SREBP-1c regulates hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activation in NASH animal models and patients have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we examined the role of SREBP-1c in NASH and the regulation of LCN2 gene expression. Wild-type and SREBP-1c knockout (1cKO) mice were fed a high-fat/high-sucrose diet, treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ), and subjected to lipocalin-2 (LCN2) overexpression. The role of LCN2 in NASH progression was assessed using mouse primary hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, and HSCs. LCN2 expression was examined in samples from normal patients and those with NASH. LCN2 gene expression and secretion increased in CCl 4 -induced liver fibrosis mice model, and SREBP-1c regulated LCN2 gene transcription. Moreover, treatment with holo-LCN2 stimulated intracellular iron accumulation and fibrosis-related gene expression in mouse primary HSCs, but these effects were not observed in 1cKO HSCs, indicating that SREBP-1c-induced LCN2 expression and secretion could stimulate HSCs activation through iron accumulation. Furthermore, LCN2 expression was strongly correlated with inflammation and fibrosis in patients with NASH. Our findings indicate that SREBP-1c regulates Lcn2 gene expression, contributing to diet-induced NASH. Reduced Lcn2 expression in 1cKO mice protects against NASH development. Therefore, the activation of Lcn2 by SREBP-1c establishes a new connection between iron and lipid metabolism, affecting inflammation and HSCs activation. These findings may lead to new therapeutic strategies for NASH., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Hypothesis: Sessile droplets solubilizing in surfactant solution are frequently encountered in practice, but the factors governing their non-equilibrium dynamics are not well understood. Here, we investigate mechanisms by which solubilizing, sessile oil droplets in aqueous surfactant solution dewet from hydrophobic substrates and spread on hydrophilic substrates., Experiments: We quantify the dependence of droplet contact line dynamics on drop size and oil, surfactant, and substrate chemistries. We consider halogenated alkane oils as well as aromatic oils and focus on common nonionic nonylphenol ethoxylate surfactants. We correlate these results with measurements of the interfacial tensions., Findings: Counter-intuitively, under a range of conditions, we observe complete dewetting of oil from hydrophobic substrates but spreading on hydrophilic substrates. The timescales needed to reach a steady-state contact angle vary widely, with some droplets examined taking over a day. We find that surfactant surface adsorption governs the contact angle on shorter timescales, while partitioning of surfactant from water to oil, and oil solubilization into the water, act on longer timescales to facilitate the complete dewetting. Understanding of the role played by surfactant and oil transport presents opportunities for tailoring sessile droplet behaviors and controlling droplet dynamics under conditions that would previously not have been considered., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: [Lauren Zarzar reports financial support was provided by Charles E Kaufman Foundation. Lauren Zarzar reports financial support was provided by Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation Inc. Lauren Zarzar reports financial support was provided by US Army Research Office]., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate the safety and feasibility of skin adhesives and to compare postoperative and cosmetic outcomes after wound closure in single-port laparoscopic appendectomy (SPLA) between skin adhesives and steri-strips., Methods: This was a single-center retrospective study. We included 22 and 47 patients in whom skin adhesive and steri-strips were used respectively, for skin closure after subcuticular suturing in SPLA between August 2014 and 2020. The patient scar assessment questionnaire (PSAQ) was completed postoperatively to assess postoperative cosmetic outcomes., Results: On the postoperative day, patients in whom skin adhesive was used had significantly lower numeric rating scores than in whom steri-strips were used (2.8 ± 0.8 vs. 3.9 ± 0.8, p < 0.001). The frequency of analgesic administration within 24 hours and between 24 and 48 hours after surgery was significantly lower in the skin adhesive group compared to the wound closure strip group (1.4 ± 0.8 vs. 2.7 ± 1.2, p = 0.013 and 0.2 ± 0.4 vs. 0.7 ± 0.9, p = 0.002, respectively). In the PSAQ, "satisfaction with appearance" and "satisfaction with symptoms" subitem scores were significantly lower in patients in whom skin adhesive was used (11.3 ± 3.0 vs. 15.1 ± 4.5, p = 0.006 and 6.5 ± 1.8 vs. 9.5 ± 3.3, p = 0.003), whereas, "appearance" and "consciousness" subitems revealed no statistically significant differences between the groups., Conclusion: Liquid skin adhesive closures seem to be safe and feasible and cause less postoperative pain, resulting in greater patient satisfaction with postoperative scars than wound closure strip closure after subcuticular suturing in SPLA.

Purpose: Surgical resection, the primary treatment for colorectal cancer (CRC), is often linked with postoperative complications that adversely affect the overall survival rates (OS). The pan-immune-inflammation value (PIV), a novel biomarker, is promising in evaluating cancer prognoses. We aimed to explore the impact of preoperative immune inflammation status on postoperative and long-term oncological outcomes in patients with CRC., Methods: A retrospective analysis of 203 patients with CRC who underwent surgery (January 2016-June 2020) was conducted. The preoperative PIV was calculated as [(neutrophil count + platelet count + monocyte count) / lymphocyte counts]. The PIV optimal cutoff value was determined based on the OS using the Contal and O'Quigley methods., Results: A PIV value ≥155.90 was defined as high. Patients were categorized into low-PIV (n = 85) and high-PIV (n = 118) groups. Perioperative clinical outcomes (total operation time, time to gas out, sips of water, soft diet, and hospital stay) were not significantly different between the groups. The high-PIV group exhibited more postoperative complications (P = 0.024), and larger tumor size compared with the low-PIV group. Multivariate analysis identified that American Society of Anesthesiologists grade III (P = 0.046) and high-PIV (P = 0.049) were significantly associated with postoperative complications. The low-PIV group demonstrated higher OS (P = 0.001) and disease-free survival rates (DFS) (P = 0.021) compared with the high-PIV group. Advanced N stage (P = 0.005) and high-PIV levels (P = 0.047) were the identified independent prognostic factors for OS, whereas advanced N stage (P = 0.045) was an independent prognostic factor for DFS., Conclusion: Elevated preoperative PIV was associated with an increased incidence of postoperative complications and served as an independent prognostic factor for OS., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported., (Copyright © 2024, the Korean Surgical Society.)

Objectives: To evaluate the clinical utility of trend-based analysis of the targeted mean total deviation (TMTD) by comparing its rates of visual field (VF) change and sensitivities of detecting VF progression with those of the mean total deviation (mTD) in the global and hemifield VF area in early to-moderate glaucoma patients., Methods: A single eye from 139 open-angle glaucoma patients with hemifield VF defects and a minimum two year follow-up were retrospectively evaluated. The TMTD was estimated by averaging the total deviation (TD) values after excluding VF points that had a threshold sensitivity of <0 dB in three baseline tests, and the mTD by averaging the entire VF TD values. The study patients were classified as VF progressors vs. non-progressors using both event- and trend-based analysis. The rates of change and ratios of progression detection were compared between TMTD and mTD., Results: This study included 49 VF progressors and 90 non-progressors. Slopes for the global and VF-affected hemifield TMTD were significantly faster than those for the mTD in each subgroup and in the entire cohort (P < 0.001). Trend-based TMTD analysis detected VF progression in greater proportion than either trend-based mTD or event-based analysis (38.1% vs. 30.2% vs. 27.3%, respectively: VF affected hemifields)., Conclusions: The rates of change in the TMTD are significantly faster than those for the mTD globally and in the VF-affected hemifields. Trend-based TMTD analysis shows greater sensitivity for detecting VF progression than trend-based mTD or event-based analysis in early-to-moderate glaucoma patients with hemifield VF loss., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to The Royal College of Ophthalmologists.)

Targeting proximity-labeling enzymes to specific cellular locations is a viable strategy for profiling subcellular proteomes. Here, we generated transgenic mice (MAX-Tg) expressing a mitochondrial matrix-targeted ascorbate peroxidase. Comparative analysis of matrix proteomes from the muscle tissues showed differential enrichment of mitochondrial proteins. We found that reticulon 4-interacting protein 1 (RTN4IP1), also known as optic atrophy-10, is enriched in the mitochondrial matrix of muscle tissues and is an NADPH oxidoreductase. Interactome analysis and in vitro enzymatic assays revealed an essential role for RTN4IP1 in coenzyme Q (CoQ) biosynthesis by regulating the O-methylation activity of COQ3. Rtn4ip1-knockout myoblasts had markedly decreased CoQ 9 levels and impaired cellular respiration. Furthermore, muscle-specific knockdown of dRtn4ip1 in flies resulted in impaired muscle function, which was reversed by dietary supplementation with soluble CoQ. Collectively, these results demonstrate that RTN4IP1 is a mitochondrial NAD(P)H oxidoreductase essential for supporting mitochondrial respiration activity in the muscle tissue., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Marine virus diversity and their relationships with their hosts in the marine environment remain unclear. This study investigated the co-occurrence of marine DNA bacteriophages (phages) and bacteria in the sub-Arctic area of Kongsfjorden Bay in Svalbard (Norway) in April and June 2018 using metagenomics tools. Of the marine viruses identified, 48-81% were bacteriophages of the families Myoviridae , Siphoviridae , and Podoviridae . Puniceispirillum phage HMO-2011 was dominant (7.61%) in April, and Puniceispirillum phage HMO-2011 (3.32%) and Pelagibacter phage HTVC008M (3.28%) were dominant in June. Gammaproteobacteria (58%), including Eionea flava (14.3%) and Pseudomonas sabulinigri (12.2%), were dominant in April, whereas Alphaproteobacteria (87%), including Sulfitobacter profundi (51.5%) and Loktanella acticola (32.4%), were dominant in June. The alpha diversity of the bacteriophages and bacterial communities exhibited opposite patterns. The diversity of the bacterial community was higher in April and lower in June. Changes in water temperature and light can influence the relationship between bacteria and bacteriophages.

Introduction: Heightened levels of distress among Asian Americans during the initial phases of the pandemic may be associated with current smoking behavior. In this study, we examine differences in current smoking among Asian Americans from two different ethnic backgrounds before and during the COVID-19 pandemic., Methods: We analyzed cross-sectional survey data (n=202) from Chinese and South Asian adults in Chicago, collected between February and May 2020. We conducted logistic regression models to estimate the relationship between exposure to the COVID-19 pandemic and current smoking. We tested whether the association varied by Asian American ethnic group, unemployment, racial discrimination, and depression symptoms., Results: We found that current smoking increased from 28% to 48% among Asian Americans (i.e. Chinese and South Asians) during the pandemic. We found a statistically significant interaction between the COVID-19 period indicator variable and current smoking by Asian American ethnic groups (p=0.014), such that current smoking was lower for Chinese compared to South Asians before COVID-19, but was comparable for both groups during the pandemic. We also found a statistically significant interaction between the period indicator variable and current smoking by racial discrimination (p=0.047) and depression symptoms (p=0.02). Results from these interactions suggest that Asian Americans who experienced racial discrimination and depression during the pandemic may be more likely to be current smokers compared to their pre-pandemic counterparts., Conclusions: The findings of the study highlight the need for culturally tailored smoking cessation interventions for Asian American communities that address pandemic-related stressors such as discrimination that may trigger cigarette use., Competing Interests: The authors have completed and submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. The authors declare that they have no competing interests, financial or otherwise, related to the current work. K.E. Kim reports that in the past 36 months she received grants or contracts from the National Cancer Institute, NIH and CDC, and that she had a fiduciary role in Asian Health Coalition., (© 2024 Lozano P. et al.)

Intermittent fasting (IF), an alternating pattern of dietary restriction, reduces obesity-induced insulin resistance and inflammation. However, the crosstalk between adipose tissue and the hippocampus in diabetic encephalopathy is not fully understood. Here, we investigated the protective effects of IF against neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment in high-fat diet(HFD)-fed mice. Histological analysis revealed that IF reduced crown-like structures and adipocyte apoptosis in the adipose tissue of HFD mice. In addition to circulating lipocalin-2 (LCN2) and galectin-3 (GAL3) levels, IF reduced HFD-induced increases in LCN2- and GAL3-positive macrophages in adipose tissue. IF also improved HFD-induced memory deficits by inhibiting blood-brain barrier breakdown and neuroinflammation. Furthermore, immunofluorescence showed that IF reduced HFD-induced astrocytic LCN2 and microglial GAL3 protein expression in the hippocampus of HFD mice. These findings indicate that HFD-induced adipocyte apoptosis and macrophage infiltration may play a critical role in glial activation and that IF reduces neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment by protecting against blood-brain barrier leakage.

Purpose: This study investigated the global and regional correlations between longitudinal structure-function (S-F) and vasculature-function (V-F) data using circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (cpRNFLT) measurements from optical coherence tomography (OCT), circumpapillary vessel density (cpVD) from OCT angiography (OCTA), and the corresponding visual field mean sensitivities at different glaucoma stages., Methods: A total of 107 eyes from 107 glaucoma patients with progressive visual field (VF) changes followed up for an average of 3.33 ± 1.39 years were enrolled, including early-to-moderate (51 eyes) and advanced (56 eyes) stages. The rates of longitudinal change in the VF mean deviation (MD), cpRNFLT, and cpVD were evaluated using linear mixed-effects models and compared between different glaucoma stages. Longitudinal global and regional S-F and V-F relationships were assessed by repeated measures correlation analysis by glaucoma stage., Results: No significant differences were found in the rates of VF MD and cpVD changes (P > 0.05) between the two glaucoma stage groups. CpRNFLT decreased more rapidly in the early-to-moderate stage group (P < 0.001) in which significant longitudinal global and regional correlations were found in both S-F and V-F relationships (all P < 0.05), except for the nasal sector. Significant global and regional correlations were only found in V-F relationship in advanced stage cases (all P < 0.05)., Conclusions: Significant longitudinal V-F relationships exist globally and regionally regardless of glaucoma stage but no longitudinal S-F relationship is present in advanced glaucoma. Longitudinal follow-up of cpVD parameters may be useful for monitoring glaucomatous VF progression at all disease stages.