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This report reviews examples of technical support for air-borne survey conducted by Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, by using unmanned aerial vehicles (drones). Advantages available via the support are also described in aspects of handling, planning, and compliance for flying in the safety-first operation.

This report reviews examples of technical support for air-borne survey conducted by Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, by using unmanned aerial vehicles (drones). Advantages available via the support are also described in aspects of handling, planning, and compliance for flying in the safety-first operation.

Additional file 1. Epicentral distributions of swarm activities in 2001, 2009, 2011, 2013 and 2015; and vertical cross sections of the obtained resistivity structure overlain by the hypocentres of such swarm epochs.

2011年3月11日の東北地方太平洋沖地震の発生を受けて，誘発的地震活動の活発化の見られた箱根火山地域において，その発生域の構造的特徴を把握するために，2011年12月に計39観測点でのAudio-frequency Magnetotelluric (AMT) 法探査を実施した。既存の広帯域MT法探査のデータも加え，位相テンソル楕円・インダクションベクトルを各周期で求めたところ，駒ヶ岳直下ならびに金時山南方に良導体の存在を示唆する結果が得られた。この領域は，東北地方太平洋沖地震に即時応答して活動度が高まった場所に対応する。, Seismicity around the Hakone volcano was activated just after the arrival of surface waves caused by the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake. Most of these triggered earthquakes had similar distribution to prior occasional swarm activities. In order to image electrical properties around such seismic events, we carried out audio-frequency magnetotelluric (AMT) measurements at 39 sites in December 2011. As the result of remote-reference processing using local sites, we obtained fair sounding curves at most sites for frequencies higher than 1Hz. The spatial distribution of the induction vectors and the phase tensor ellipses suggests that conductive bodies may lie beneath the remarkable regions in which the seismicity increased abruptly just after the occurrence of the Tohoku Earthquake.

本研究では，強風による飛散物に対する外装材の耐衝撃性能の試験・評価方法を策定する資料とするため，日本における代表的な飛散物である和瓦を加撃体として用いた試験を行い，ISO 16932に規定された評価方法に準じて合わせガラスの耐衝撃破壊特性を明らかにした。さらに，瓦の衝撃力を不貫通速度の大きさとして評価するとともに，ISO 16932に規定された加撃体に対して瓦の衝撃力と等価な衝突速度を求め，瓦の衝撃力を評価できるようにISO規格と整合性のとれた標準加撃体を提案した。, Impact resistant test of glazing was carried out by using a newly developed air-cannon, that is a missile-propulsion device. Resistant and failure characteristics of laminated glass were investigated by roof tile missile. A series of tests was carried out by varying the impact speed, the kind of roof tile, the impact location of roof tile and the location of the glass where impacted. The results were compared with the specification of ISO16932 and the reference missile for the standard impact test in Japan was proposed.

本研究では, ISO規格(ISO 16932)に規定された建物開口部におけるガラスの耐衝撃破壊性能評価方法に従って衝撃試験を行うことのできる試験装置を作成し, 種々の板ガラスを試験体として用いた衝撃試験を行い, 耐衝撃破壊性能を明らかにした。得られた結果をまとめると, 今回試験体として用いた普通フロートガラス(厚さ5, 6, 8, 10, 12mm), 強化ガラス(厚さ5, 6, 8, 10mm), 網入りガラス(厚さ6.8, 10mm)は, ISO規格に従う判定に不合格であった。合わせガラス(中間膜の厚さ30, 60, 90milの３種類とガラス厚さ3, 5mmの２種類の組み合わせ)ではISO規格に従う加撃体Ａ, Ｂ, Ｃによる, フィルム貼りガラス(フィルム厚さ50, 100, 350, 450μmの４種類とガラス厚さ5, 6mmの2種類の組み合わせ)では加撃体Ａ, Ｂによる衝撃試験に合格した。, Impact resistant test of glazing was carried out based on ISO 16932. An air-cannon, that is a missile-propulsion device, for the impact resistant test of cladding against windborne debris was manufactured. A series of tests of various kinds of glasses was carried out to investigate the performance of impact resistant and the characteristics of failure. The performance of sheet glasses, such as float, tempered, wired, laminated and filmed glasses was evaluated by the specification of ISO16932.

2008年11月から，近畿地方中北部におけるひずみ集中帯において，稠密多点臨時地震観測を行っている。本稿では，この稠密多点観測における技術的な側面を報告する。45点の臨時観測点を5年間の長期に渡って維持し，かつデータ処理を行うためには，従来技術だけでは，人的・時間的な制約上困難があった。また，45点の観測網の維持管理や，約2TB/年の大量のデータを扱うことによって生じることが懸念される人的ミスをいかに軽減するかなどの問題もあった。この観測では，京都大学防災研究所付属地震予知研究センターと株式会社近計システムの共同で開発した次世代型地震観測システム及びデータ処理装置を使用した。次世代型地震観測システムの設置，メンテナンスから，データ処理装置を利用して，回収してきた大量のデータを短期間で処理するシステムの構築，さらに観測点情報や設置・メンテナンス・データの履歴を一元管理するデータベースの開発・運用に関することを報告する。, We installed 45 temporary seismic observation stations in the middle and northern Kinki district, where active faults are concentrated. The seismometers and data loggers used are newly developed. We perform the dense observation for about four years and analyze the data together with those of permanent stations to detect heterogeneous structures related to the strain accumulation process. The purpose of the project is to clarify the relation between the strain accumulation and the earthquake generation. In this report, we described about the observation system, the data processing system, and the database system for this project.

本研究では，日本における建築物外装材の耐衝撃性能の標準仕様や試験方法の策定に資するため，高速で飛来する飛散物を模擬する加撃体を射出し，外装材の耐衝撃試験を行うためのエアーキャノンを作製した．エアーキャノンの設計にあたっては，アメリカ合衆国やISO基準に準ずる耐衝撃性能試験を行えるようにした．本報告では，外装材の耐衝撃性能を評価する既存の試験・評価方法を概説するとともに，作製した装置の性能試験結果について述べる, We manufactured an air-cannon, that is a missile-propulsion device, for the impact resistant test of cladding against windborne debris. The air-cannon consists of a compressed-air supply, pressure control and release valves, a barrel, a support frame and a speed-measuring system. Sets of photoelectric sensors mounted on the barrel are used for measuring the speed of the missile. The cannon is capable of propelling a missile at a specified speed and orientation towards a specified impact location. We calibrated the speed measuring system by a high-speed video camera. The fastest speed was 75m/s for a 3kg lumber. Tolerances for the measured impact speed were satisfied the specification of ISO16932.

桜島火山北方の姶良カルデラ下10kmにおいてマグマの蓄積が進行している。2008年11月にこれらの地域において人工地震探査を行った。本調査の目的は(1)姶良カルデラの基盤構造、(2)南岳直下のマグマ供給系の構造、(3)姶良カルデラ下のマグマ溜りから南岳へ至るマグマ供給路明らかにすることである。15点の爆破点から放射された地震波を646台の陸上に設置した地震計と32台の海底地震計により観測した。, In order to make clear (1) basement structure of Aira caldera, (2) magma supply system of magma reservoirs beneath Aira caldera and Minamidake crater and volcanic conduit and (3) magma path from the magma reservoir beneath the Aira caldera to that beneath the Minamidake, seismic exploration using artificial sources was conducted at Sakurajima volcano and Aira caldera, southwest Japan in November 2008. A total of 646 temporal stations equipped with a 2 Hz or 4.5 Hz vertical component seismometer and a portable data logger were deployed at land area. Sea area was covered by 32 Ocean Bottom Seismometers. Dynamite shots with charges of 20-300 kg were detonated at 15 locations.

2002(平成14)年度から文部科学省の｢新世紀重点研究創生プラン～RR2000～｣の防災分野における都市再生プログラムとして，｢大都市大震災軽減化特別プロジェクト｣(大大特) が開始された。このプロジェクトのもと，京都大学防災研究所は近畿圏における地下構造調査を実施したが，制御震源による構造調査とともに，自然地震観測による調査も実施し，レシーバ関数解析結果と制御震源による構造を比較することで構造を精査した。そのため，近畿地方に35点の高感度臨時観測点を設置し，良好な記録を得た。また，周辺の高感度観測点を含めてデータの収録処理を行った。さらに，観測の効率化を目指して携帯電話を用いたデータ通信システムの開発を行った。, Underground structures in the Kinki district were surveyed from 2002 to 2006 under the Special Project for Earthquake Disaster Mitigation in Urban Areas. We carried out seismic observations with deploying 35 temporary stations across the Kinki district from the Pacific side to the Japan Sea side, in order to reveal subsurface structures, such as subducting Philippine Sea slab in southern Kinki and the continental Moho in northern Kinki. About 50, 000 event data were selected from continuously observed seismic records of both the temporary stations and nearby permanent stations during May, 2005 and Nov, 2006. We also try to develop a data communication system with a mobile telephone for a BREW application to improve the observation system.

2006年には台風や竜巻，突風による建物強風被害が多発した。とくに，9月の台風13号では八重山諸島や九州において多くの建物が強風被害を受けた。また，同台風は多くの竜巻や突風を伴い，延岡市の竜巻では3名の死者を出し，ＪＲ日豊本線の特急"にちりん"が脱線した。本報では，これら台風0613号による建物の強風被害を中心に，その特徴を検証し，防災・減災の観点から建物の耐風性能を高めることが必要であることを明らかにした。具体的な対策としては，1：屋根葺き材，屋上の設置物等の飛散を防ぐこと。2：雨戸や格子，耐風性能の高いガラスを用いるなど，飛散物に対する防備を高めること。また，3：軽量建物用の耐風設計を整備することが至急の課題であること。等である。, We had many strong wind disasters caused by typhoon, tornados and down bursts in 2006. Typhoon 0613 in September struck Yaeyama Islands, Japan, and significant damage to buildings and houses occurred. In Kyusyu, there was many damage to houses and buildings especially in Nagasaki, Saga and Hukuoka prefectures. This typhoon also brought a number of strong winds and a tornado that struck Nobeoka city in Myazaki prefectures. Three persons were dead and a train was derailed. This paper focuses on the characteristics of the damage to buildings and houses caused by strong wind of Typhoon 0613 and examined effective measures from the viewpoint of preventing and mitigating these disasters. To prevent the claddings and openings from the flying missiles is important to reduce the strong wind damage. The shutters and the wind resistant glasses are effective. To decrease the number of missile is also essential. The damage caused by lightweight houses is notable in urban area.

2002(平成14)年度から文部科学省の｢新世紀重点研究創生プラン～RR2000～｣の防災分野における都市再生プログラムとして，｢大都市大震災軽減化特別プロジェクト｣(大大特) が開始された。このプロジェクトのもと，京都大学防災研究所は近畿圏における地下構造調査を実施している。地下構造調査は自然地震観測によるものであり，また，制御震源による構造調査(伊藤ら，2005)と相補的に構造の精査を行い，強震動予測の高度化を図ろうとするものである。2005年度までは，近畿地方に28点の単独高感度観測点を設置し，良好な記録を得ている。また，周辺の高感度観測点を含めてデータの収録処理を行っている。, Disaster Prevention Research Institute (DPRI), Kyoto University has conducted surveys of underground structure in the Kinki district under the Special Project for Earthquake Disaster Mitigation in Urban Areas since 2002. We carried out observations of earthquakes Kinki since 2004 deploying 28 observation stations along a control-sourced seismic survey line from Shingu City, Wakayama Prefecture to Kyoutango City, Kyoto Prefecture. This observation system worked well for obtaining high quality earthquake records with high sensitivity. In this report we describe the improvement of observation systems and the measures against snow.

Impact resistant test of glazing was carried out by using a newly developed air-cannon, that is a missile-propulsion device. Resistant and failure characteristics of laminated glass were investigated by roof tile missile. A series of tests was carried out by varying the impact speed, the kind of roof tile, the impact location of roof tile and the location of the glass where impacted. The results were compared with the specification of ISO16932 and the reference missile for the standard impact test in Japan was proposed.

Seismicity around the Hakone volcano was activated just after the arrival of surface waves caused by the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake. Most of these triggered earthquakes had similar distribution to prior occasional swarm activities. In order to image electrical properties around such seismic events, we carried out audio-frequency magnetotelluric (AMT) measurements at 39 sites in December 2011. As the result of remote-reference processing using local sites, we obtained fair sounding curves at most sites for frequencies higher than 1Hz. The spatial distribution of the induction vectors and the phase tensor ellipses suggests that conductive bodies may lie beneath the remarkable regions in which the seismicity increased abruptly just after the occurrence of the Tohoku Earthquake.

Impact resistant test of glazing was carried out based on ISO 16932. An air-cannon, that is a missile-propulsion device, for the impact resistant test of cladding against windborne debris was manufactured. A series of tests of various kinds of glasses was carried out to investigate the performance of impact resistant and the characteristics of failure. The performance of sheet glasses, such as float, tempered, wired, laminated and filmed glasses was evaluated by the specification of ISO16932.

We installed 45 temporary seismic observation stations in the middle and northern Kinki district, where active faults are concentrated. The seismometers and data loggers used are newly developed. We perform the dense observation for about four years and analyze the data together with those of permanent stations to detect heterogeneous structures related to the strain accumulation process. The purpose of the project is to clarify the relation between the strain accumulation and the earthquake generation. In this report, we described about the observation system, the data processing system, and the database system for this project.

We manufactured an air-cannon, that is a missile-propulsion device, for the impact resistant test of cladding against windborne debris. The air-cannon consists of a compressed-air supply, pressure control and release valves, a barrel, a support frame and a speed-measuring system. Sets of photoelectric sensors mounted on the barrel are used for measuring the speed of the missile. The cannon is capable of propelling a missile at a specified speed and orientation towards a specified impact location. We calibrated the speed measuring system by a high-speed video camera. The fastest speed was 75m/s for a 3kg lumber. Tolerances for the measured impact speed were satisfied the specification of ISO16932.

In order to make clear (1) basement structure of Aira caldera, (2) magma supply system of magma reservoirs beneath Aira caldera and Minamidake crater and volcanic conduit and (3) magma path from the magma reservoir beneath the Aira caldera to that beneath the Minamidake, seismic exploration using artificial sources was conducted at Sakurajima volcano and Aira caldera, southwest Japan in November 2008. A total of 646 temporal stations equipped with a 2 Hz or 4.5 Hz vertical component seismometer and a portable data logger were deployed at land area. Sea area was covered by 32 Ocean Bottom Seismometers. Dynamite shots with charges of 20-300 kg were detonated at 15 locations.

Underground structures in the Kinki district were surveyed from 2002 to 2006 under the Special Project for Earthquake Disaster Mitigation in Urban Areas. We carried out seismic observations with deploying 35 temporary stations across the Kinki district from the Pacific side to the Japan Sea side, in order to reveal subsurface structures, such as subducting Philippine Sea slab in southern Kinki and the continental Moho in northern Kinki. About 50, 000 event data were selected from continuously observed seismic records of both the temporary stations and nearby permanent stations during May, 2005 and Nov, 2006. We also try to develop a data communication system with a mobile telephone for a BREW application to improve the observation system.

We had many strong wind disasters caused by typhoon, tornados and down bursts in 2006. Typhoon 0613 in September struck Yaeyama Islands, Japan, and significant damage to buildings and houses occurred. In Kyusyu, there was many damage to houses and buildings especially in Nagasaki, Saga and Hukuoka prefectures. This typhoon also brought a number of strong winds and a tornado that struck Nobeoka city in Myazaki prefectures. Three persons were dead and a train was derailed. This paper focuses on the characteristics of the damage to buildings and houses caused by strong wind of Typhoon 0613 and examined effective measures from the viewpoint of preventing and mitigating these disasters. To prevent the claddings and openings from the flying missiles is important to reduce the strong wind damage. The shutters and the wind resistant glasses are effective. To decrease the number of missile is also essential. The damage caused by lightweight houses is notable in urban area.

Disaster Prevention Research Institute (DPRI), Kyoto University has conducted surveys of underground structure in the Kinki district under the Special Project for Earthquake Disaster Mitigation in Urban Areas since 2002. We carried out observations of earthquakes Kinki since 2004 deploying 28 observation stations along a control-sourced seismic survey line from Shingu City, Wakayama Prefecture to Kyoutango City, Kyoto Prefecture. This observation system worked well for obtaining high quality earthquake records with high sensitivity. In this report we describe the improvement of observation systems and the measures against snow.