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Introduction: the article is devoted to the problem of reducing the age of criminal liability to 12 years and the expediency of further initiating a reduction in the age threshold for bringing minors to criminal liability, as well as the need to introduce pedagogical disciplines and a deeper study of communicative psychology into university training programs for lawyers. In addition, according to the author of the article, when considering cases in courts of the first and appellate instances, in relation to minors, the institution of people’s assessors should be returned to the legal field. Purpose: based on the study of proposals to reduce the age of criminal liability, to substantiate the prematurity of such legislative initiatives and the need to activate civil society to prevent juvenile delinquency. Methods: abstraction, induction, empirical analysis, logical reduction, general scientific and philosophical justification. Conclusion: some aspects of this work can be used in the preparation of educational plans for training lawyers, as well as in the activities of public associations for legal education and prevention of offenses among minors (youth parliaments and governments in the subjects of the Russian Federation, public chambers, etc.). A minor becomes the central element of scientific knowledge and legal communication. In this regard, primacy of a child in relation to the law is defended. Knowledge in the field of child pedagogy, psychology and legal conflict allows a judge, prosecutor, investigator and other employees of law enforcement agencies to perform their professional duties efficiently.

Introduction: the article studies problems of legal regulation and practice of providing social guarantees to employees of the penal system of the Russian Federation. Purpose: theoretical and legal understanding of the system of social guarantees provided to penal system employees, taking into account the specifics of the sphere of legal realization. Methods: general scientific methods of scientific cognition (analysis, synthesis, comparison, induction and deduction), special methods (formal legal, comparative legal, historical). Results: the current system of social guarantees provided to penal system employees is studied and their role as a key element in the formation of the legal status of employees and the prestige of service in institutions and bodies of the penal system is substantiated. The problems of legal regulation and practice of realizing social guarantees by penal system employees are identified and the main reasons for their occurrence are established. Conclusion: the author proposes to amend current legislation in terms of ensuring the quality and accessibility of social guarantees to penal system employees and develops legal mechanisms for realizing certain types of social guarantees for employees in current conditions.

Introduction: the right to receive qualified legal assistance is enshrined in Article 48 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. It is the right of everyone who is subject to criminal prosecution, regardless of the financial situation of the person. In the system of criminal law and criminal procedural relations, this right is imperative, and violation of this right entails negative consequences for the results of the criminal case investigation and its consideration on the merits. At the same time, in practice, situations occur when a lawyer participating in the process, for one reason or another, disrupts the production of pre-planned investigative actions or court hearings, thereby delaying the investigation and consideration of the criminal case on the merits. In this situation, the investigation and the court can appoint another defense attorney despite objections of a defendant and his/her lawyer, thereby giving rise to a “double defense situation”. At the same time, the legal community recognizes the participation of an appointed defense lawyer in the “double defense” situation as a violation of the Code of Professional Ethics of a Lawyer. In this article, the author continues the previously started research on this topic, and, taking into account the established disciplinary practice, proposes an algorithm of actions that will allow the lawyer to act within the framework established by the criminal procedure legislation and internal corporate regulatory legal acts in order to avoid possible violations, including preventing the emergence of a “double defense situation”. Purpose: to continue the study of controversial issues arising at the current stage of the implementation of the constitutional right to defense in criminal proceedings, affecting the problems of interaction between the defense lawyer and the defendant and other lawyers participating in the case, and to propose an algorithm of actions for lawyers entering into criminal proceedings by appointment of the inquiry officer, investigator or court in order to avoid possible violations of the Code of Professional Ethics of a Lawyer and the situation of “double defense”. The task of the study is to develop an algorithm for the entry of a appointed lawyer into criminal proceedings in order to prevent violation of the right to defense of a person brought to criminal liability and, at the same time, to prevent violations of internal corporate regulatory legal acts and avoid the emergence of a situation of “double defense”. Methods: general dialectical method of cognition of sociolegal phenomena, general scientific research methods (analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction, system-structural and others), private scientific methods of cognition (logical-formal and system analysis). The results of the study are both theoretical and applied in nature and have elements of scientific novelty. The author studies issues of entry of an appointed defense lawyer into criminal proceedings, proposes an algorithm of the lawyer’s actions in order to avoid possible violations and emergence of “a double defense situation”. At the same time, the author suggests considering “double defense” not as an institution of criminal procedural law, but as a significant violation of the norms of advocacy in criminal proceedings. Conclusion: discussion of the identified problems will draw attention of the scientific community and the legislator to the development of solutions to eliminate the identified gaps in the implementation of defense in criminal proceedings and will protect appointed defense lawyers from possible violation and subsequent accusation of violating internal corporate regulatory legal acts and creating “a double defense” situation.

Introduction: this publication continues the research of the paired category “significant – insignificant” in criminal law carried out through the prism of the requirements the society imposes on criminal proceedings and presented in previous issues of the journal. Purpose: to analyze issues of liability and its intersectoral differentiation for petty theft, consider the essence of institutions of “significance” and “insignificance” in criminal law through the prism of the concept of “zero tolerance” to the offense, and develop specific scientific and practical recommendations for legislators and law enforcement officers. Methods: historical, comparative legal, dialectical cognition, analysis and synthesis. Results: the criminal law doctrine concerning the category of the size of the stolen (“significant”, “large” and “especially large”) is studied. The author analyzes a romantic concept of the “Thaw” period, such as “to transfer all cases of minor crimes to comrades’ courts”, and relatively young institution of “zero tolerance” for persons punished for qualified petty theft according to the rules of the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation (Part 2 of Article 7.27 of the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation). The author tries to characterize the essence of public danger of crimes in the field of repeat petty theft. Various approaches to determining the nature and degree of levels of public danger of crimes committed by persons already punished for committing petty theft are analyzed. An attempt is also made to carry out a conditional gradation of public danger of the analyzed and heterogeneous category of crimes, depending on public danger of the object of encroachment. The author, among other things, reflects some new ideas of differentiation of the subject of the crimes under consideration. Subsequent articles will present results of the study of the practice of applying provisions of Part 2 of Article 14 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation contained in the decisions of the First General Jurisdiction Court of Cassation, a substantive analysis of rational and irrational in classifying certain actions as criminally punishable acts, as well as results of the author’s monitoring of the practice of applying Article 158.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.

Introduction: the article presents results of the study of characteristics of childparent relations among women convicted of drug trafficking serving sentences in a correctional facility in their early adulthood. Knowledge of these features is necessary for penitentiary psychologists, since resolution of family crises is the leading task of the period of the greatest sensitivity of convicted women. A positive resolution of the crisis of the appropriate age period is the key to healthy development of the convict’s personality in the future. The study is important for building socio-psychological forecasts, developing psychotherapeutic practice and improving effectiveness of training specialists. Methods: the Parental Attitude Research Instrument by E. Schaefer and R. Bell as adapted by T.V. Neshcheret and the “Kinetic Family Drawing” by R. Burns and S. Kaufman were applied in the empirical study, primary statistics and the nonparametric statistical MannWhitney U-test were used as mathematical methods of data processing and analysis. Results: women aged 21–25 convicted of drug trafficking have excessive emotional distance in child-parent relationships, increased optimism and fantasy. In the same category of convicted women, passivity, rigidity and reduced emotional significance prevail in child-parent relationships. Women aged 26–35 convicted of drug trafficking are characterized by a decrease in the severity of features characteristic of the age of early adulthood. They are more characterized by balance, conflict-free attitude, and a desire for an open discussion of family, in particular, child-parent problems. In relation to children, the manifestation of strictness and the desire to develop the child’s activity is less pronounced. Conclusion: in the child-parent relations of women of early and middle maturity convicted of drug trafficking, there are features that should be taken into account when planning and implementing psychological corrective action in correctional facilities and institutions that execute criminal penalties without isolation from society.

Introduction: an analysis of the novelties of the Special Part of the Criminal Code over the past decade shows that the absolute majority of them are special norms, in fact, aimed not at establishing liability for a particular act, but at differentiating responsibility for already prohibited behavior depending on certain features, including characteristics of the subject of a crime. The revealed circumstance raises the question of taking into account of personality traits and their correlation with public danger as the basis for recognizing an act as criminal. Purpose: on considering criminal law, explanatory notes to draft laws, and the theory, to answer the question of taking into account public danger of the individual for the purpose of criminalization. Methods: formal logical and analytical methods, statistical method and interpretation method are used. Results: not only the question of understanding public danger is debatable in science, but also the question of the need to take into account public danger of the individual when determining the danger of an act. The analysis of explanatory notes to draft laws on the introduction of a prohibition in the Special part of the criminal law shows that when proving criminalization of an act, the content of the powers assigned to the person and the need to establish stricter liability are taken into account. This conclusion does not raise objections and, by and large, only confirms the positions expressed in science: if the subject of a crime is special, then public danger of the act increases due to its properties. Let us clarify that this is true for a special subject having an official, professional status, as well as a status arising from a special relationship with the victim. However, the issue remains open for acts with elements of administrative and criminal law prejudice, as well as for Article 210.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Conclusion: public danger of the act is recognized as the basis for criminalization, however, the question of whether public danger of the individual is included in its content remains debatable. The analysis of explanatory notes to draft laws, criminal law and theoretical studies allows us to conclude that the legislator obviously focuses attention on the personality of a perpetrator, including by giving his/her personal properties the meaning of a criminalizing element, including the only one. This is the case in acts with elements of administrative and criminal law prejudice, as well as in Article 210.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which, in general, indicates that the legislator takes into account public danger of a perpetrator due to his/her personal characteristics.

Introduction: the article considers legal issues of assistance in the formation and strengthening of social ties of persons subject to probation, identifies problems that arise in the implementation of these activities by bodies and institutions of the penal system when interacting with probation subjects, and proposes ways to solve them. Purpose: based on the analysis of empirical data from penitentiary bodies, to identify problems arising in their activities when restoring and strengthening social ties of persons subject to probation and propose ways for their solution. Methods: formal legal, empirical methods of description and interpretation, theoretical methods of formal and dialectical logic. Results: the analysis of the regulatory framework governing probation and empirical information on the restoration and strengthening of social ties of persons subject to probation shows the existence of organizational problems, such as the need to take into account provisions of the Federal Law “On Personal Data” when receiving and providing information about relatives of a convicted person and other wanted persons, the need to cooperate with public authorities and involve public and religious organizations, and other civil society institutions in restoring and strengthening social ties of persons subject to probation. Conclusion: in order to solve the problems arising during the restoration and strengthening of social ties of persons to whom probation is applied, it is necessary to take into account provisions of the Federal Law “On Personal Data”, which presuppose the receipt and transfer of personal data of convict’s relatives and other wanted persons to the convict only with their written consent. It is necessary to expand and improve the practice of concluding agreements between penitentiary bodies and public authorities, public and religious organizations in order to constantly interact on issues of restoring and strengthening social ties of persons subject to probation.

Introduction: the article considers protection of marriage, family, matrimony, childhood and other issues of family relations under the 1903 Criminal Code. Purpose: to establish when and how the concept of “composition of the crime” appeared in the domestic doctrine of criminal law, to reveal its main content at that time, and to identify signs of the composition of crimes against family rights under the 1903 Criminal Code. Methods: to achieve this goal, the author uses rules and techniques of formal and dialectical logic; abstraction and generalization; deduction and induction; historical, comparative legal and formal legal research methods; system analysis; methods of interpretation of legal norms; study of documentary sources; materials and conclusions of previous studies, etc. Results: it is established when and under what circumstances the concept of “composition of the crime” appeared in the domestic doctrine of criminal law; its essence at that time is revealed. The composition of criminal acts against family rights under the 1903 Criminal Code is analyzed; they are divided by severity and classified by object of encroachment. The author identifies subjects and determines features of their status and legal technique used for this purpose, as well as reveals and describes the specifics of the subjective side of perpetrators. Forms and methods of committing criminal acts against the rights of family members according to the specified Code are shown, an object of encroachments in these cases is analyzed, and peculiarities of the status of victims are revealed. Conclusion: the article shows formation of the concept “composition of the crime” in the domestic criminal law doctrine, demonstrates a development level of the legal technology in criminal law acts of Russia at the turn of the XIX and XX centuries, and discloses our predecessors’ ideas about criminal law protection of marriage, interests of the family, the rights of its members and kinship relations, as well as about social danger of acts.

Introduction: the article is devoted to the study of the legislative regulation of the subject and limits of judicial proceedings when considering the issue of replacing the unserved part of a sentence with a milder type of punishment, which ensures the legality and validity of the court decision. Purpose: based on the analysis of the criminal and criminal procedure law, generalization of judicial practice, to develop key criteria for a comprehensive study of the circumstances for making a legitimate and reasoned decision in accordance with Article 80 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Methods: general scientific research methods, such as a dialectical method of cognition of phenomena and processes and a method of analysis and synthesis, as well as special legal methods such as a formal logical method of document analysis. Results: an analysis of legislative regulation and law enforcement practice has shown that when deciding on the replacement of a sentence with a milder type of punishment, the court should consider the issue of achieving criminal punishment goals. At the same time, in order to make a positive court decision on the basis of Article 80 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, unlike parole, it is not necessary to achieve all the goals set out in Part 2 of Article 43 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Conclusion: in order to make a court decision that meets requirements of legality and reasonableness, it is necessary to have a clear legislative regulation of the circumstances investigated by the court in the implementation of the provisions of Article 80 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, as well as the legislative consolidation of the period of actual serving of punishment by a convicted person to replace the unserved part of a sentence with a milder form, if the unserved part of the punishment had previously been replaced by a milder type of punishment.

Introduction: the article considers norms of the conventions for the pacific settlement of international disputes adopted on May 6 (18), 1899 and October 5 (18), 1907 in The Hague on the initiative of the Russian Emperor Nicholas II. Attention is drawn to the proposal to establish procedures for the work of international commissions of inquiry in relation to various situations of an interstate nature. It was assumed that they would resolve disputes between states that did not concern honor or essential interests, but only related to differences in the assessment of factual circumstances. The initiators of the proposals, members of the Russian delegation, believed that raising the issue was timely, relevant and would be significant in resolving individual interstate conflicts. Purpose: by studying archival documents, conventions of 1899 and 1907 for the pacific settlement of international disputes, works of researchers of that period, to bring to the legal community the information about origins of the issues of disarmament, rules of warfare, and peaceful settlement of international disputes with a view to their possible use in making individual decisions in the modern period. Methods: content analysis, analysis, comparison, comparative historical, formalization, comparative legal, structural and functional, with a focus on a systematic approach. The results of the study of historical documents, the analysis of individual facts related to the work of international commissions of inquiry for the pacific settlement of international disputes, and the application of the analogy method to modern conditions are also of applied importance. The article reveals legal grounds for concluding agreements between the disputing parties, the timing of the creation of commissions, procedures for their activities – place of residence, conditions of relocation, language of communication, powers of the chairman, members, commissioners, the specifics of preparing final documents, and their role.

Introduction: the article substantiates the expediency of organizing and conducting educational work on the formation of an anti-corruption worldview in younger schoolchildren; characterizes anti-corruption education of junior schoolchildren in terms of the ethical and legal approach that unites representatives of progressive domestic and foreign pedagogical schools; describes Russian and foreign innovative models for anti-corruption education to strengthen morality of children and form their inner readiness to behave in accordance with socially accepted ideas. The relevance of the study is due to the insufficient coverage of the problem of anti-corruption education of younger schoolchildren in terms of their ability and readiness to adequately perceive and comprehend corruption in terms of describing effective forms of organizing educational and extracurricular activities. Methods: theoretical analysis of the research problem, comparative analysis, generalization and systematization of pedagogically significant information and normative documents, description of elements of pedagogical experience based on Russian and foreign sources of information. Purpose: to substantiate the importance of organizing anti-corruption education in primary schools, as well as to identify innovative approaches in the Russian and foreign experience to organizing anti-corruption education of younger schoolchildren. Results: when studying the pedagogical theory and practice presented in scientific and methodological works of Russian and foreign authors, the author comes to a conclusion about the importance and expediency of anti-corruption education of younger schoolchildren. The comparative analysis reveals common trends and differences in anti-corruption education of primary school children in different countries. General trends reflect the priority attention to the development of the child’s ethical and legal axiosphere in the course of his/her inclusion in various types of interactive activities. The most obvious contradiction between Russian and foreign practices lies in the content area. In domestic models of anti-corruption education of younger schoolchildren, emphasis is placed on morality and provides for the direct linking of the object of understanding to specific corruption-related events and facts. In foreign countries younger schoolchildren are absorbed in specific anti-corruption context, which ensures convergence of educational work with real life and increases effectiveness of anti-corruption education. A crosscultural comparison of the considered pedagogical approaches indicates the relevance of using foreign experience in domestic practice against the background of the existence of different pedagogical views on the essence of anti-corruption education. The information obtained in the course of this study can serve as a basis for determining the content and means of anti-corruption education by primary school teachers in solving a wide range of tasks of educational work with younger schoolchildren, as well as changing pedagogical consciousness of those teachers whose pedagogical activities are focused on the priority use of information and educational tools. The study is relevant for law enforcement agencies, including the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Federal Penitentiary Service working with cadet classes, focused on forming law-abiding behavior in children and preventing development of illegal behavior of future employees, civil servants beginning from primary school age.

Introduction: the article considers problems related to the development of public associations in the penal system. These associations should not only contribute to the social growth of the system, but also act on a deregulated, proactive basis. Purpose: to analyze ways of functioning of public associations in the Russian penitentiary system. The research methodology is based on: 1) the study of legal foundations for public association functioning; 2) the intent analysis of self-representations of the Federal Penitentiary Service in relation to public associations, which includes information from open sources, statements of authorities, analytical reviews and other non-corporate publications. Quantitative and qualitative approaches are used to process the texts. Online statements suggest internalization of the topic and its active reproduction in a broad social discourse, with references to the history of the phenomenon and its significance for symbolic reproduction. The semantic coding of the topography of public associations is structured by analogy with a “black box” with different inputs and outputs: 1) a strong positive emotion towards public associations in the management level, 2) a certain critical position towards public associations at the grassroots level. Classification of intentions, patterns, and determinants helps change the focus of the study, which makes the analysis interesting and productive. At the same time, public associations have always been in the sphere of media attention in connection with the democratization of institutions, targets for increasing the manageability of systems. Results: 1) the practice of public associations is studied, taking into account the position of educational and social work with personnel; 2) problematic issues in the field of functioning of public associations are systematized; 3) solutions to the problem of crime prevention with the participation of employees of the penal system are formulated.

General elections in Indonesia are designed to ensure equality and justice for all voters and candidates, regardless of party affiliation. Despite these principles, election violations do occur, including criminal acts, breaches of ethical standards by election organizers, and administrative violations related to election procedures. To protect the integrity of elections, which is crucial for democracy, lawmakers have classified certain electoral frauds as criminal offenses. The Election Law not only outlines the procedures for conducting elections but also prohibits actions that undermine the fairness of the process and imposes penalties on offenders. The type of research in this study is normative legal research, which is a research method that focuses on written legal norms. accompanied by a comparative study of the country of Nigeria The results showed that the small number of reports of election crimes that continued to the level of investigation, prosecution, and examination in court until the issuance of a permanent legal force decision (inkracht van gewisjde) showed that the handling of election crimes in the elections had not been effective. The same is true for Nigeria through INEC. Although INEC has the authority to initiate cases of electoral offenses, it rarely does so due to a lack of supervisory capacity due to understaffing and the inability or unwillingness of the police to collect evidence and conduct investigations.

The criminal justice process in Indonesia is characterized by lengthy proceedings, significant costs, and a growing prison population, highlighting the need for new policies to address these challenges. The adoption of the plea-bargaining concept, prevalent in common law jurisdictions, offers a potential solution for the Indonesian criminal justice system. Article 199 of the Draft Law on Criminal Procedure introduces a similar concept, allowing defendants who admit guilt to crimes punishable by no more than seven years in prison to have their cases transferred to a shorter trial process. This normative juridical research employed both statutory and conceptual analyses to evaluate the relevance of plea bargaining in the Indonesian context. It aims to assess whether the plea bargaining provisions in Article 199 of the Draft Criminal Procedure Code align with the principles of simplicity, speed, and cost-effectiveness, and whether they conform to Pancasila, the foundational ideology of Indonesia.

The offense of blasphemy is complex and confusing due to its three distinct definitions: offense according to religion, offense against religion, and offense related to religion. This lack of clarity results in no clear boundaries for defining what constitutes blasphemy. This article explores the legal interpretation of blasphemy through an analysis of various court decisions and the opinions of religious leaders. Utilizing normative research methods complemented by field data from interviews with religious leaders, the study reveals that Article 156a of the Criminal Code lacks a precise definition of blasphemy, leading to broad and varied interpretations. The subjectivity of determining blasphemy is evident, as it often depends on the identity of the offended party. Additionally, resolving blasphemy cases, such as those involving deviant sects, necessitates theological dialogue rather than immediate recourse to punitive measures. The article notes that judicial decisions in blasphemy cases frequently rely on the testimony of religious experts, sometimes without sufficient consideration of the expert’s qualifications or the quality of their explanation of blasphemy.

In contemporary discussions, there is growing debate over the procedural methods employed by police in obtaining evidence from suspects while in custody. A key point of contention is whether evidence acquired through illegal means should be admitted in court, with some arguing that its admission violates the suspect's right to a fair trial, while others contend that such evidence is crucial for proving the case. The law is currently ambiguous on this issue. According to the Oxford Legal Dictionary, illegally obtained evidence is defined as evidence acquired through methods that contravene legal procedures. Importantly, the distinction between evidence obtained illegally and confessions made while in police custody is critical, as Section 26(1) of the Evidence Act 1950 explicitly prohibits the admission of confessions made under such circumstances. This article aims to explore the status of illegally obtained evidence and assess whether it should be admitted or excluded by the courts when the evidence is obtained from a suspect in police custody.

One of the priority tasks of reforming law enforcement agencies is to build a preventive mechanism based on the observance of human and civil rights and freedoms, protection of society from violence and discrimination, and creation of barrier-free space for people with limited mobility. The multidimensional nature and complexity of the issues requiring statutory regulation in these areas determine the relevance of the subject under study. The purpose of this study was to model the administrative legal mechanism of police activity in which human rights would be optimally and effectively implemented. To fulfil this purpose, the methodology used included a combination of comparative rule-making, system analysis, internal and external induction, constructive cognition and content analysis. It was found that the observance of human rights in police activities is inextricably linked to the implementation of the rule of law and the provision of protective police services. Numerous cases of violations revealed during journalistic investigations and widely discussed by the public have become one of the reasons for the rapid decline in public trust in state law enforcement institutions, and as a result, a substantial obstacle to Ukraine’s integration into the European space. The study analysed the key reasons affecting the effectiveness of administrative legal strategies for ensuring a human rights-based approach in the practical activities of the National Police bodies (units). Specifically, these include transition processes related to the harmonisation of national legislation with international and European standards, low level of material and social security of police officers, insufficient level of professionalism, influence of negative environment, narrow understanding of administrative legal activities in the field of human rights related to the prevention of administrative and criminal offences. The study concluded that the principles of the rule of law, respect for human rights and freedoms and partnership-based interaction with the public are crucial and interrelated in the preventive activities of police. The study outlined the key areas of improvement of national legislation in the field of development and/or optimisation of administrative legal systems for ensuring the functioning of organisational, technical, information, and economic resources as guarantees of the implementation of the declared constitutional rights and freedoms. The results of this study can be used to formulate and improve the norms of national legislation that regulate the activities of law enforcement agencies and determine the content of its guidelines

The relevance of the subject under study lies in the fact that under martial law, the problem of robberies against citizens’ homes is exacerbated, specifically, their danger increases due to the greater probability of members of an organised criminal group having firearms than in peacetime. The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics of robberies against residential premises in rural areas committed by organised groups, to establish the factors which influence the choice of the victim of a future attack by the perpetrators, and to identify preventive measures to reduce the commission of such crimes. To address these issues, the study employed a set of methods of scientific cognition: systemic-structural, comparative, statistical, and systemic. The study found that a characteristic feature of such attacks is that they are committed by a group consisting mainly of fellow villagers with internally stable, long-term, trusting relationships, with a willingness to systematically commit violent crimes against individuals. They are characterised by a hierarchy and preparation for robberies in rural areas. It was established that during preparation for a robbery, to obtain the necessary information, offenders often study the routes of the village, find out information about its inhabitants, and select a victim. They can even speak directly to the potential victim and/or their neighbours. Therefore, interviewing villagers during the investigation of such a criminal offence is a significant step in identifying the perpetrators. The study identified factors that influence the commission of robberies in rural areas (presence of valuable property of the victim; remoteness of their residence, absence of neighbours; planned power outages, physically vulnerable person, etc.). To commit attacks on people’s homes in rural areas, attackers choose several villages in relatively familiar areas, which may be located in one region or in another region with which they border. It was noted that this complicates the work of law enforcement agencies in investigating this type of crime. The practical value of this study lies in the consideration by law enforcement officers of the theoretical results of this study regarding the impact on the choice of victims by criminals and the established characteristics inherent in such robberies

The relevance of this study lies in the fact that the legal systems of states that recognise and enforce the rule of law are increasingly subject to integration influence: the general requirements of rule-making are unified and ensured by the common obligations of the member states of international communities. The purpose of this study was to conduct a logical and legal analysis of legal reservations as a means of designing (constructing) legal norms to fulfil the purpose of the principle of legal certainty in national legislation. The study employed various methods of scientific cognition, including axiological, analytical, systemic, special legal, hermeneutical, logical, modelling, etc. The use of these methods has provided the basis for the scientific hypothesis regarding the composition of the principle of legal certainty and the nature of legal reservations. The study summarised that the principle of legal certainty as a component of the rule of law is based on the concept of predictability, which is achieved by ensuring clarity, unambiguity, and comprehensibility of legal provisions, and completeness of their content in the normative forms of national legislation. It was found that the requirements of the legal certainty principle can be met by applying a unified technique of rule-making, structuring, and formulation of regulatory provisions, where legal reservations are given a significant importance. The study identified and characterised the crucial features of legal reservations through understanding them as an element of rule- making technique in fulfilling the purpose of the European principle of legal certainty. The study outlined the essential properties of legal reservations and general requirements to them. The legal reservations are defined in the rules of law of national legislation as an element of rule-making technique, the content of which is determined by the social purpose of law. The study proved that they take the form of linguistic constructions, specify the purpose of a legal provision and the limits of its effect, and ensure the accuracy and predictability of a regulatory prescription. The findings of this study are of practical significance, as they can be used in research – for further investigation of topical issues of rulemaking technique, in lawmaking work – in the development of regulations

As of 2024, the use of alternative dispute resolution is becoming increasingly relevant caused by the complicated access to justice due to martial law. The purpose of this study was to analyse the historical experience of using negotiations in Ukraine from the Middle Ages to the present day and to identify the vectors for further development of this institution. Both general scientific and special scientific methods were employed: formal legal and comparative legal methods. It was found that the term “negotiation” can be used in several meanings: 1) the process of reaching an agreement; 2) the stage of court proceedings; 3) the stage of mediation, conciliation, or other methods of alternative dispute resolution; 4) a separate method of alternative dispute resolution. As the times of Kyivan Rus, the Ruska Pravda prescribed an analogue of negotiations – the replacement of blood revenge with a payoff; in the 16th-century Lithuanian statutes, the negotiation process was called “unity”. The “Rights by which the Little Russian people are judged” of the mid-18th century defined two forms of documents drafted as a result of negotiations: a conciliation agreement (without the participation of mediators) and a conciliation verdict (with the participation of mediators). During the Soviet era, legislation tended to establish the right to judicial protection depending on the previous use of alternative dispute resolution. However, since Ukraine’s independence, this trend has changed, and the law now prescribes the right of everyone to choose how to protect their rights. Further vectors for the development of the institution of negotiations in Ukraine may include the introduction of various types of platforms for remote participation in the negotiation process, as well as the development of the legal framework towards detailing negotiation procedures. The findings of this study can be used in teaching disciplines of the historical and legal cycle in higher education institutions of Ukraine, as well as for further forecasting the development of this institution and its improvement

The intensification of legal development, increased interpenetration of legal systems, and transformation of legal and state phenomena in the context of globalisation and integration processes necessitate the investigation of the nature of judicial lawmaking and judicial reform and their correlation. The purpose of this study was to theorise the relationship between judicial lawmaking and judicial reform. This study was based on the historical, formal legal, and comparative methods employed in the context of natural law, positivist, sociological approaches, integrative type of legal understanding, theories of lawmaking and justice. The principal findings of this study lie in substantiation of a series of theoretical provisions on judicial lawmaking and judicial reform. It was found that the legal nature of judicial lawmaking is profound and multifaceted. Judicial lawmaking and judicial reform are closely interrelated. One of the manifestations of this interaction is that the introduction of judicial lawmaking is a task, vector, or result of judicial reform. The study proved that judicial lawmaking is a significant achievement of judicial reform, and not a side effect of the transformation of the judicial system. Judicial lawmaking is an essential factor that substantially affects judicial reform in material, procedural, and organisational aspects. Judicial reform, as an independent type of state transformation, is a crucial area of state- building and is aimed at transforming justice into a fair mechanism for resolving legal conflicts and disputes based on the rule of law. With each stage of judicial reform in Ukraine, the need for official recognition of judicial lawmaking becomes more urgent. The 2016 judicial reform did not positively resolve this issue. As of 2024, the need to introduce judicial lawmaking is mostly recognised at the doctrinal level, but the legislating body denies it, although there are various manifestations of the applied use of the lawmaking potential of courts in the national legal system of Ukraine. The practical value of the findings is that the highest authorities of Ukraine can use them to improve the efficiency of lawmaking, justice, and the transformation of the judicial system

The significance of this study lies in recognizing the crucial role grants play within the social fabric of Indonesian communities. Despite their importance, grants, particularly in the context of land inheritance, often pose challenges, leading to complications such as the potential for withdrawal or annulment. This research aimed to dissect and comprehend the legal ramifications of verbal agreements made prior to the formulation of a grant deed, especially focusing on how such agreements influence the withdrawal of land ownership rights, as illustrated by the decision of the Kupang High Court (Case No. 23/Pdt/2017/PT.KPG). Employing a normative legal research approach, this investigation delves into secondary data and legal literature to interpret the law both as it is written and as it governs societal behavior. A comparative analysis of similar cases provides additional insights, revealing how varying interpretations of verbal agreements can impact the enforceability of grant deeds across different jurisdictions. This study proposed a detailed analysis, asserting the necessity for clearly defining real evidence in the form of authentic deeds. These deeds serve not only as conclusive proof of land ownership but also as a foundational element for any modifications to such ownership, premised on the mutual consent and responsibilities undertaken by both the grantor and grantee during the deedʼs creation. The grant deed emerges as a pivotal document, ensuring the granteeʼs rights over the land, predicated on the lawful acts executed by both parties involved in the transaction. By exploring these aspects, the research offers insights into enhancing the legal framework surrounding grants, aiming to mitigate the issues arising from oral agreements in land transactions

The right to work is one of the fundamental human rights guaranteed by international documents and the constitutions of most countries, including Ukraine. However, the conditions and restrictions relating to the right to work under martial law may change. Due to the constant threat to Ukraine’s independence, as well as to the lives and health of its citizens, the regulation of labour relations is substantially different from peacetime, which requires scientific substantiation. The purpose of this study was to outline the key provisions of labour law relating to the person’s exercise of the right to work according to the social and legal vector of the state’s activities under the legal regime of martial law. The study demonstrated the significance of ensuring stability and security under martial law but emphasised the temporary nature of restrictive measures. The importance of maintaining a balance between the interests of employers and employees was substantiated, as well as the development of labour legislation to accommodate the specifics of the situation during a military conflict. Human rights may not be violated in either peacetime or wartime. On the contrary, the state should create conditions for the free development of labour and the fulfilment of human potential. Based on formal legal analysis of wartime legislation of Ukraine, comparison of various regulatory documents and scientific positions, the study highlighted the problematic aspects of observance of the constitutional right to work. The relevant conclusions were formulated, outlining the legal ways to achieve the balance of interests of employer and employee and proposals for improving the legislation were identified. The recommendations proposed in this study may be used by the legislator to improve the current labour legislation of Ukraine

The relevance of this study lies in the need to improve the legal mechanisms for combating gender-based violence against the background of the increasing number of military conflicts in the world, which create favourable conditions for the latter. The purpose of this study was to analyse the regulatory provisions of international legislation and the practices of certain European countries in preventing manifestations of hatred based on sex and gender and combating domestic violence through criminal law measures. It was stated that legal standards defined by the regulations of international organisations, international treaties, and conventions underlie national and regional standards for combating domestic and gender-based violence. International legal principles of gender equality are defined by the regulatory framework of the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the European Union, and the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe, and other global and European organisations. Human rights provisions recognised by the member states of these organisations through bilateral and multilateral treaties and implemented through ratification are the basis for the formation of national internal standards of the rights of women, children, and persons of all genders. The study concluded that national standards for guaranteeing and protecting human rights in the field of gender equality constitute an implementation of international standards and pan-European provisions, and their implementation in Ukrainian legislation can ensure sufficiently complete and effective implementation of legal measures to combat domestic and gender-based violence. The ideas formulated in this study are aimed at finding more effective criminal law means in lawmaking and law enforcement activities

This research investigated the initiatives undertaken by the Yogyakarta City government to legally protect street children from economic exploitation. It focused on the roles of key institutions such as the Department of Social Affairs, Labors, and Transmigration in the city of Yogyakarta along with the local Children Protection Commissioner. The research explored the challenges these bodies faced in executing their duties. Utilizing empirical methods, interviews were conducted with relevant stakeholders including the head of the rehabilitation section of the Department of Social Affairs, the chairperson of the Indonesian Children Protection Commissioner in the district of Yogyakarta, and their team members. The findings revealed that despite numerous programs and regulations implemented by the Yogyakarta city government to protect the rights of street children, economic exploitation persisted primarily due to poverty. This research highlighted the gap between policy implementation and its effectiveness, suggesting a need for a review of existing measures and potentially the development of new strategies to address the economic exploitation of street children in Yogyakarta.

The escalating trend in drug abuse, particularly among the youth, necessitates a unified approach from all law enforcement entities to address this shift in paradigm. It is essential to view drug addicts and victims of drug abuse not only as perpetrators but also as victims, warranting the incorporation of rehabilitation as an alternative form of punishment. The severity of narcotics crime in Indonesia poses a profound threat not only to individual health both physical and mental but also to societal well-being and national development, potentially compromising state security and sovereignty. This paper explores the enforcement of narcotics law in Indonesia as dictated by Law Number 35 of 2009 and examines the application of restorative justice, a concept often referred to in criminal law enforcement, which emphasizes recovery and atonement for the perpetrator or their family towards the victim, facilitating out-of-court reconciliatory efforts. By examining the legal sociological perspective, this research advocates for resolving narcotics-related criminal cases through means that prioritize restoration over retribution. It argues for a restorative justice approach, where the focus shifts from imprisonment to alternatives like medical and social rehabilitation, aiming for a resolution that restores harmony and agreement between involved parties, thereby aligning legal outcomes with societal values and needs.

Background/Objective: Witness’ interviews within a judicial investigation represent a complex procedure because human memory is subjected to suggestions and personal re-elaboration processes. Therefore, it is necessary to use an interview method that guarantees the accuracy of the testimony. Method: This research focused on the development a modified version of the Cognitive Interview based on the use of the five Ws (who, what, where, when and why), commonly used in journalism, which we named the 5Ws-CI. The goal of the present study is to compare this method with two interrogation techniques already present in the literature, the Enhanced Cognitive Interview (ECI) and the Cognitive Interview with the Category Clustering Recall (CCR) and to test the moderating role of Machiavellianism. Seventy-two subjects individually watched a video-clip of a robbery and were randomly assigned to one of the three interview groups (ECI, CCR-CI, or 5Ws-CI) and the veracity condition (truth tellers vs. lie tellers). Results: Subjects in the 5Ws-CI and CCR groups remembered significantly more information than subjects in the ECI condition, without impacting on accuracy. Also, truth tellers reported more details than lie tellers. No significant difference was found between the 5Ws-CI and CI-CCR interview groups. Conclusions: In conclusion, the results indicate that the 5Ws-CI and CCR techniques might be effective methods and outperform the ECI.

Background/Aim: The number of convictions related to crimes against road safety continues to increase, with more than half being caused by driving under the influence (DUI) of alcohol or drugs. In Spain, offenders for crimes against road safety have been widely sentenced to community service orders. Additionally, the penitentiary institution has implemented two intervention programmes, TASEVAL (awareness and re-education) and PROSEVAL (re-education and psychotherapeutic). A field study was designed to estimate the effectiveness of the TASEVAL and PROSEVAL intervention programmes in the reduction of the recidivism rate and drug and alcohol use. Method: A total of 57,532 offenders for crimes against road safety (37,556 sentenced to a community service order of up to 60 days’ duration and 19,976 to a community service order of up to 60 days’ duration and the TASEVAL intervention programme) were followed up in relation to recidivism. And a total of 5,765 (5,117 sentenced to a community service order of over 60 days’ duration and 648 to a community service order of over 60 days’ duration and the PROSEVAL intervention programme) were also followed up in relation to recidivism. 29 attendees on the TASEVAL intervention programme and 32 attendees on the PROSEVAL intervention programme were assessed pre- and post-intervention in unhealthy alcohol use and problematic drug use. Results: The results showed a significant association between the participation in the TASEVAL and PROSEVAL intervention programmes and non-recidivism. Succinctly, compared to community service orders, participation in these programmes increases the non-recidivist rate for the TASEVAL and PROSEVAL intervention programmes by 14.6% and 58.4% respectively. Regarding substance and alcohol use, the TASEVAL programme showed a significant reduction in alcohol and drug use after the implementation of the programme. However, the PROSEVAL programme did not reveal a significant effect on alcohol and drug use (no therapeutic effect). Conclusions: The present study supports the effectiveness of specific intervention programmes for road traffic offenders in the reduction of recidivism. Additionally, these intervention programmes (though not all of them) may have a mitigating effect on the alcohol and drug use mediators of recidivism.

Background/Objective: The risk of children being instrumentalized in contexts of gender violence poses a social and health problem that impacts children’s future development. The main purpose of this research is to ascertain which risk indicators should be addressed by security force members when facing an emergency call regarding intimate partner violence in which children are present. This tool could be helpful for evaluating and preventing the risk of future aggression as a means to hurt mothers. Method and Results: In the course of three studies, a set of proposed risk indicators was developed. In Study 1, five interviews and two group discussions with experts working in gender violence cases (n = 18) provided us with information to develop an initial version of a measurement tool, the Index of Children’s Risk of being Instrumentalized (ICRI), for gender violence cases. In Study 2, cognitive debriefing was carried out by professionals (n = 26) to evaluate the suitability of the items. This approach allowed us to obtain valid, content-based evidence. Finally, Study 3 included a pretest study in which security force members (n = 44) evaluate the appropriateness of the ICRI and, if needed, to make any necessary adjustments of the index. The results show that the indicators obtained in this initial approximation could help security forces when reporting cases of gender violence with children at the scene. Conclusions: Further attention to evaluating the risk of children living in intimate partner violence contexts is needed.

Background: Emergency calls may help law enforcement determine the proper response and provide investigative leads. Time may be wasted and appropriate resources misallocated if callers provide untruthful information. However, human ability to detect deception is generally weak. Objectives: We compared the abilities of law enforcement officers and non-law enforcement staff abilities to correctly identify truthful or deceptive emergency calls reporting missing children using Grice’s maxims of communication (quantity, manner, relation, and quality of information). Method: Forty participants listened to 32 emergency calls reporting a missing child. Sixteen callers truthfully reported not knowing the child’s whereabouts, and sixteen were responsible for killing the child before falsely reporting the child missing. Participants rated the quantity (insufficient, appropriate, excessive), manner (clear/orderly, unclear/disorderly), relation (relevant, irrelevant), and quality (truthful, deceptive) of information. Participants also provided a written narrative of their impressions of the call. Results: Accuracy in identifying truthful and deceptive callers was consistent with prior research, with sworn law enforcement slightly outperforming non-sworn staff. Participant agreement on Grice’s maxims was poor. Ratings of quantity, manner, and relation of information predicted judgments of call quality, but were not associated with accurately identifying calls. Participant narratives describing reasons for judging a call to be truthful or deceptive were also not associated with accurate identification. Conclusions: Our findings do not support the use of Grice’s maxims for determining deception in emergency calls. Although law enforcement officers outperformed non-sworn staff, both groups showed inconsistent rationales to support veracity judgments and relied on cues not associated with accuracy.

Introduction: This article addresses the complex dynamics of sexual consent among female Spanish university student. The research is based on two independent studies, each employing a distinct methodology: study 1 (n = 308) employs a quantitative approach to analyze the relationship between the endorsement of heterosexual scripts, individual variables (sexual satisfaction, sexual assertiveness, and sexual communication styles), and intimate partner sexual violence (IPSV) and the reasons for consenting to unwanted sex; study 2 utilized qualitative methods to explore personal narratives and deepen the understanding of consent as experienced and articulated by 8 women. Objectives: Study1 aimed at quantitatively assessing how the endorsement of heterosexual scripts, individual variables, and previous IPSV experiences impact the reasons for consenting to unwanted sex. Study 2 sought to compliment Study 1’s findings and qualitatively investigate the personal and societal narratives that shape the understanding and communication of sexual consent. Results: In Study 1, the findings reveal that endorsements of traditional sexual scripts and histories of IPSV are associated with a higher likelihood of consenting to unwanted sex, while greater sexual satisfaction and assertiveness correlate with reduced consent to unwanted sex. Study 2 provides a thematic exploration of sexual consent, identifying key themes in how consent is negotiated, perceived, and misunderstood within interpersonal and cultural contexts. Conclusions: The combined results of these studies illustrate the nuanced interplay between individual agency, cultural expectations, and past experiences in shaping sexual consent. Underscoring the importance of challenging traditional sexual scripts and enhancing assertiveness, this research contributes to ongoing efforts to foster a consent culture that respects individual boundaries and desires in sexual relationships.

Nigeria is now battling the spread of illegal weapons, which is stoking a number of security concerns that jeopardise its national sovereignty. The Nigerian firearms legislation is essentially unenforceable due to its ineffectiveness and numerous loopholes. One reason for concern is the blacksmith's ability to produce enough armed weapons. This study uses secondary sources, including newspapers, the internet, and previously published academic works, in conjunction with qualitative research methodologies. The results indicate that Nigeria's gun laws did not reflect contemporary realities. The study also highlighted that the leniency of penalties for manufacturing, possessing, and using illicit firearms under the existing laws does not effectively deter individuals. The minimal sentences and fines fail to dissuade offenders, leading to the proliferation of firearms and emboldening criminal behaviour. The paper underscores the implications of local manufacturing of arms in the current state of fragility. It recommends collaborative efforts across all levels of government to address issues of loopholes in the Nigerian firearms legislation. Also strengthening enforcement, public awareness campaigns, regular review and updates of the firearms legislation, community engagement, and harmonising firearms laws with other subnational, national, and regional regulations to prevent loopholes.

Ethical challenges and opportunities: implementing artificial intelligence in healthcare. Technological advances in artificial intelligence (AI) offer new opportunities for improving healthcare, particularly in the areas of patient safety and clinical risk management. This article explores the ethical and safety aspects of implementing AI in healthcare. AI can significantly improve the accuracy of diagnostic processes, reduce healthcare costs, and facilitate access to information. However, its implementation poses challenges such as the need for human control over AI outputs, the risk of deskilling by clinicians, and the need for continuous monitoring and evaluation of the effectiveness of AI systems. Ensuring transparency, independence from bias, and maintaining the human connection in healthcare is key. Recommendations include collaboration between health systems, development of strong rules and regulation, and active engagement of clinicians and patients in evaluating and improving AI technologies. Future research and practice should aim to maximize the benefits of AI and minimize potential risks, which includes technical improvements to AI algorithms and the development of new methods of evaluation and regulation

Safety in elementary schools is a key factor influencing the quality of the educational environment. This research focuses on analysing current security measures at primary schools with the participation of pupils from marginalised Roma communities in eastern Slovakia, identifying the main threats and proposing possible improvements. Using qualitative and quantitative methods, we explored perceptions of safety among students, teachers and parents, and assessed existing safety measures.

One of the new points stipulated in Law Number 23 of 2014 Concerning Regional Government is the affirmation of regional rights to establish regional policies in carrying out government affairs that are within their jurisdiction, regional rights. In the development of this regional policy, the joint jurisdictional agreement between the central and regional governments is a fundamental thing that must be considered by regional decision-makers. Regarding the abolition of regional policies, Law Number 23 of 2014 Concerning Regional Government, regulates the cancellation of a regional policy carried out by the central government, while Law Number 30 of 2014 Concerning Government Administration, regulates the cancellation on a form of a regional policy, particularly a decision to cancel local regulations on special regions. The head is canceled by the decision-making officials, either by a higher-ranking decision-making official or by court order. The inconsistency of these two regulations, in practice across regions, can lead to legal uncertainty, especially for regional policymakers.

This study explores the nuanced landscape of cloud computing adoption within small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) operating in the dynamic field of e-commerce. As businesses increasingly turn to cloud solutions to enhance their operational efficiency and competitiveness, examining the distinct challenges and opportunities faced by SMEs in contrast to larger enterprises is imperative. The research delves into the specific nuances that differentiate cloud computing practices between SMEs and explores the impact of these differences on their e-commerce operations. This study aims to provide valuable insights into optimising cloud strategies tailored to SMEs' unique needs and constraints in the e-commerce domain through a comprehensive analysis of case studies, empirical data, and industry trends. Ultimately, the research seeks to contribute to a deeper understanding of the evolving landscape of cloud computing in the context of SMEs, offering practical implications for enhancing their digital infrastructure and fostering sustainable growth in the ever-evolving e-commerce landscape. In order to thrive in the current competitive landscape, small and medium-sized enterprises must adjust to the realities of Internet commerce. In essence, the issue is SMEs need more access to financing, which limits their ability to compete. Due to the SMEs' current circumstances, it is now essential for them to open markets through e-commerce, which has made a more reliable digital platform necessary. In today's competitive economy, going up to international markets is no longer required; SMEs should be able to complete tasks faster. The fundamentals of information systems for SMEs, which will serve as the foundation in this direction, are financial and understood in the sense that SMEs ought to be compelled to use them. Cloud computing for SME e-commerce aims to clarify the need in this research setting. Cloud computing platforms' benefits to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are becoming increasingly important.

Criminality is one of most important global problems. It interferes with social, security, economic, cultural and political spheres of life throughout society is therefore necessary to take all possible measures to prevent its growth. In practice, it’s comfrimed that prevention is essential and most effective. This article presents the preventive actions of the Municipal Police of the city Košice, its history, present and the prospects for its use in the fight against crime and other antisocial activities.

The life cycle of disinformation begins with its ordering and ends with its acceptance or rejection by the target consumer, the target object. The disinformation lifecycle has the following relatively separate but related attributes: disinformation originator, disinformation planning, disinformation purpose, goal, and content. In this context, the types of disinformation that take the form of simple disinformation, or it is a narrative/narrative/theme, as well as news legends, which can take the form of an active influence measure, and the issue of the creator of disinformation, including the technical implementation of disinformation, are elaborated

The aim of the activities of the relevant bodies of the European Union is to ensure that the inhabitants of Europe live in an area of freedom, security and justice without internal borders. This research within the subject study focuses on the analysis of current security measures by the European Union, and above all on the identification of the main threats as well as the proposal of possible improvements. Using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, we investigated the perception of security among the individual subjects affected by the area, as well as by the European Union authorities, and evaluated the existing security measures.

People use social media for both good and distasteful purposes. When used with malicious intent, it raises significant concerns as it involves the use of offensive language and hate speech that promote terrorism and other negative behaviors. To create a safe, secure and pleasant environment, these communications must be closely monitored to prevent severe problems, associated risks and other pertinent issues. With the help of AI, specifically Large Language Models (LLM), we can quickly analyze text and speech to determine whether the communications promote the dangers identified here above not to mention other toxic elements. For this research, the LLM used is the DistilRoBERTa model from the Transformers library using Hugging Face. The DistilRoBERTa model was trained on datasets consisting of terrorism-related conversations, offensive-related conversations, and neutral conversations. These datasets were obtained from publicly available sources. The results of the experimentation show that the model achieved 99% accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, and ROC curve. To improve the robustness of the model, it must be continuously fine-tuned to predict dynamic communication behavior since real conversations are inaccessible due to restrictions. A drag-and-drop interface is used to upload the files and get the categorical output, ensuring seamless and easy interaction.

In an era characterized by the ubiquity of the internet, the proliferation of online services, and the increasing frequency of cyber threats, the detection of look-alike domains has become a critical component of cybersecurity. The current paper presents an approach for the detection of look-alike domains, leveraging the power of open-source intelligence (OSINT) tools. It included gathering and analyzing a wide range of publicly available data sources, including permutations, WHOIS records, IP information, website content, Geo IP, similarity percentage, name server, and mail server records, and building a comprehensive profile of domains under investigation. Through the application of online search engines, patterns and features that distinguish legitimate domains from their deceptive counterparts were established. The analysis demonstrated that OSINT tools provided significant information about the sample domains and successfully detected 1598 registered look-alike domains among 10 sample domains using dnstwist, while OpenSquat identified 103 squatting domains, 960 active phishing websites, and 53 domains with suspicious certificates across five sample websites. The research contributes to the enhancement of cybersecurity practices by providing a cost-effective and scalable solution for identifying look-alike domains, which can serve as precursors to various online threats, including phishing attacks, malware distribution, and fraud.

Modern society is heavily reliant upon the internet. Accordingly, it is vital to ensure that the data transmitted over the internet is safe. Several tools have been created for cybersecurity experts and organizations to test the security levels of organizational networks and websites. However, due to financial constraints, small organizations need to pay closer attention to managing data with limited resources. This study explores the role of automated penetration testing tools in providing small organizations with an effective and affordable data security system. This study employs a case-study approach using multiple data-gathering methods in a charitable organization. More specifically, data was collected using interviews and experiments evaluating penetration testing tools. The results revealed that cost-effective automated penetration testing tools could safeguard small organizations from cybersecurity threats. The penetration testing tools determined that the organization’s website had various vulnerabilities. The Nessus tool discovered no fewer than 37 vulnerabilities on the website application. The ZAP testing tool showed that the website application was critically failing, leading to the accumulation of vulnerabilities. The system had 3 medium-, 12 low-, and 4-informational-risk vulnerabilities. Through the evaluation of open ports, the NMAP tool identified various vulnerabilities. These findings have important implications for small organizations. First, automated penetration testing tools can be easily conducted by small organizations to safeguard their cybersecurity without obtaining costly expert help. Second, it is recommended in the light of the findings that automated penetration testing tools be used in multiple combinations as different tools have unique contributions to cybersecurity.

In response to the growing cyber-attack threat, incident response teams have become a critical component of an organization's cybersecurity strategy. These teams are responsible for detecting, analyzing, and responding to security incidents promptly and effectively. However, detecting code injection attacks can be particularly challenging, as they can be difficult to detect and often go unnoticed until it is too late. Cybersecurity professionals use detection tools to detect and respond to DLL injection attacks that monitor system activity and detect unusual behavior. A large portion of the related literature focuses on the use of commercial DLL injection tools. In contrast, little attention has been paid to the effectiveness of using open-source DLL injection detection tools. Thus, this research project aims to evaluate the effectiveness of three widely used open-source tools, VirusTotal, Sysinternals, and Yara, in detecting DLL injection incidents. This study's findings highlight each tool's strengths and limitations, which in turn enables cybersecurity professionals to make informed decisions when selecting the most suitable tool for DLL injection detection. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the importance of continuous tool development and updates to keep pace with evolving malware techniques and emerging threats. By highlighting the effectiveness of the tools, this research enhances the overall security posture of organizations and individuals, empowering them to mitigate the risks associated with DLL injection attacks proactively. The outcomes of this research project also underscore the significance of leveraging advanced tools to fortify cybersecurity defenses and safeguard critical systems and data.

In this work, two categories of deep learning and conventional machine learning were used to classify malware using a dataset of all possible API call sequences. Specifically, the objective was to determine the best strategy to tackle the ever-rising menace as malware becomes more complex. A new dataset was created employing Cuckoo Sandbox, where API call sequences originating from both benign and malware samples were recorded. The performance of these algorithms was benchmarked and tested using this dataset, which includes SVM, RF, KNN, XGB, GBC, CNN, and RNN. The study established that both deep learning and conventional machine learning algorithms provided high accuracy above 90%. Specifically, the recurrent neural networks (RNNs) demonstrated high accuracy rates ranging from 95% to 99%. These results are highly indicative of deep learning, especially RNN, as a promising approach to improving the effectiveness of malware detection. The data obtained from dynamic analysis, when integrated into a database, serves as a more reliable source for training and testing of such models, and can improve the model’s ability to identify new threats posed by malware. Thus, this work is salient in enhancing the development of new approaches to fight malware that constantly evolve in the modern world.

In smart city infrastructure, IP cameras play a pivotal role in crime prevention and detection. However, not much research has been conducted on IP cameras from a cybersecurity and forensics perspective. In this study, we investigate vulnerability assessment and forensic artifacts for Hanwha and Mobotix IP cameras, which are widely used in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia is using IP cameras which are essential for its smart cities. In this paper, we examine IP cameras in two directions. The first is to assess the vulnerability of IP cameras through various attack scenarios such as denial of service (DoS), brute force, and unauthorized access, and we suggest countermeasures. The second shows how analysis for IP cameras can be used to investigate logs for cyberattacks. Through this study, we expect to contribute to research on cyber-attack and forensic perspectives on IP cameras to be used in smart cities.

Tempat Pemrosesan Akhir (TPA) Parit Enam merupakan tempat akhir pengelolaan sampah di Kota Pangkalpinang yang mengalami penumpukan sampah karena tidak dikelola dengan baik. Salah satu faktor penyebab sampah tidak dikelola yakni kurangnya sarana dan prasarana pengelolaan sampah. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah agar pengelolaan sampah di TPA Parit Enam dapat dilaksanakan sesuai dengan prosedur yang baik dan benar serta tersedianya fasilitas yang memadai untuk mengelola sampah. Metode penelitian ini yaitu yuridis empiris yang mengumpulkan data primer dan sekunder dengan melalui teknik wawancara dan observasi lapangan secara langsung. Hasil penelitian menjelaskan bahwa pengelolaan sampah sampah di TPA Parit Enam belum dikelola dengan maksimal khususnya terhadap sampah yang disebabkan karena fasilitas pengelolaan sampah yang tidak lengkap. Pengelolaan sampah yang baik merupakan upaya menghindari dampak negatif dari penumpukan sampah dan upaya perlindungan hukum terhadap masyarakat yang merasakan dampak negatif dari pengelolaan sampah yang belum maksimal.

Dalam lingkungan bisnis, terdapat berbagai bentuk badan usaha yang dibagi menjadi perusahaan dengan status badan hukum dan non-badan hukum. Perusahaan adalah entitas yang secara konsisten menjalankan kegiatan ekonomi di Indonesia untuk mencapai keuntungan. Dalam konteks hukum, badan hukum adalah badan yang ada karena hukum dan memiliki tanggung jawab hukum yang terpisah dari individu yang terlibat di dalamnya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui prinsip Piercing The Corporate Veil dalam hukum perusahaan dan untuk mengetahui ketentuan serta penerapan doktrin Piercing The Corporate Veil dan pertanggungjawaban pemegang saham di Indonesia, Perancis dan Jerman. Jenis penelitian ini adalah jenis penelitian yuridis normatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan terhadap peraturan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual. Pendekatan perundang-undangan merupakan pendekatan yang mengacu pada ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan yakni Undang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Meskipun konsep PVC diterapkan dalam berbagai negara, penerapannya memerlukan analisis yang cermat dan bukti yang kuat untuk menghindari penyalahgunaan atau penyelewengan hukum. Prinsip-prinsip keadilan, kebebasan berkontrak, dan perlindungan terhadap pihak ketiga menjadi pertimbangan penting dalam pengambilan keputusan pengadilan terkait kasus piercing the corporate veil.

Nel ripercorrere una delle vicende più lunghe e complesse della storia giudiziaria italiana, l’Autrice si sofferma sul tema del monopolio delle conoscenze scientifiche in capo ad una delle parti del processo, esplorandone manifestazioni, cause ed effetti. Il fenomeno è analizzato mettendone a fuoco le modalità di estrinsecazione nel caso di specie, per poi isolarne i tratti tipici “generalizzanti” e indagarne l’impatto sugli equilibri del sistema. Nella seconda parte del saggio, il problema è affrontato in un’ottica attenta alla contemporaneità, nel tentativo di ragionare sui meccanismi e le circostanze oggi suscettibili di alimentare forme di monopolio del sapere scientifico nel contesto processuale.

Kantor Penghubung LPSK Kepulauan Bangka Belitung merupakan instrumen yang eksistensinya bersifat esensial untuk melindungi hak-hak saksi maupun korban dalam tatanan sistem hukum pidana Indonesia guna memastikan keadilan dan kepastian. Oleh karenanya, studi tentang peran LPSK penting diketahui untuk mengetahui tugas dan kompleksitas kendala yang dihadapi. Metode penelitian menggunakan yuridis empiris dan pengambilan data dilakukan dengan wawancara kepada pihak LPSK, beberapa saksi dan korban, serta telaah pustaka terhadap Undang-Undang Nomor 31 Tahun 2014 tentang Perlindungan Saksi dan Korban. Hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa Kantor Penghubung LPSK Kepulauan Bangka Belitung sudah melakukan berbagai perlindungan terhadap saksi dan korban diberbagai kasus yang tersebar di kabupaten/kota, namun dalam pelaksanaannya ditemui beberapa kendala.

Pasal 35 ayat (1) UU Perkawinan menyatakan harta benda yang diperoleh selama perkawinan menjadi harta bersama. Bila perkawinan putus karena perceraian, harta bersama diatur menurut hukumnya masing-masing (Pasal 37 UU Perkawinan). Dalam penjelasan Pasal 37 UU Perkawinan disebutkan yang dimaksud dengan hukumnya masing-masing ialah hukum agama, hukum adat, dan hukum-hukum yang lainnya. Pasal 97 KHI menjelaskan bahwa janda atau duda cerai hidup masing-masing berhak seperdua dari harta bersama sepanjang tidak ditentukan lain dalam perjanjian kawin. Untuk mengembangkan sebuah usaha, harta yang didapatkan selama masa perkawinan biasanya dapat digunakan sebagai modal usaha dengan cara mengajukan pinjaman atau kredit kepada lembaga keuangan, baik itu lembaga perbankan maupun non perbankan. Adapun masalah yang dikaji dalam penelitian ini yaitu: 1) bagaimana akibat hukum terhadap harta bersama apabila terjadi perceraian dan akibat hukum terhadap harta bersama yang menjadi agunan di lembaga perbankan apabila terjadi perceraian? dan 2) bagaimana pertimbangan hakim dalam Putusan Pengadilan Agama Lubuk Basung Nomor: 80/Pdt.G/2020/PA.LB? Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif, dengan pendekatan kasus. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa harta bersama dalam perkawinan terbagi atas aktiva dan pasiva. Hutang yang terjadi selama perkawinan merupakan beban perkawinan. Dimiliki dan ditanggung bersama-sama oleh suami dan isteri selayaknya harta bersama. Apabila terjadi perceraian maka terhadap harta bersama yang menjadi objek jaminan tidak dapat dibagi-bagi. Adapun pertimbangan Majelis Hakim dalam Putusan Pengadilan Agama Lubuk Basung Nomor: 80/Pdt.G/2020/PA.LB menyatakan bahwa harta yang diperoleh selama perkawinan menjadi harta bersama suami isteri. Hal ini diatur dalam Pasal 35 ayat (1) UU Perkawinan juncto Pasal 1 huruf f KHI. Pasal 97 KHI dinyatakan apabila terjadi perceraian, maka bekas suami atau isteri masing-masing berhak memperoleh seperdua dari harta bersama sepanjang tidak ditentukan lain dalam perjanjian perkawinan, apabila tidak bisa dibagi secara natura, maka dibagi secara lelang. Pembagian harta bersama tersebut dibagi seperdua karena para pihak tidak mempermasalahkan kewajiban dan kontribusi masing-masing pihak terhadap adanya harta bersama tersebut, sehingga tidak ada alasan bagi Majelis Hakim untuk menggunakan asas ius contra legem, yakni dengan mengesampingkan Pasal 97 KHI. Sehingga Pasal Pasal 35 ayat (1) UU Perkawinan juncto Pasal 1 huruf f KHI. Pasal 97 KHI dapat dikesampingkan oleh Majelis Hakim jika para pihak mempermasalahkan kewajiban dan kontribusi masing-masing pihak. Selain itu, harta bersama yang diperoleh selama masa perkawinan yang sekarang menjadi objek jaminan tidak dapat dibagi. Seharusnya Majelis Hakim dapat memberikan pertimbangan lain bahwa harta bersama yang menjadi objek jaminan dapat dibagi jika mendapatkan persetujuan oleh pemegang jaminan.