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This paper examines whether comparative advantage is the long-run outcome of an evolutionary process in the open economy. It formalizes the notion that natural selection eliminates inefficient firms and thus leads to stable and perhaps efficient patterns of world trade. Instead of assuming the existence of a Walrasian auctioneer, we study two simple matching processes that coordinate trade between firms. Our central result is that specialization according to comparative advantage, with the larger country possibly incompletely specialized, is the unique evolutionarily stable state of the world economy. Keywords: Comparative advantage; Matching; Evolutionarily stable equilibrium JEL classification: F1; C7

Introduction: Chondrosarcomas (CS) are malignant mesenchymal tumours with cartilaginous differentiation that rarely affects the maxillofacial region. It accounts for approximately 10-20% of malignant bone tumours. The CS is rare in occurrence with aggressive course with high malignant potential, and poor prognosis. Case Report: Here we report a rare case of a 37year old female presenting tumoral mass in the lower jaw, for the past 3 years, which was gradually progressive in nature with an area of skin ulceration. The CT revealed a well-defined lesion with soft tissue component measuring 15x12x10 cm in size infiltrating both right and left masseter. Biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of grade IIICS. Considering the size and aggressive nature of the lesion, surgical resection was done. The reconstruction of the mandible was done with vascularised fibula pedicle flap to achieve acceptable cosmesis. The patient was discharged uneventfully. Though few cases of high grade CS have been reported in literature but CS of this enormous size has not been reported yet. Conclusion: In this case report we documented the management of a relatively rare but challenging reconstructive maxillofacial surgery. Since in this case the CS was enormous in size and aggressive surgery was required, the cosmetic and functional outcomes were challenging. In our case report we have found that a vascularised fibula pedicle flap gives a good functional and cosmetic outcome and can be used for reconstruction of complete mandible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We estimate the long-run Japanese money demand function in a cointegration framework with two nonlinear functional forms that allow for the liquidity trap, and compare the results with the standard log-level functional form. In addition to the conventional linear cointegration techniques, we also use a recently developed procedure for nonlinear cointegration that allows the estimation of alternative functional forms under the same assumption regarding the trend properties of the nominal interest rate. The nonlinear functional forms outperform the log-level functional form based on out-of-sample prediction performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Byline: G. Kalra, Vikas. Kakkar Background: Temporomandibular joint ankylosis is a highly distressing condition in which the joint space is obliterated by scar tissue and the patient has an inability [...]