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Urbanization decreased natural habitats and technological developments cause children to become more and more disconnected from nature (Kahyaoglu & Yetisir, 2015). This disconnection has increased interest in ecology-based nature education in many countries. Ecology-based nature education is an out-of-school education program that enables to develop awareness of nature and environment in individuals, protect living and inanimate beings in nature, and better understand human-nature relations. It covers a wide range of people from preschool, primary, secondary, undergraduate, graduate and teachers. Accordingly, it is seen that there has been an increase in studies on ecology-based nature education in recent years (Keçeci, Kirbag-Zengin & Alan, 2019; Özgel, Aydogdu & Yildirim, 2018; Kinik-Topalsan, Türk & Güler, 2019; Temiz & Karaarslan-Semiz, 2019). However, when the articles on this field are examined, it is seen that the studies on the role and effect of ecology-based nature education on the behavior of students connecting to nature are not enough. The aim of this research is to examine the impact of ecology-based nature education on the behavior of secondary school students towards nature within the framework of Bowlby's theory of attachment and to present their views on ecology-based nature education applied. In this context, the research was carried out with a mixed method research pattern. The working group of the study consists of 40 students, who participated in the training with the principle of volunteerism, in a province located in Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. All activities of this training were carried out within the borders of the province. Quantitative data of the study were obtained by "Nature Commitment Scale" and qualitative data were obtained by semi-structured interview form. Quantitative data of the study were analyzed by independently related sample t-test and qualitative data were analyzed by content analysis. In the study, it was determined that ecology-based nature education had a statistically significant effect on the connection behavior of secondary school students to nature. In addition, it was determined that secondary school students who participated in ecology-based nature education with some expectations such as, raising awareness, doing activities, gaining experience and communicating. After the training, it was determined that the expectations of the students were met.

Background: Cardiac troponin I, a particular biomarker, is released into the bloodstream in response to myocardial injury. Objectives: To evaluate perioperative changes in high‐sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs‐cTnI) concentration during ovariohysterectomy in cats undergoing three different anaesthesia protocols. Methods: Twenty‐one female mixed‐breed cats owned by clients aged (2.2 ± 0.7 years) and weight (3.2 ± 0.5 kg) were included in our study. The cats were divided into three groups: propofol–isoflurane (PI) group (n = 7), xylazine–ketamine (XK) group (n = 7) and xylazine–isoflurane (XI) group (n = 7). After pre‐anaesthetic propofol (6 mg/kg IV) was administered to cats in Group PI, a mask was placed, and anaesthesia was maintained with 3.0% isoflurane in oxygen. Cats in Group XK underwent general anesthetization with xylazine hydrochloride (2 mg/kg IM) and, 10 min later, ketamine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg IM). Cats in Group XI were administered xylazine hydrochloride (2 mg/kg IM), and then anaesthesia (3.0% isoflurane and oxygen) was continued with a mask. Blood samples were collected from all cats; preoperatively and postoperatively at 0 and 12 h (Pre‐, Post‐0 h and Post‐12 h, respectively). Serum hs‐cTnI concentrations were measured with the Advia Centaur TnI‐Ultra. Results: In all 21 cats, hs‐cTnI concentration increased at Post‐0 h and 12 h measurement points compared to Pre‐. In the XK group, hs‐cTnI concentrations exhibited a significant increase at the Post‐0 h (51.30 ng/L) and Post‐12 h (157.70 ng/L) time points compared to Pre‐ (6.70 ng/L) (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The XK group increased the concentration of hs‐cTnI more than other protocols. In the PI group, the increase in hs‐cTnI concentrations at Post‐0 and 12 h increased less than the other two groups (p < 0.05). The PI group was found to induce less myocardial damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Negative energy balance (NEB) caused by restricted feed intake leads to body condition loss (BCS), increased metabolic stress and reduced fertility in dairy cows. Propylene glycol (PG) is a precursor of ruminal propionate for gluconeogenesis used to increase metabolic adaptation to the early postpartum period. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of daily drenching of PG during the fixed‐time artificial insemination (FTAI) protocol on beta‐hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA), glucose, adiponectin, insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF1) concentrations, follicle size and pregnancy rate in dairy cows. Cows (n = 148) were randomly divided into two groups and received either 300 mL of PG (PG‐OVS, n = 76) or 300 mL of water (CON‐OVS, n = 72) each day of the Ovsynch protocol (GnRH‐7 days‐PGF2α‐56 hours‐GnRH‐16‐18‐hour FTAI) between days 57 ± 3 to 67 ± 3 postpartum for the first service. Body condition scores (14 days before expected calving, at calving, on days 21 and 42 postpartum) were recorded. Blood samples were collected days 7 ± 3, 21 ± 3 postpartum, at the beginning of the Ovsynch (days 57 ± 3) and at the time of FTAI (days 67 ± 3) for measurements of BHBA, glucose, adiponectin and IGF1 concentrations. Ultrasonographic examinations were done to measure follicle size at the beginning of Ovsynch and FTAI and to determine pregnancy on days 30 and 60 following FTAI. There were no differences (p >.05) in glucose, adiponectin and IGF1 concentrations between the groups during the study. Although there was no difference (p >.05) in BHBA concentrations on postpartum day 7 ± 3, 21 ± 3 and 57 ± 3 between the groups, BHBA concentrations at the time of insemination was lower (p <.05) in the PG‐OVS group (0.72 ± 0.03 mmol/L) than in the CON‐OVS group (0.81 ± 0.03 mmol/L). Follicle sizes at the beginning of Ovsynch (PG‐OVS, 14.5 ± 0.48 mm; CON‐OVS, 14.3 ± 0.59 mm) and FTAI (PG‐OVS, 17.8 ± 0.52 mm; CON‐OVS, 17.7 ± 0.42 mm) were not different (p <.05). Pregnancy rate of the cows in the PG‐OVS group (46.1%, 35/76) was higher (p =.05) than in the CON‐OVS group (30.6%, 22/72) on day 30 following FTAI. In conclusion, decreasing serum BHBA concentrations at the time of FTAI by means of daily drenching of PG during the Ovsynch protocol, increased the pregnancy rate at first service in lactating dairy cows. On the other hand, blood glucose was not related with pregnancy rates in our study, probably as a result of our sampling time and more rapid fluctuations of blood glucose concentrations when compared to BHBA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to identify the bacterial profile and antimicrobial susceptibility from surgical site cultures in queens and bitches undergoing ovariohysterectomy via ventral midline and lateral flank approaches. Healthy 22 queens and 21 bitches were assigned randomly either ventral midline or lateral flank approach for routine ovariohysterectomy. Surgical site samples were collected before the surgery and on the 1st, 2 nd, and 3 rd days after the surgery for microbiological analysis. A total of 70 different strains were isolated from 50 (29%) of 172 samples. In both queens and bitches the total number of bacteria isolated from the midline approach (n = 50) was found to be higher than in the flank approach (n = 20). The most frequently isolated bacteria were Staphylococcus intermedius group (SIG) (38.5%), followed by Enterococcus faecium (10%) and Staphylococcus lentus (8.5%). Of the isolated Staphylococcus spp. strains were positive 64% for beta-lactam resistance while 52% of that strains were also methicillin-resistant. Multidrug resistance to methicillin, beta-lactamase, and clindamycin was determined in two Staphylococcus spp. isolates. A high level of streptomycin resistance was observed in three Enterococcus faecium isolates. Overall, this study revealed that choosing the surgical site for ovariohysterectomy affected the bacterial profile and more than half of the isolates were resistant to antimicrobials. Thus, the lateral flank approach might be better than the ventral midline approach to prevent possible complications such as a surgical site infection in queens and bitches undergoing ovariohysterectomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Contents: The objective was to compare pregnancy per artificial insemination (P/AI) with conventional (CS) or sex‐sorted semen (SS) in dairy cows subjected to one of the three timed AI protocols. Cows (n = 356) were randomly assigned to synchronization with Ovsynch (OVS), Presynch–Ovsynch (PO) or Double‐Ovsynch (DO) and inseminated on Day 77 ± 3 postpartum with either frozen‐thawed SS (n = 182) or CS (n = 184) of the same bull. More cows were cyclic at the beginning of breeding Ovsynch increased (p < 0.01) with presynchronization and it was greater for DO than PO (OVS = 78.5%, PO = 85.1%, DO = 95.6%). Overall, P/AI for SS and CS increased with presynchronization (p < 0.05) on Days 31 (OVS = 35.5%, PO = 47.1%, DO = 48.3%) and 62 (OVS = 30.1%, PO = 43.8%, DO = 43.9%). Regardless of synchronization treatments, insemination with SS reduced P/AI (p < 0.02) on Days 31 (38.1% vs. 50.6%) and 62 (34.5% vs. 45.6%) compared with CS. No interaction was observed between synchronization treatment and type of semen for P/AI, although in cows receiving CS, P/AI was numerically greatest for PO (OVS = 42.0%, PO = 59.3%, DO = 49.0%), and in cows receiving SS, it was numerically greatest for those inseminated following DO (OVS = 27.9%, PO = 35.5%, DO = 47.6%). Thus, presynchronization improved P/AI in cows inseminated with sex‐sorted or conventional semen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]