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Springs are natural outflows of groundwater to the surface, enabling to understand the processes of their mineralization; contact with rocks modifies their chemical composition, a combination that is expressed in hydrochemical facies, which are classified into several types. Knowledge of the spatial distribution and chemical composition of spring waters is essential for a good understanding of the hydrodynamisms and hydrogeology of a given region. The mountains bordering the town of Mila are home to a number of groundwater springs, 25 of which are the subject of this study. They were sampled, then analysed at the ADE Mila (Algerian Water Company) laboratory in 2021, and their hydrochemical properties were determined. Geologically, the area hosting these springs belongs to the Tellian domain, the eastern segment of the Maghreb chain, which represents the alpine range of North Africa. Comparison of the water quality of these springs with Algerian and WHO (World Health Organization) drinkable standards has enabled most samples to be classified as soft or moderately hard water, with the dominant facies HCO3-–Ca2+–Mg2+ and Cl−–SO42-–Ca2+–Mg2+. In these waters, the main factors controlling hydrochemical composition are water–rock interactions, and rainwater contribution. HIGHLIGHTS The source water is geographically repertory, sampled and undergoes a well-determined physico-chemical analysis protocol, to identify the elements that form their mineralization.; Assessment and classification of source water quality against local and international standards.; Determination of the origin of the chemical elements that constitute the mineral charge of these waters.; The chemical characteristics of spring's water have been shown to be influenced by the leaching process, which shows the influence of local geology.; Spring water bears the signature of the flow of precipitation that seeps into the soil and changes its chemical quality.;

The sustainable management of water resources requires a good command of the quantitative assessment of the terms of the hydrological balance, such as evapotranspiration, which is a relatively difficult parameter to estimate, especially in the presence of several empirical expressions, making the choice a delicate one. In the arid region of Béchar (south-west Algeria), which suffers from a lack of rainfall and an ever-increasing demand for water as a result of demographic pressure and agricultural activity, evapotranspiration is the main factor of water loss. The aim of this work is to select the most appropriate method for calculating evapotranspiration by comparing several methods. Evapotranspiration is estimated using different methods (Turc, Thornthwaite, Blaney-Criddle, Penman, Penman-FAO and ANRH) over a series from 1978 to 2010 (32 years) based on climatic data (temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, sunshine duration and wind speed). The results indicate that on a monthly scale for the Béchar station, the TURC model provides the best quantitative estimate of potential evapotranspiration (ETP). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]