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The avoidance of financial gain in the human body is an international ethical standard that underpins efforts to promote equity in donation and transplantation and to avoid the exploitation of vulnerable populations. The avoidance of financial loss due to donation of organs, tissues, and cells is also now recognized as an ethical imperative that fosters equity in donation and transplantation and supports the well-being of donors and their families. Nevertheless, there has been little progress in achieving financial neutrality in donations in most countries. We present here the findings of an international ethics working group convened in preparation for the 2023 Global Summit on Convergence in Transplantation, held in Santander, Spain, which was tasked with formulating recommendations for action to promote financial neutrality in donation. In particular, we discuss the potential difficulty of distinguishing interventions that address donation-related costs from those that may act as a financial incentive for donation, which may inhibit efforts to cover costs. We also outline some practical strategies to assist governments in designing, implementing, and evaluating policies and programs to support progress toward financial neutrality in donation., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Trafficking in human organs, cells, and tissues has long been a source of concern for health authorities and professionals, and several international ethical guidance documents and national laws have affirmed the prohibition of trade in these substances of human origin (SoHOs). However, despite considerable attention to the issue of organ trafficking, this remains a substantial and widespread problem internationally. In contrast, trafficking in cells, tissues, and medical products derived from SoHOs has received comparatively little attention, and the extent and nature of such trafficking remain largely unknown. Consequently, as part of the 2023 Global Summit on Convergence in Transplantation held in Santander, Spain, an ethics working group was assigned the task of formulating actionable recommendations to support the prevention of trafficking in all SoHOs. In reporting on this work, we review factors that may influence the persistent trafficking of SoHOs, explore the potential difficulties associated with the collection and reporting of data about suspected trafficking activities, and argue that more practical and consistent guidance, training, and regulatory frameworks are needed internationally to support effective reporting, sharing of data, and collaborative responses to suspected trafficking cases. We also discuss the importance of psychosocial evaluation of living donors as a strategy to detect and prevent organ trafficking and strive to advance the implementation of this well-established recommendation by outlining minimum standards for psychosocial evaluation of living donors., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Therapies derived from substances of human origin (SoHOs) such as organs, cells, and tissues provide life-saving or life-changing treatment for millions of people worldwide each year. However, many people lack timely access to SoHO-based therapies because of insufficient supplies of these exceptional health resources and/or broader barriers in access to healthcare. Despite well-established governmental commitments to promote health equity in general and equity of access to SoHOs in particular, information about inequities in access to most SoHO-based therapies is scarce. Furthermore, the issue of equitable allocation of SoHO-based therapies has received little attention from policymakers and ethicists, except in the context of organ allocation for transplantation. Consequently, the extent and nature of potential inequities within and between countries are largely unknown, and few sources of guidance are available to support progress toward equity in global access to SoHO-based therapies. We present here the findings of an international ethics working group convened in preparation for the 2023 Global Summit on Convergence in Transplantation, organized in Santander, Spain. The group sought to assess potential gaps in knowledge about inequities involving SoHO-based therapies, to elucidate systemic factors that may influence access to these therapies, and to consider how policies and frameworks governing access to and allocation of SoHO-based therapies may promote equity when it is necessary to define boundaries in access because of insufficiency of supply. In discussing these challenges, we also outline several recommendations for action by governments and health authorities., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Home dialysis modalities (home hemodialysis [HD] and peritoneal dialysis [PD]) are associated with greater patient autonomy and treatment satisfaction compared with in-center modalities, yet the level of home-dialysis use worldwide is low. Reasons for limited utilization are context-dependent, informed by local resources, dialysis costs, access to healthcare, health system policies, provider bias or preferences, cultural beliefs, individual lifestyle concerns, potential care-partner time, and financial burdens. In May 2021, KDIGO (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes) convened a controversies conference on home dialysis, focusing on how modality choice and distribution are determined and strategies to expand home-dialysis use. Participants recognized that expanding use of home dialysis within a given health system requires alignment of policy, fiscal resources, organizational structure, provider incentives, and accountability. Clinical outcomes across all dialysis modalities are largely similar, but for specific clinical measures, one modality may have advantages over another. Therefore, choice among available modalities is preference-sensitive, with consideration of quality of life, life goals, clinical characteristics, family or care-partner support, and living environment. Ideally, individuals, their care-partners, and their healthcare teams will employ shared decision-making in assessing initial and subsequent kidney failure treatment options. To meet this goal, iterative, high-quality education and support for healthcare professionals, patients, and care-partners are priorities. Everyone who faces dialysis should have access to home therapy. Facilitating universal access to home dialysis and expanding utilization requires alignment of policy considerations and resources at the dialysis-center level, with clear leadership from informed and motivated clinical teams., (Copyright © 2023 International Society of Nephrology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

In the literature, this paper is the first to describe the use of plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF)-Endoret® in hemodialyzed diabetic patients, to promote the healing of after amputation wounds. The PRGF-Endoret® was primarily conceived to be used in maxillofacial surgery, oral implantology, etc., the innovation residing in the blood collection technique (quantity, moment of the week, rhythmicity), which was adapted to the specific conditions of the hemodialyzed patient. Moreover, in the initial phases, the two PRGF fractions were innovatively applied as single alternating layers on the wound surface. Only after the surface of the wound decreased, the two PRGF fractions were applied as overlapping layers. Nevertheless, the paper presents the optimal method to assess the clinical evolution of the wound. Histopathological examination of the biopsy performed during wound preparation for PRGF application brought additional, essential data for orienting the therapeutic approach. The exclusion of calciphylaxis, a disease with high mortality risk, encouraged the application of this method, and also demonstrated the microscopic features in hemodialyzed diabetic patients.

The clinical use of cisplatin, which is a first-line anticancer agent, is highly restricted due to its adverse effects on kidneys that lead to nephrotoxicity. Therefore, some potential reno-protective substances have been used in combination with cisplatin to cope with nephrotoxicity. Due to its high antitumor activity and oxygen-carrying capacity, we investigated the molecular effects of squalene against cisplatin-induced oxidative stress and kidney damage in mice. Single dose of cisplatin (7 mg/kg) was given to male Balb/c mice. Squalene (100 mg/kg/day) was administered orogastrically to mice for 10 days. Following sacrification, molecular alterations were investigated as analysis of the levels of oxidative stress index (OSI), inflammatory cytokines and cell survival-related proteins in addition to histopathological examinations in mice kidney tissue. The level OSI and Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) decreased in the cisplatin and squalene cotreated mice compared to cisplatin-treated mice. Squalene treatment also increased the activation of protein kinase B (AKT). Furthermore, cisplatin-induced inactivation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and histopathological damages were reversed by squalene. It may be suggested that squalene ameliorated the cisplatin-induced histopathological damages in the kidney through activation of AKT/mTOR signaling pathway by regulating the balance of the redox system due to its antioxidative effect., Competing Interests: CONFLICT OF INTEREST: none declared

Background/aim: This study aimed to compare washed red blood cell (WRBC) transfusion versus nonwashed RBC (NWRBC) transfusion in terms of posttransfusion potassium levels in dialysis patients on a day when the patient did not receive dialysis., Materials and Methods: The patients were randomly assigned into two groups, i.e. those receiving WRBCs (n = 21) and those receiving NWRBCs (n = 17). Both groups received one unit of RBCs. Serum potassium and sodium levels were measured before and at the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 6th hours after transfusion., Results: In the WRBC group, the changes in the serum potassium levels at the 3rd, 4th, and 6th hours after transfusion were significant compared with pretransfusion levels. In the serum potassium levels mean decreases by 0.38 ± 0.57 mEq/L at the 3rd hour (P = 0.006), by 0.32 ± 0.47 mEq/L at the 4th hour (P = 0.005), and by 0.32 ± 0.51 mEq/L at the 6th hour (P = 0.009) after transfusion were significant compared with the pretransfusion levels., Conclusion: Although nonwashed RBC transfusion does not change serum potassium levels, washed RBC transfusion significantly reduces serum potassium levels. Washed RBC transfusion is considered to be safer in hemodialysis patients with hyperkalemia and anemia.

Aim: Fetuin-A is a member of protease inhibitors that act as an inhibitor of vascular calcification. In our study, the relationship of fetuin-A with metabolic and echocardiographic parameters in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients has been investigated., Methods: Besides demographic, clinical and laboratory data, fetuin-A level was recorded. Echocardiographic examinations were performed by the same operator., Results: Fifty-two chronic PD patients (mean age: 52.7 ± 15.4 years) and 31 healthy volunteers (mean age: 41.3 ± 10.7 years) were included. Fetuin-A levels were significantly lower in the patient group (57.5 ± 31.5 ng/mL vs. 72.5 ± 34.0 ng/mL, P = 0.002). There was a significant relation between age and fetuin-A levels (P = 0.025). Four patients with chronic heart failure had significantly lower fetuin-A levels compared with those without. There was no relation between fetuin-A levels and the presence of diabetes mellitus, left ventricular hypertrophy and ischemic heart disease. No relationship was detected between fetuin-A level and any echocardiographic parameter. Age and hematocrite were correlated negatively, and serum albumin positively with fetuin-A levels. On linear regression analysis, fetuin-A level was related with age, hematocrite and presence of heart failure., Conclusion: PD patients with heart failure have significantly lower fetuin-A levels. Age is a main determinant of fetuin-A level and fetuin-A may act as a negative acute phase reactant in PD patients.

Chronic kidney disease has become a serious public health issue. There are currently over 1.4 million patients receiving renal replacement therapy worldwide. One way to reduce the economic burden of chronic kidney disease would be early intervention. In order to achieve this, we should be able to identify individuals with increased risk of renal disease. An individual's genetic and phenotypic make-up puts him/her at risk for kidney disease. Factors such as race, gender, age, and family history are highly important. For instance, being of African-American decent, older age, low birth weight and family history of kidney disease are considered to be strong risk factors for chronic kidney disease. Moreover, smoking, obesity, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus can also lead to kidney disease. An uncontrolled diabetic and/or hypertensive patient can easily and quickly progress to an end-stage kidney disease patient. Exposure to heavy metals, excessive alcohol consumption, smoking, and the use of analgesic medications also constitute risks. Experiencing acute kidney injury, a history of cardiovascular disease, hyperlipidemia, metabolic syndrome, hepatitis C virus, HIV infection, and malignancy are further risk factors. Determination of serum creatinine levels and urinalysis in patients with chronic kidney disease risk will usually be sufficient for initial screening.

Purpose: The purposes of this study were to investigate the association between arm circumference and body mass index (BMI) and to discuss problems, mainly arm circumference and cuff size mismatch, that could affect the reliability of home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) among peritoneal dialysis (PD) and hemodialysis (HD) patients., Methods: 525 PD and 502 HD patients from 16 centers were included in the study. A two-part questionnaire was used to gather information from the participants. Arm circumferences were categorized into four groups according to the British Hypertension Society cuff size recommendations., Results: Mean BMI and arm circumference of all participants were 25.0 kg/m(2) and 27.6 cm, respectively. There was a significant correlation between BMI and arm circumference. The mean BMI and arm circumference values were higher in PD patients than in HD patients. Requirement of a large-sized adult cuff was more common among PD patients compared to HD patients (14 % vs 8 %, p = 0.002)., Conclusions: Since HBPM is a useful tool for clinicians to improve BP control, nephrologists should be aware of the problems related to HBPM in dialysis patients and take an active role to increase the reliability of HBPM.

Standard peritoneal equilibrium test (PET) is an implementation that requires hard work for peritoneal dialysis (PD) staff. We analysed the efficacy of the fast PET and compared its results with standard PET. Forty-nine patients on PD therapy were included in the study. For standard PET, glucose, urea and creatinine values of dialysate were analysed at zeroth, second and fourth hours, and the patient's serum glucose, urea and creatinine values were analysed at second hour. In the fast PET, urea, glucose and creatinine values in plasma and dialysate were analysed at the fourth hour only. The results of both methods were compared with Pearson correlation and kappa tests. According to the standard PET, low transport in five patients, low-average transport in 17 patients, high-average transport in 23 patients and high transport types in four patients were identified. Fast PET results were similar in 46 (94%) patients (r = 0.77, p = 0.0001). Kappa (κw) analysis of results of both PETs was also statistically significant (p = 0.0001). This study showed that the peritoneal transport type may be determined more easily, practically and faster., (© 2011 European Dialysis and Transplant Nurses Association/European Renal Care Association.)

In this study, the effect of different risk factors (hyperglycemia, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia) on endothelial damage was evaluated in 61 (two of them were type 1; the other patients were type 2) diabetic patients. von Willebrand factor antigen was used as the marker of the endothelial damage. Although there was no significant decrease (P > 0.05) in von Willebrand factor level after regulation of nonregulated diabetes, a significant decrease was determined in nonregulated and hypertensive diabetic patients after improvement of risk factors (P < 0.05). As a result, nonregulated diabetes alone has less effect than nonregulated diabetes plus other risk factors (particularly hypertension) on diabetic angiopathy.

Background: Due to inadequate cadaveric and living related organ supply, many end-stage renal disease patients go to Third World countries for commercial transplantation, although the high risk of complications is well established and ethical arguments debate this practice., Methods: The midterm outcome of 115 patients who had been commercially transplanted in various countries and admitted to our center for post-transplant care and follow-up between 1992 and 1999 was retrospectively analyzed. Data considering the transplantation practice and post-transplant course were collected from the patient files. Outcome of these patients was compared with those with a living related transplant performed at our center., Results: The patients (91 male and 24 female; mean age of 42 +/- 12 years) were transplanted in India (N = 106), Iraq (N = 7), and Iran (N = 2). The mean follow-up period was 64.5 +/- 23.9 months. Post-transplant course was complicated by numerous surgical and/or medical complications, and many of the latter were unconventional infections caused by malaria, invasive fungal infections, and pneumonia due to various opportunistic pathogens. Overall, 52 patients still have functioning allografts, while 22 lost their grafts, 20 died, and 21 were lost to follow-up. Graft survival rates at two, five, and seven years were 84, 66, and 53%, respectively, for the study group, while it was 86, 78, and 73% for living related transplantations performed at our center (P = 0.036). Patient survival rates for the same periods were 90, 80, and 74% for the study group and 90, 85, and 80% for the living related transplantations (P = 0.53)., Conclusions: Besides the ongoing ethical debate, commercial transplantation carries a high risk of unconventional complications, and despite that the patient survival rate is comparable, graft survival is worse than conventional living related transplantations at the midterm.

Background: Streptococcus pneumoniae, a common pathogen leading to pneumonia, is a cause of morbidity and mortality in immunosuppressed patients. Vaccination against this agent can be recommended for immunosuppressed patients, including those with chronic renal failure, nephrotic syndrome and renal transplant recipients; however, a diminished immune response and loss of protective antibodies have been observed., Patients and Methods: In our prospective study, the efficacy and side effects of polyvalent pneumococcal vaccination were investigated in renal transplant recipients. A total of 21 patients (6 female, 15 male) with well-functioning renal allografts, who had transplant surgery at least 2 months before, were included in the study. The patients were stratified according to the immunosuppressive protocol and 8 received double, while 13 received triple, immunosuppressive agents. After obtaining basal serum samples, all cases were vaccinated with the 0.5 mL intramuscular administration of polyvalent polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine (Pneumo 23 Pasteur Merieux, lot No: K 1131)., Results: Following a mean of 6 wk in all patients and also a mean of 12 wk in 12 patients, serum samples were again obtained to measure pneumococcal antibodies. Antibody titers following 6 and 12 wk of vaccination were significantly higher, as compared with basal values in all patients, except one. These titers did not show any statistically significant difference between double and triple therapies. There was no significant difference between the 12th and 6th wk postvaccination antibody titers. No systemic or local adverse effects were observed., Conclusion: Pneumococcal vaccination is safe and effective in patients with well-functioning renal allografts, at least in the short term. This vaccination policy may be useful for preventing invasive pneumococcal disease in immunosuppressed patients.

Cholesterol crystal embolization is an increasingly recognized disease, presenting with a wide clinical spectrum, usually occurring in elderly men who undergo an angiographic procedure or vascular surgery. We report three patients who developed systemic cholesterol embolic disease and varying degrees of renal failure after angiographic interventions of the coronaries.