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3. The Use of 3D Scanning Methods to Evaluate the Hybrid Layer Used in Forging Tools in Order to Improve their Durability

Author

Gronostajski Z., Hawryluk M., Kaszuba M., Widomski P., Ziemba J., and Smolik J.

Subjects
Forging process, Destructive phenomena, Durability of tools, Scanning, Hybrid layers, Mining engineering. Metallurgy, TN1-997, Materials of engineering and construction. Mechanics of materials, TA401-492
Abstract

This study is focused on tools used in the industrial process of hot forging of a front wheel forging (gear wheel) manufactured for the automotive industry. Five different variants were applied for the tools: 3 die inserts were coated with three different hybrid layers (PN + PVD type), i.e. AlCrTiN, AlCrTiSiN and CrN, one insert was only nitrided, and one was pad welded, to improve tool durability. The tool wear was analysed and represented by the material degradation on the working surface, based on the 3D scanning and the material growth of the periodically collected forgings. Additionally, the scanned tools were divided into two areas, in which it was found, based on the analysis, that various degradation mechanisms are predominant. Microstructural tests and hardness measurements of the analyzed tools were also performed. Based on the results, it was found that, in the central part of the die insert, thermo-mechanical fatigue, abrasive wear and plastic deformation occurred, while in the area of the bridge insert, only abrasive wear could be observed. For these areas, the loss of material was determined separately. It was established that the use of the GN+CrN and GN+AlCrTiN hybrid layers on forging tools improves their durability, while the best results in the central area were observed on the tool with the GN+CrN layer, which is the most resistant to thermo-mechanical fatigue. In the second analyzed area, good wear resistance occurred on GN+CrN, GN+AlCrTiN and pad welded inserts, for which, together with the increase of the forging number, a proportional, slight growth of the loss of material occurred.

Published
2017
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6. Solution Examples of Selected Issues Related to Die Forging / Przykłady Rozwiązań Wybranych Zagadnień Związanych Z Kuciem Matrycowym

Author

Gronostajski Z., Hawryluk M., Jakubik J., Kaszuba M., Misiun G., and Sadowski P.

Subjects
Mining engineering. Metallurgy, TN1-997, Materials of engineering and construction. Mechanics of materials, TA401-492
Abstract

The paper presents selected examples of solutions and specific user applications associated with the industrial forging processes. Various process specific issues encountered during many years of bilateral collaboration with the forging industry are addressed and analysis methods are presented. As demonstrated in numerous articles and publications, the parameters influencing the die forging process are subject to complicated and mutually related dependencies, which can affect and complicate the methods of analysis. For this reason, researchers, more and more frequently, involve the use of additional support tools such as CAD / CAM / CAE, numerical modelling based on FEM, tool surface scanning methods, physical modelling, advanced microstructural research and dedicated control-measurement systems to validate engaged solutions. The research conducted by the authors included mainly: an analysis of the preform preparation, the impact of the geometry on the forging quality and the heating methods of the material and the tools, analysis of the tribological conditions, as well as an optimization of selected processes in respect of the force parameters, strain and temperature distributions and finally, a weight minimization of the input material. The issues discussed by the authors in the article intend, on the basis of the experience of its creators, to review the issues of the current forging technology and to indicate its possible solutions and development directions.

Published
2015
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7. Improvement Of Tools Durability By Application Of Hybrid Layer Of Nitrided/PECVD Coating.

Author

Gronostajski Z., Kaszuba M., Paschke H., Zakrzewski T., and Rogaliński G.

Subjects
forging, tools, nitride, PVD, CVD, Mining engineering. Metallurgy, TN1-997, Materials of engineering and construction. Mechanics of materials, TA401-492
Abstract

In the process of die hot forging the tools are subjected to three main factors leading to their destruction: the intensive thermal shocks, cyclically variable mechanical loads and intensive friction. The above mentioned factors causing destruction in the process of hot forging and warm forging concern mainly the surface of tools. Hybrid technique nitrided/PECVD belong to the latest methods of modifying the properties of the surface layer. In the paper the application of this technique for forging tools of constant velocity joint body is presented. The durability of the new tools is much better than the tools applied so far.

Published
2015
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8. An Analysis Of The Industrial Forging Process Of Flange In Order To Reduce The Weight Of The Input Material

Author

Gronostajski Z., Hawryluk M., Kaszuba M., Misiun G., Niechajowicz A., Polak S., and Pawełczyk M.

Subjects
numerical modeling, forging, optimisation, Mining engineering. Metallurgy, TN1-997, Materials of engineering and construction. Mechanics of materials, TA401-492
Abstract

This paper presents an analysis of the industrial process of hot forging a flange. The authors developed several thermomechanical models of the forging process for which they carried out computer simulations using the MSC.Marc 2013 software. In the Jawor Forge flanges with a neck are manufactured by hot forging in crank presses with a maximum load of 25 MN. The input material, in the form of a square bar, is heated up to a temperature of 1150°C and then formed in three operations: upsetting, preliminary die forging and finishing die forging. The main aim of the studies and the numerical analyses, in which the geometry of the tools would be modified, was to maximally reduce the amount of the input material taking into account the capabilities of the Jawor Forge, and consequently to significantly reduce the production costs. Besides the Forge’s equipment resources, the main constraint for modifications was the flange-with-neck forging standard which explicitely defines the tolerances for this element. The studies, which included numerical modelling, infrared measurements and technological tests, consisted in changing the geometry of the tools and that of the forging preform. As a result, the optimum direction for modifications aimed at reducing the mass of the input material was determined. The best of the solutions, making it possible to produce a correct forging in the Jawor Forge operating conditions, were adopted whereby the weight of the preform was reduced by 6.11%. Currently research is underway aimed at the application of the proposed and verified modifications to other flange forgings.

Published
2015
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13. Association between age at disease onset of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis and clinical presentation and short-term outcomes

Author

Monti, S., Craven, A., Klersy, C., Montecucco, C., Caporali, R., Watts, R., Merkel, P. A., Luqmani, R., Achilleos, K., Adler, M., Alba, M. A., Albert, D. A., Alibaz-Oner, F., Allcoat, P., Amano, K., Amarasuriya, M., Amudala, N. A., Andrews, J., Archer, A. M., Arimura, Y., Atukorala, I., Azevedo, E., Bajad, S., Baldwin, C., Barra, L. J., Baslund, B., Basu, N., Baykal, M., Berger, C., Berglin, E., Besada, E., Bhardwaj, M., Bischof, A., Blockmans, D., Blood, J., Draibe, J. B., Brand, S., Brandao, M., Bruce, I. N., Butler, A., Calabrese, L. H., Ferrer, D. C., Carette, S., Carmona, D., Ceunen, H., Chakravarty, K., Chapman, P. T., Chocova, Z., Chung, S. A., Ci, W., Cid, M. C., Clark, T. M., Clarkson, M. R., De Jesus Contreras-Rodriguez, F., Conway, R., Cooke, K., Viros, X. C., Cordeiro, A., Costa, A., Culfear, K., Daikeler, T., Danda, D., Das, S. K., Dasgupta, B., De Castro, A. M., Dehghan, N., Devassy, R., Dhindsa, N., Diamantopoulos, A. P., Direskeneli, H., Dobashi, H., Juan, D., Durrani, M., Edelsten, C., Eifert, J., Elhayek, S., Elsideeg, S., Endo, T., Erden, A., Erer, B., Eriksson, P., Erturk, Z., Espigol-Frigole, G., Felicetti, M., Ferraro, A., Ferro, J. M., Fifi-Mah, A., Flores-Suarez, L. F., Flossmann, O., Flynn, D., Fonseca, J. E., Foot, J., Foote, M., Forbess, L., Fujimoto, S., Fukuoka, K., Furtado, C., Furuta, S., Gaffo, A. L., Gallagher, P., Gao, N., Gatenby, P., Gendi, N., Geraldes, R., Gerits, A., Gioffredi, A., Gomples, L., Goncalves, M. J., Gondo, P., Graham, A., Grainger, R., Gray, D. T., Grayson, P. C., Griffiths, L., Guo, Y., Gupta, R., Gylling, M., Hajj-Ali, R. A., Hammam, N., Harigai, M., Hartley, L., Haslett, J., Hassan, A., Hatemi, G., Hellmich, B., Henckaerts, L., Henes, J. C., Hepburn, J., Herd, V., Hess, C., Hill, C., Hinojosa-Azaola, A., Hirahashi, J., Hirano, F., Hocevar, A., Holle, J., Hollinger, N., Homma, S., Howard, T., Hoyles, R. K., Hruskova, Z., Hutcheon, G., Ignacak, M., Igney-Oertel, A., Ikeda, K., Ikegaya, N., Jagadeesh, S., Jaquith, J., Jayne, D. R. W., Jewell, T., Jones, C., Joshi, A., Kalyoncu, U., Kamall, S., Kamath, S., Lai, K. S., Kaname, S., Kanchinadham, S., Karadag, O., Karube, M., Kaszuba, M., Kaur, R., Kawakami, T., Kawashima, S., Khalidi, N., Khan, A., Kikuchi, M., Kilic, L., Kimura, M., King, M. J., Klapa, S., Klocke, R., Kobayashi, T., Kobayashi, S., Komagata, Y., Kronbichler, A., Kuczia, P., Kumar, M. S., Kurosawa, M., Lamprecht, P., Langford, C. A., Lanyon, P., Laversuch, C., Lee, S. J., Leoni, S., Li, J., Liang, K., Liang, P., Liao, H., Lee, L. A., Luqmani, R. A., Lyle, A., Macdonald, M., Mackie, S. L., Madden, L., Magliano, M., Makino, H., Makol, A., Malaiya, R., Malaviya, A., Manthri, R., Maritati, F., Da Silva, A. M., Mason, J. C., Matara, C., Matsui, K., Matteson, E. L., Mcbride, D., Mccullough, K., Mcgeoch, L., Mclaren, J., Mcmillian, C., Mendiratta, N., Menon, A., Merinopoulos, D., Merkel, P., Messier, S., Micheletti, R. G., Mills, K., Milman, N., Minoda, M., Minz, R. W., Mock, C., Mohammad, A. J., Moiseev, S., Moitinho, M., Molloy, E., Monach, P. A., Montgomery, M., Moosig, F., Moradizadeh, M., Morgan, M., Morgan, A. W., Morgan, A. -M., Muir, A., Mukhtyar, C., Muller, A., Muratore, F., Muso, E., Nada, R., Nakajima, H., Nakajima, T., Nakano, H., Nandagudi, A., Neumann, T., Y. F., Ng, K. H., Ng, Nogueira, E. L., Nolkha, N., Nordstrom, D., Novikov, P., Nugaliyadde, A., O'Donnell, J. L., O'Donoghue, J., O'Neill, L., O'Riordan, E., Oatley, M., Okubo, K., Oliva, E., Oshikawa, H., Ota, Y., Padoan, R., Pagnoux, C., Pan, L., Panaritis, K., Park, J. K., Patel, S., Patil, P., Pazzola, G., Peall, A., Pearce, F., Pehlevan, S., Pereira, L., Pettersson, T., Pineau, C. A., Pirila, L., Poglodek, B., Ponte, C., Prieto-Gonzalez, S., Priya, S. R., Purewal, B., Purschke, S., Putaala, J., Quickert, S., Quincey, V., Raghuvanshi, S., Rajasekhar, L., Ranganathan, D., Rathi, M., Rees, D., Rees, F., Renken, U., Restuccia, G., Rhee, R. L., Rice, B., Robins, D., Robson, J., Rodrigues, M., Romao, V. C., Rotar, C., Ruediger, C., Rutgers, A., A. C., Sa, Saavedra, M. J., Sada, K. -E., Sahbudin, I., Salvarani, C., Sandhu, N., Santos, E., Sato, Y., Schafer, V. S., Schiavon, F., Schmidt, W. A., Segelmark, M., Shahin, A., Sharma, A., Shotton, J., Silva, C., Singer, O. G., Sivasuthan, G., Smolen, S., Solanich-Moreno, X., Boixader, L. S., Song, Y. W., Springer, J., Sreih, A. G., Srivastava, R., Stamp, L. K., Stevens, R., Strbian, D., Sugino, K., Sunderkotter, C., Suppiah, R., Suzuki, K., Szekanecz, Z., Sznajd, J., Taimen, K., Tak, P. P., Takeuchi, T., Takizawa, N., Tames, L., Tan, B. E., Tanaka, M., Tang, M. W., Tatlisumak, T., Tesar, V., Thomas, A., Tian, X., Tokunaga, K., Tombetti, E., Tomsic, M., Toz, B., Tsukamoto, T., Uchida, S., Unal, A. U., Urban, M. L., Usui, J., Vaglio, A., Venkatachalam, S., Vermaak, E., Viswanath, V., Wada, T., Wagh, S., Wallace, D. J., Walters, G., Walz, B., Wan, J., Wang, T., Wang, G., Warrington, K. J., Watts, R. A., Wawrzycka-Adamczyk, K., Weeratunga, P., Weisman, M. H., Wickramasinghe, S., Williams, M., Wojcik, K., Woodruff, L., Xenitidis, T., Yamada, H., Yamagata, K., Yee, C. -S., Yoon, M., Yoshida, K., Yoshifuji, H., Ytterberg, S. R., Yumura, W., Zayed, H., Zeng, X., Zhao, M. -H., Zugaj, A., Zuk, J., İç Hastalıkları, Clinical Haematology, and Translational Immunology Groningen (TRIGR)

Subjects
Male, Outcome, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic, 030232 urology & nephrology, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, 80 and over, Pharmacology (medical), Age of Onset, Young adult, Aged, 80 and over, education.field_of_study, age, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis, outcome, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis, Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Morbidity, Prognosis, Retrospective Studies, Risk Assessment, Survival Rate, United Kingdom, Young Adult, Vasculitis, Systemic vasculitis, medicine.medical_specialty, Population, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody–associated vasculitis, Antibodies, 03 medical and health sciences, Rheumatology, Internal medicine, medicine, education, Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody–associated vasculitis, Survival rate, Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody, 030203 arthritis & rheumatology, business.industry, Retrospective cohort study, medicine.disease, Age of onset, business
Abstract

Objectives ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) can affect all age groups. We aimed to show that differences in disease presentation and 6 month outcome between younger- and older-onset patients are still incompletely understood. Methods We included patients enrolled in the Diagnostic and Classification Criteria for Primary Systemic Vasculitis (DCVAS) study between October 2010 and January 2017 with a diagnosis of AAV. We divided the population according to age at diagnosis: Results A total of 1338 patients with AAV were included: 66% had disease onset at Conclusion Within 6 months of diagnosis of AAV, patients >65 years of age display a different pattern of organ involvement and an increased risk of significant damage and mortality compared with younger patients.

Published
2021
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15. INVESTIGATING THE POSSIBILITY OF REGENEARATION BY HARDFACING FOR FORGING TOOLS BASED ON ANALYSIS OF TOOL WORKING CONDITIONS AND WEAR EVALUATIONY.

Author

WIDOMSKI, P., KASZUBA, M., KRAWCZYK, J., NOWAK, B., LANGE, A., SOKOLOWSKI, P., and GRONOSTAJSKI, Z.

Subjects
*WORK clothes, *MICROSCOPES, *POSSIBILITY, *MICROHARDNESS, *TOOLS
Abstract

Tests were performed on example tools applied in hot die forging processes. After withdrawal from service due to excessive wear, these tools can be regenerated for re-use through machining and hardfacing. First, analysis of worn tools was carried out for the purpose of identifying tool working conditions and wear mechanisms occurring in the surface layer of tools during forging. Testing of worn tools included observations under a microscope, surface scanning and microhardness measurement in the surface layer. The results indicate very diverse work conditions, which suggest the application of different materials and hardfacing tool regeneration technology in individual die forging processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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23. Esophageal varices during pregnancy in the course of cirrhosis.

Author

STELMACH, A., SŁOWIK, Ł., CICHOŃ, B., LEMM, M., POŃSKI, M., KASZUBA, M., BAKON, I., and WITEK, A.

Abstract

Esophageal variceal bleeding is one of the most severe complications that may occur during pregnancy in patients with liver cirrhosis. It may result in death of the mother and the fetus. Therefore, screening endoscopy should be performed both before the conception and in the second trimester. Endoscopic band ligation is a method of choice in case of variceal bleeding. Close cooperation of hepatologist, obstetrician-gynecologist and endoscopist is recommended in order to provide maximum care and increase the chances of successful delivery. We present a case of 28-years-old primigravida, at 27 weeks pregnant with esophageal varices and liver cirrhosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020

25. Measurement and Interpretation of Electrokinetic Phenomena

Author

Delgado, A. V., González-Caballero, F., Hunter, R. J., Koopal, L. K., Lyklema, J., Alkafeef, S., Chibowski, E., Grosse, C., Dukhin, A. S., Dukhin, S. S., Furusawa, K., Jack, R., Kallay, Nikola, Kaszuba, M., Kosmulski, M., Nöremberg, R., O'Brien, R. W., Ribitsch, V., Shilov, V. N., Simon, F., Werner, C., Zhukov, A., and Zimmermann, R.

Subjects
Physics::Fluid Dynamics, electrokinetics, zeta potential, conductivity, aqueous sytems, surface conductivity, Iupac physical and biophysical chemistry division
Abstract

In this report, the status quo and recent progress in electrokinetics are reviewed. Practical rules are recommended for performing electrokinetic measurements and interpreting their results in terms of well-defined quantities, the most familiar being the zeta-potential or electrokinetic potential. This potential is a property of charged interfaces, and it should be independent of the technique used for its determination. However, often the zeta-potential is not the only property electrokinetically characterizing the electrical state of the interfacial region ; the excess conductivity of the stagnant layer is an additional parameter. The requirement to obtain the zeta-potential is that electrokinetic theories be correctly used and applied within their range of validity. Basic theories and their application ranges are discussed. A thorough description of the main electrokinetic methods is given ; special attention is paid to their ranges of applicability as well as to the validity of the underlying theoretical models. Electrokinetic consistency tests are proposed in order to assess the validity of the zeta-potentials obtained. The recommendations given in the report apply mainly to smooth and homogeneous solid particles and plugs in aqueous systems ; some attention is paid to nonaqueous media and less ideal surfaces

Published
2005

34. IMPROVING DURABILITY OF HOT FORGING TOOLS BY APPLYING HYBRID LAYERS.

Author

GRONOSTAJSKI, Z., KASZUBA, M., HAWRYLUK, M., MARCINIAK, M., ZWIERZCHOWSKI, M., MAZURKIEWICZ, A., and SMOLIK, J.

Subjects
*HYBRID systems, *PHYSICAL vapor deposition, *METAL coating, *NITRIDES, *COATING processes
Abstract

This paper deals with problems relating to the durability of the dies used for the hot forging of spur gears. The results of industrial tests carried out on dies with a hybrid layer (a nitrided layer (PN) + physical vapor deposition (PVD) coating) applied to improve their durability are presented. Two types of hybrid layers, differing in their PVD coating, were evaluated with regard to their durability improvement effectiveness. The tests have shown that by applying hybrid layers of the nitrided layer/PVD coating type one can effectively increase the durability of hot forging tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015

37. Laser-induced fluorescence of rat teeth after maternal administration of anti-neoplastic drugs.

Author

Kim, Sun I., Suh, Tae Suk, Magjarevic, R., Nagel, J. H., Liszka, G., Drzazga, Z., Kaszuba, M., and Cholewka, A.

Abstract

The laser-induced (407 nm) fluorescence was used in examination of newborn rat teeth tissues after maternal administration of anti-neoplastic drugs. Significant differences in fluorescence emission of enamel and dentine after maternal administration of cyclophosphamide and cytarabine were observed. Treating pregnant rats with cyclophosphamide was more damaging for teeth ontogenesis than administration of cytarabine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2007
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42. Molecular interactions and the targeting of vesicles to biosurfaces.

Author

Kremer, F., Lagaly, G., Ottewill, R. H., Rennie, A. R., Jones, M. N., and Kaszuba, M.

Abstract

Phospholipid vesicles have been prepared from mixtures of dipalmitolyphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and phosphatidylinositol (PI) covering a range of mole % PI. A theoretical approach to vesicle adsorption as a function of PI content of the vesicles has been developed based on a lattice model for interactions between the bacterium glycocalyx and the inositol head groups in the vesicle surface. The model leads to optimum levels of PI for adsorption in the glycocalyx and vesicle surface and cross hydrogen bonding interactions between the inositol head groups and glycocalyx monosaccharides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
1994
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44. Measurement of Wall Zeta Potentials and Their Time-Dependent Changes Due to Adsorption Processes:  Liposome Adsorption on Glass

Author

Reboiras, M. D., Kaszuba, M., Connah, M. T., and Jones, M. N.

Abstract

A novel method of measuring the zeta potential associated with the planar glass surface of an electrophoresis cell by laser Doppler velocimetry has been developed. The method exploits the observation that the terminal velocity of particles subjected to an electric field is reached at least an order of magnitude more quickly than the establishment of electroosomotic flow at the planar glass surface of the cell. By using a fast field reversal technique so that the particle velocity is unaffected by electroosomic flow in conjunction with a mixed mode measurement, it is possible to obtain the electrophoretic mobility of a particle without the need to make measurements at the stationary layer. In addition, the methods give data for the zeta potential at the cell wall. The cell wall zeta potential is sensitive to adsorption of solutes from solution and may be used to follow both the kinetics of adsorption and to construct an adsorption isotherm. The method has been applied to the study of the adsorption of cationic and anionic phospholipid liposomes. The wall zeta potentials reflect the adsorption process in that the cationic liposomes cause a reversal of the wall zeta potentials from the negative value of the clean glass surface to positive values after 1−3 h. In contrast, the anionic liposomes increase the negative wall zeta potentials. At equilibrium, limiting potentials may be fitted to a Langmuir isotherm. The results from the fitting are compared with the adsorption of liposomes to silica particles in suspension.

Published
2001

46. Improving durability of hot forging tools by applying hybrid layers

Author

Gronostajski, Z., Kaszuba, M., Hawryluk, M., Marciniak, M., Zwierzchowski, M., Adam Mazurkiewicz, and Smolik, J.

Subjects
lcsh:TN1-997, forging, tool, die, durability, hybrid layer, lcsh:Mining engineering. Metallurgy
Abstract

This paper deals with problems relating to the durability of the dies used for the hot forging of spur gears. The results of industrial tests carried out on dies with a hybrid layer (a nitrided layer (PN) + physical vapor deposition (PVD) coating) applied to improve their durability are presented. Two types of hybrid layers, differing in their PVD coating, were evaluated with regard to their durability improvement effectiveness. The tests have shown that by applying hybrid layers of the nitrided layer/PVD coating type one can effectively increase the durability of hot forging tools.

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