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We prove that every coaction of a compact group on a finite-dimensional $C^*$-algebra is associated with a Fell bundle. Every coaction of a compact group on a matrix algebra is implemented by a unitary operator. A coaction of a compact group on $M_n$ is inner if and only if its fixed-point algebra has an abelian $C^*$-subalgebra of dimension $n$. Investigating the existence of effective ergodic coactions on $M_n$ reveals that $\operatorname{SO}(3)$ has them, while $\operatorname{SU}(2)$ does not. We give explicit examples of the two smallest finite nonabelian groups having effective ergodic coactions on $M_n$., Comment: 20 pages

We present a new method of establishing a bijective correspondence - in fact, a lattice isomorphism - between action- and coaction-invariant ideals of C*-algebras and their crossed products by a fixed locally compact group. It is known that such a correspondence exists whenever the group is amenable; our results hold for any locally compact group under a natural form of coaction invariance., Comment: 10 pages

We establish a generalized Rieffel correspondence for ideals in equivalent Fell bundles., Comment: 20 pages, fixed typo

We prove a version of Pedersen's outer conjugacy theorem for coactions of compact groups, which characterizes outer conjugate coactions of a compact group in terms of properties of the dual actions. In fact, we show that every isomorphism of a dual action comes from a unique outer conjugacy of a coaction, which in this context should be called strong Pedersen rigidity. We promote this to a category equivalence., Comment: 14 pages. Corrected confusion regarding the term "dual action", and added uniqueness clause to Pedersen's theorem. To appear in IJM

It is well-known that the maximalization of a coaction of a locally compact group on a C*-algebra enjoys a universal property. We show how this important property can be deduced from a categorical framework by exploiting certain properties of the maximalization functor for coactions. We also provide a dual proof for the universal property of normalization of coactions., Comment: 16 pages; minor revision

We prove a version of the result in the title that makes use of maximal coactions in the context of discrete groups. Earlier Gauge-Invariant Uniqueness theorems for $C^*$-algebras associated to $P$-graphs and similar $C^*$-algebras exploited a property of coactions known as normality. In the present paper, the view point is that maximal coactions provide a more natural starting point to state and prove such uniqueness theorems. A byproduct of our approach consists of an abstract characterization of co-universal representations for a Fell bundle over a discrete group., Comment: 11 pages

We develop an approach, using what we call "tensor $D$ coaction functors", to the "$C$-crossed-product" functors of Baum, Guentner, and Willett. We prove that the tensor $D$ functors are exact, and identify the minimal such functor. This continues our program of applying coaction functors as a tool in the Baum-Guentner-Willett-Buss-Echterhoff campaign to attempt to "fix" the Baum-Connes conjecture., Comment: Error in Corollary 3.5, which was needed in the main result Theorem 4.14

We give the beginnings of the development of a theory of what we call "R-coactions" of a locally compact group on a $C^*$-algebra. These are the coactions taking values in the maximal tensor product, as originally proposed by Raeburn. We show that the theory has some gaps as compared to the more familiar theory of standard coactions. However, we indicate how we needed to develop some of the basic properties of R-coactions as a tool in our program involving the use of coaction functors in the study of the Baum-Connes conjecture.

Given an action of a groupoid by isomorphisms on a Fell bundle (over another groupoid), we form a semidirect-product Fell bundle, and prove that its $C^{*}$-algebra is isomorphic to a crossed product., Comment: 29 pages. Minor Expository Revisions

Given a free and proper action of a groupoid on a Fell bundle (over another groupoid), we give an equivalence between the semidirect-product and the generalized-fixed-point Fell bundles, generalizing an earlier result where the action was by a group. As an application, we show that the Stabilization Theorem for Fell bundles over groupoids is essentially another form of crossed-product duality., Comment: 26 pages. Minor revisions to clarify exposition

Given a group cocycle on a finitely aligned left cancellative small category (LCSC) we investigate the associated skew product category and its Cuntz-Krieger algebra, which we describe as the crossed product of the Cuntz-Krieger algebra of the original category by an induced coaction of the group. We use our results to study Cuntz-Krieger algebras arising from free actions of groups on finitely aligned LCSC's, and to construct coactions of groups on Exel-Pardo algebras. Finally we discuss the universal group of a small category and connectedness of skew product categories., Comment: 47 pages. Some more typos corrected. This version matches the published version

This is a follow-up to a paper with the same title and by the same authors. In that paper, all groups were assumed to be abelian, and we are now aiming to generalize the results to nonabelian groups. The motivating point is Pedersen's theorem, which does hold for an arbitrary locally compact group $G$, saying that two actions $(A,\alpha)$ and $(B,\beta)$ of $G$ are outer conjugate if and only if the dual coactions $(A\rtimes_{\alpha}G,\widehat\alpha)$ and $(B\rtimes_{\beta}G,\widehat\beta)$ of $G$ are conjugate via an isomorphism that maps the image of $A$ onto the image of $B$ (inside the multiplier algebras of the respective crossed products). We do not know of any examples of a pair of non-outer-conjugate actions such that their dual coactions are conjugate, and our interest is therefore exploring the necessity of latter condition involving the images, and we have decided to use the term "Pedersen rigid" for cases where this condition is indeed redundant. There is also a related problem, concerning the possibility of a so-called equivariant coaction having a unique generalized fixed-point algebra, that we call "fixed-point rigidity". In particular, if the dual coaction of an action is fixed-point rigid, then the action itself is Pedersen rigid, and no example of non-fixed-point-rigid coaction is known., Comment: Minor revision. To appear in Internat. J. Math

For a discrete group $G$, we develop a `$G$-balanced tensor product' of two coactions $(A,\delta)$ and $(B,\epsilon)$, which takes place on a certain subalgebra of the maximal tensor product $A\otimes_{\max} B$. Our motivation for this is that we are able to prove that given two actions of $G$, the dual coaction on the crossed product of the maximal-tensor-product action is isomorphic to the $G$-balanced tensor product of the dual coactions. In turn, our motivation for this is to give an analogue, for coaction functors, of a crossed-product functor originated by Baum, Guentner, and Willett, and further developed by Buss, Echterhoff, and Willett, that involves tensoring an action with a fixed action $(C,\gamma)$, then forming the image inside the crossed product of the maximal-tensor-product action. We prove that composing our tensor-product coaction functor with the full crossed product of an action reproduces the tensor-crossed-product functor of Baum, Guentner, and Willett. We prove that every such tensor-product coaction functor is exact, thereby recovering the analogous result for the tensor-crossed-product functors of Baum, Guentner, and Willett. When $(C,\gamma)$ is the action by translation on $\ell^\infty(G)$, we prove that the associated tensor-product coaction functor is minimal, generalizing the analogous result of Buss, Echterhoff, and Willett for tensor-crossed-product functors., Comment: Minor revision

We consider Toeplitz and Cuntz-Krieger $C^*$-algebras associated with finitely aligned left cancellative small categories. We pay special attention to the case where such a category arises as the Zappa-Sz\'ep product of a category and a group linked by a one-cocycle. As our main application, we obtain a new approach to Exel-Pardo algebras in the case of row-finite graphs. We also present some other ways of constructing $C^*$-algebras from left cancellative small categories and discuss their relationship., Comment: 60 pages. Sections 3 and 4 have been switched, and a remark (Remark 4.2) has been added, as suggested by the referees

In further study of the application of crossed-product functors to the Baum-Connes Conjecture, Buss, Echterhoff, and Willett introduced various other properties that crossed-product functors may have. Here we introduce and study analogues of these properties for coaction functors, making sure that the properties are preserved when the coaction functors are composed with the full crossed product to make a crossed-product functor. The new properties for coaction functors studied here are functoriality for generalized homomorphisms and the correspondence property. We particularly study the connections with the ideal property. The study of functoriality for generalized homomorphisms requires a detailed development of the Fischer construction of maximalization of coactions with regard to possibly degenerate homomorphisms into multiplier algebras. We verify that all "KLQ" functors arising from large ideals of the Fourier-Stieltjes algebra $B(G)$ have all the properties we study, and at the opposite extreme we give an example of a coaction functor having none of the properties., Comment: minor revisions

For a closed subgroup of a locally compact group the Rieffel induction process gives rise to a $C^*$-correspondence over the $C^*$-algebra of the subgroup. We study the associated Cuntz-Pimsner algebra and show that, by varying the subgroup to be open, compact, or discrete, there are connections with the Exel-Pardo correspondence arising from a cocycle, and also with graph algebras., Comment: a few minor changes

Let $G$ be a locally compact abelian group. By modifying a theorem of Pedersen, it follows that actions of $G$ on $C^*$-algebras $A$ and $B$ are outer conjugate if and only if there is an isomorphism of the crossed products that is equivariant for the dual actions and preserves the images of $A$ and $B$ in the multiplier algebras of the crossed products. The rigidity problem discussed in this paper deals with the necessity of the last condition concerning the images of $A$ and $B$. There is an alternative formulation of the problem: an action of the dual group $\hat G$ together with a suitably equivariant unitary homomorphism of $G$ give rise to a generalized fixed-point algebra via Landstad's theorem, and a problem related to the above is to produce an action of $\hat G$ and two such equivariant unitary homomorphisms of $G$ that give distinct generalized fixed-point algebras. We present several situations where the condition on the images of $A$ and $B$ is redundant, and where having distinct generalized fixed-point algebras is impossible. For example, if $G$ is discrete, this will be the case for all actions of $G$., Comment: minor revision

In a recent paper on exotic crossed products, we included a lemma concerning ideals of the Fourier-Stieltjes algebra. Buss, Echterhoff, and Willett have pointed out to us that our proof of this lemma contains an error. In fact, it remains an open question whether the lemma is true as stated. In this note we indicate how to contain the resulting damage. Our investigation of the above question leads us to define two properties \emph{ordered} and \emph{weakly ordered} for invariant ideals of Fourier-Stieltjes algebras, and we initiate a study of these properties.

We generalize a recent construction of Exel and Pardo, from discrete groups acting on finite directed graphs to locally compact groups acting on topological graphs. To each cocycle for such an action, we construct a $C^*$-correspondence whose associated Cuntz-Pimsner algebra is the analog of the Exel-Pardo $C^*$-algebra., Comment: minor corrections

We present a new construction of crossed-product duality for maximal coactions that uses Fischer's work on maximalizations. Given a group $G$ and a coaction $(A,\delta)$ we define a generalized fixed-point algebra as a certain subalgebra of $M(A\rtimes_{\delta} G \rtimes_{\widehat{\delta}} G)$, and recover the coaction via this double crossed product. Our goal is to formulate this duality in a category-theoretic context, and one advantage of our construction is that it breaks down into parts that are easy to handle in this regard. We first explain this for the category of nondegenerate *-homomorphisms, and then analogously for the category of $C^*$-correspondences. Also, we outline partial results for the "outer" category, studied previously by the authors., Comment: Minor revision

We prove that if E and F are large ideals of B(G) for which the associated coaction functors are exact, then the same is true for the intersection of E and F. We also give an example of a coaction functor whose restriction to the maximal coactions does not come from any large ideal., Comment: minor revision

A certain type of functor on a category of coactions of a locally compact group on C*-algebras is introduced and studied. These functors are intended to help in the study of the crossed-product functors that have been recently introduced in relation to the Baum-Connes conjecture. The most important coaction functors are the ones induced by large ideals of the Fourier-Stieltjes algebra. It is left as an open problem whether the "minimal exact and Morita compatible crossed-product functor" is induced by a large ideal., Comment: Minor corrections, and fixed proof of Proposition 4.24

Three properness conditions for actions of locally compact groups on C*-algebras are studied, as well as their dual analogues for coactions. To motivate the properness conditions for actions, the commutative cases (actions on spaces) are surveyed; here the conditions are known: proper, locally proper, and pointwise properness, although the latter property has not been so well studied in the literature. The basic theory of these properness conditions is summarized, with somewhat more attention paid to pointwise properness. C*-characterizations of the properties are proved, and applications to C*-dynamical systems are examined. This paper is partially expository, but some of the results are believed to be new.

This partly expository paper first supplies the details of a method of factoring a stable C*-algebra A as B \otimes K in a canonical way. Then it is shown that this method can be put into a categorical framework, much like the crossed-product dualities, and that stabilization gives rise to an equivalence between the nondegenerate category of C*-algebras and a category of "K-algebras". We consider this equivalence as "inverting" the stabilization process, that is, a "destabilization". Furthermore, the method of factoring stable C*-algebras generalizes to Hilbert bimodules, and an analogous category equivalence between the associated enchilada categories is produced, giving a destabilization for C*-correspondences. Finally, we make a connection with (double) crossed-product duality., Comment: minor revisions

In this partly expository paper we compare three different categories of C*-algebras in which crossed-product duality can be formulated, both for actions and for coactions of locally compact groups. In these categories, the isomorphisms correspond to C*-algebra isomorphisms, imprimitivity bimodules, and outer conjugacies, respectively. In each case, a variation of the fixed-point functor that arises from classical Landstad duality is used to obtain a quasi-inverse for a crossed-product functor. To compare the various cases, we describe in a formal way our view of the fixed-point functor as an "inversion" of the process of forming a crossed product. In some cases, we obtain what we call "good" inversions, while in others we do not. For the outer-conjugacy categories, we generalize a theorem of Pedersen to obtain a fixed-point functor that is quasi-inverse to the reduced-crossed-product functor for actions, and we show that this gives a good inversion. For coactions, we prove a partial version of Pedersen's theorem that allows us to define a fixed-point functor, but the question of whether it is a quasi-inverse for the crossed-product functor remains open., Comment: Minor revision

This short note amends Proposition 2.5 of the named article, which states that a full coaction of a locally compact group on a C*-algebra is nondegenerate if and only if its normalization is. The proof given there of the reverse implication is incorrect and, unfortunately, we have been unable to find a correct proof. Instead, we summarize the current state of our knowledge of the relationships between nondegeneracy of normal, reduced, and generic C*-coactions., Comment: Removed stuff on maximal coactions

When a locally compact group acts on a C*-correspondence, it also acts on the associated Cuntz-Pimsner algebra in a natural way. Hao and Ng have shown that when the group is amenable the Cuntz-Pimsner algebra of the crossed product correspondence is isomorphic to the crossed product of the Cuntz-Pimsner algebra. In this paper, we have a closer look at this isomorphism in the case where the group is not necessarily amenable. We also consider what happens at the level of Toeplitz algebras., Comment: 24 pages

We will define new constructions similar to the graph systems of correspondences described by Deaconu et al. We will use these to prove a version of Ionescu's theorem for higher rank graphs. Afterwards we will examine the properties of these constructions further and make contact with Yeend's topological k-graphs and the tensor groupoid valued product systems of Fowler and Sims., Comment: minor changes

If a locally compact group G acts on a C*-algebra B, we have both full and reduced crossed products, and each has a coaction of G. We investigate "exotic" coactions in between, that are determined by certain ideals E of the Fourier-Stieltjes algebra B(G) -- an approach that is inspired by recent work of Brown and Guentner on new C*-group algebra completions. We actually carry out the bulk of our investigation in the general context of coactions on a C*-algebra A. Buss and Echterhoff have shown that not every coaction comes from one of these ideals, but nevertheless the ideals do generate a wide array of exotic coactions. Coactions determined by these ideals E satisfy a certain "E-crossed product duality", intermediate between full and reduced duality. We give partial results concerning exotic coactions, with the ultimate goal being a classification of which coactions are determined by ideals of B(G)., Comment: corrected and shortened

We show that for a locally compact group G there is a one-to-one correspondence between G-invariant weak*-closed subspaces E of the Fourier-Stieltjes algebra B(G) containing B_r(G) and quotients C*_E(G) of C*(G) which are intermediate between C*(G) and the reduced group algebra C*_r(G). We show that the canonical comultiplication on C*(G) descends to a coaction or a comultiplication on C*_E(G) if and only if E is an ideal or subalgebra, respectively. When \alpha is an action of G on a C*-algebra B, we define "E-crossed products" B\rtimes_{\alpha,E} G lying between the full crossed product and the reduced one, and we conjecture that these "intermediate crossed products" satisfy an "exotic" version of crossed-product duality involving C*_E(G)., Comment: minor changes

The a-adic numbers are those groups that arise as Hausdorff completions of noncyclic subgroups of the rational numbers. We give a crossed product construction of (stabilized) Cuntz-Li algebras coming from the a-adic numbers and investigate the structure of the associated algebras. In particular, these algebras are in many cases Kirchberg algebras in the UCT class. Moreover, we prove an a-adic duality theorem, which links a Cuntz-Li algebra with a corresponding dynamical system on the real numbers. The paper also contains an appendix where a nonabelian version of the "subgroup of dual group theorem" is given in the setting of coactions., Comment: 41 pages; revised version

Noncommutative duality for C*-dynamical systems is a vast generalization of Pontryagin duality for locally compact abelian groups. In this series of lectures, we give an introduction to the categorical aspects of this duality, focusing primarily on Landstad duality for actions and coactions of locally compact groups., Comment: These notes were written to accompany a mini-course given by the authors at the summer school on C*-algebras and their interplay with dynamical systems held at the Sophus Lie Conference Center in Nordfjordeid, Norway, in June 2010

In the third and latest paper in this series, we recover the imprimitivity theorems of Mansfield and Fell using our technique of Fell bundles over groupoids. Also, we apply the Rieffel Surjection of the first paper in the series to relate our version of Mansfield's theorem to that of an Huef and Raeburn, and to give an automatic amenability result for certain transformation Fell bundles., Comment: updated references

We apply the One-Sided Action Theorem from the first paper in this series to prove that Rieffel's Morita equivalence between the reduced crossed product by a proper saturated action and the generalized fixed-point algebra is a quotient of a Morita equivalence between the full crossed product and a "universal" fixed-point algebra. We give several applications, to Fell bundles over groups, reduced crossed products as fixed-point algebras, and C*-bundles., Comment: minor revision

We investigate topological realizations of higher-rank graphs. We show that the fundamental group of a higher-rank graph coincides with the fundamental group of its topological realization. We also show that topological realization of higher-rank graphs is a functor, and that for each higher-rank graph \Lambda, this functor determines a category equivalence between the category of coverings of \Lambda\ and the category of coverings of its topological realization. We discuss how topological realization relates to two standard constructions for k-graphs: projective limits and crossed products by finitely generated free abelian groups., Comment: 23 pages; pictures prepared with TiKZ

The C*-algebra of a skew-product topological graph is a crossed product of the C*-algebra of the base topological graph by a coaction., Comment: minor corrections

We show that the passage from a $C^\ast$-correspondence to its Cuntz-Pimsner $C^\ast$-algebra gives a functor on a category of $C^\ast$-correspondences with appropriately defined morphisms. Applications involving topological graph $C^\ast$-algebras are discussed, and an application to crossed-product correspondences is presented in detail., Comment: 16 pages

We investigate how a correspondence coaction gives rise to a coaction on the associated Cuntz-Pimsner algebra. We apply this to recover a recent result of Hao and Ng concerning Cuntz-Pimsner algebras of crossed products of correspondences by actions of amenable groups., Comment: 25 pages

Our goal in this paper and two sequels is to apply the Yamagami-Muhly-Williams equivalence theorem for Fell bundles over groupoids to recover and extend all known imprimitivity theorems involving groups. Here we extend Raeburn's symmetric imprimitivity theorem, and also, in an appendix, we develop a number of tools for the theory of Fell bundles that have not previously appeared in the literature., Comment: minor changes

We show that a reflective/coreflective pair of full subcategories satisfies a "maximal-normal"-type equivalence if and only if it is an associated pair in the sense of Kelly and Lawvere., Comment: added section numbers

We prove gauge-invariant uniqueness theorems with respect to maximal and normal coactions for $C^*$-algebras associated to product systems of $C^*$-correspondences. Our techniques of proof are developed in the abstract context of Fell bundles. We employ inner coactions to prove an essential-inner uniqueness theorem for Fell bundles. As application, we characterise injectivity of homomorphisms on Nica's Toeplitz algebra $\Tt(G, P)$ of a quasi-lattice ordered group $(G, P)$ in the presence of a finite non-trivial set of lower bounds for all non-trivial elements in $P$., Comment: New Remark 6.7, new Corollaries 6.8 and 6.9. To appear in M\"unster Journal of Mathematics

The first imprimitivity theorems identified the representations of groups or dynamical systems which are induced from representations of a subgroup. Symmetric imprimitivity theorems identify pairs of crossed products by different groups which are Morita equivalent, and hence have the same representation theory. Here we consider commuting actions of groups $H$ and $K$ on a $C^*$-algebra which are saturated and proper as defined by Rieffel in 1990. Our main result says that the resulting Morita equivalence of crossed products is natural in the sense that it is compatible with homomorphisms and induction processes., Comment: 10 Pages, Revised abstract and introduction. No other changes

Cuntz and Li have defined a C*-algebra associated to any integral domain, using generators and relations, and proved that it is simple and purely infinite and that it is stably isomorphic to a crossed product of a commutative C*-algebra. We give an approach to a class of C*-algebras containing those studied by Cuntz and Li, using the general theory of C*-dynamical systems associated to certain semidirect product groups. Even for the special case of the Cuntz-Li algebras, our development is new., Comment: Major revision and rearrangement; split Section 6 in order to use the generators and relations from Section 9 in a better way

We explore a curious type of equivalence between certain pairs of reflective and coreflective subcategories. We illustrate with examples involving noncommutative duality for C*-dynamical systems and compact quantum groups, as well as examples where the subcategories are actually isomorphic., Comment: The major change is a new section on composite adjoint equivalence

For a countable discrete space V, every nondegenerate separable C*-correspondence over c_0(V) is isomorphic to one coming from a directed graph with vertex set V. In this paper we demonstrate why the analogous characterizations fail to hold for higher-rank graphs (where one considers product systems of C*-correspondences) and for topological graphs (where V is locally compact Hausdorff), and we discuss the obstructions that arise., Comment: major revision; stated some results in greater generality

We show that if $\AA$ is a Fell bundle over a locally compact group $G$, then there is a natural coaction $\delta$ of $G$ on the Fell-bundle $C^*$-algebra $C^*(G,\AA)$ such that if $\hat{\delta}$ is the dual action of $G$ on the crossed product $C^*(G,\AA) \rtimes_{\delta} G$, then the full crossed product $(C^*(G,\AA) \rtimes_{\delta}G)\rtimes_{\hat{\delta}}G$ is canonically isomorphic to $C^*(G,\AA) \otimes\KK(L^2(G))$. Hence the coaction $\delta$ is maximal., Comment: 39 Pages

We consider a fixed free and proper action of a locally compact group $G$ on a space $T$, and actions $\alpha:G\to \Aut A$ on $C^*$-algebras for which there is an equivariant embedding of $(C_0(T),\rt)$ in $(M(A),\alpha)$. A recent theorem of Rieffel implies that $\alpha$ is proper and saturated with respect to the subalgebra $C_0(T)AC_0(T)$ of $A$, so that his general theory of proper actions gives a Morita equivalence between $A\rtimes_{\alpha,r}G$ and a generalised fixed-point algebra $A^\alpha$. Here we investigate the functor $(A,\alpha)\mapsto A^\alpha$ and the naturality of Rieffel's Morita equivalence, focusing in particular on the relationship between the different functors associated to subgroups and quotients. We then use the results to study induced representations for crossed products by coactions of homogeneous spaces $G/H$ of $G$, which were previously shown by an Huef and Raeburn to be fixed-point algebras for the dual action of $H$ on the crossed product by $G$.