Search

Introduction. Today, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (a-PDT) becomes more and more popular, because of it pronounced bactericidal activity, anti-inflammatory effect. At the same time, no animal model studies have been conducted on morphological changes in cells after exposure to PDT on venous ulcers (VU) when using different types of photosensitizers (PS). The problem of comparing morphological changes in tissues when using a-PDT vs conventional PDT have not yet been resolved.Aim. Evaluation of the effectiveness of PDT and APDT in a comprehensive examination of trophic ulcers in an in vivo experiment and compare them with standard methods for the treatment of VLU.Materials and мethods. A series of experiments was conducted on 21 rabbits, separated into 3 equal groups of 7 rabbits each. Venous trophic ulcer was originally modeled for all rabbits. To obtain a VU, we performed an additional ligation of v. femoralis. The control group received standard therapy for VU. The PDT group had PDT with Photosens. The a-PDT group underwent a-PDT using Cholosens. Every 3 days, picture of local inflammation, regeneration rate and ulcer volume were determined. A morphological study of VLU was carried out on the first, 9th and 15th days.Results. The a-PDT group, day 15: 100% wound epithelization. Control group, day 21st: The volume of wounds decreased on average by 50%. The PDT group: 100% wound epithelization. The morphological study indicated a positive trend in the a-PDT group compared with PDT and control groups, which resulted in a decrease in the total mass of necrotic detritus, a change in the quantitative and qualitative composition of inflammatory infiltrate.Conclusion. The data obtained indicate that the use of a-PDT is recommended in treatment of VLU. Both PDT and a-PDT methods showed better results in comparison with standard therapy.

Gastric cancer (GC) is the 5th most common type of cancer in the world and the third leading cause of death from cancer. GC is a multi-factorial and morphologically heterogeneous disease. Currently, several morphological classifications of GC are used, however, for diagnosis, it is necessary to take into account not only the morphological type of the tumor, but also its molecular subtype. According to the literature, the intestinal type of GC is most often associated with effects of environmental factors and is usually found in older age groups in men, while diffuse gastric cancer (DGC) is a genetically determined disease which is more common in younger patients, with the same frequency among men and women.This review covers in detail GC, its classification by P.A. Lauren (1965), and its molecular subtypes characterized during the Cancer Genome Atlas project and examines the impact of certain risk factors on the pathogenesis of the disease, such as: H. pylori infection or Epstein – Barr virus. A separate section in this analytical work is dedicated to expression of the PD-L1 marker by tumor cells and the use of this parameter for prognosis and therapy of this disease. An essential part of the work is discussion of the features of intestinal and diffuse types of gastric cancer, which reflect not only the differences in classifications used in modern diagnosis, but also the relationship between the pathological pattern and the molecular subtype of gastric cancer.

Objective: an immunohistochemical analysis of the features of expression, distribution and interaction of E-сadherin and β-сatenin proteins in primary mammary tumors. Materials and methods. The study group consisted of 148 relevant patients with breast cancer (BC), including patients with metastases in lymph nodes (n = 12) and liver (n = 45). E-сadherin and β-сatenin expression on BC cells was determined using immunohistochemical method with specific antibodies. Results. It was shown that the reduction and the total absence of E-сadherin expression was observed much more often in patients with BC with metastases in liver, than in patients without metastases (70 % of cases versus 30 % of cases respectively). An increase of cytoplasmic immune reactivity and a nuclear translocation of β-сatenin are found in more than 80 % cases of BC with metastases.Conclusion. The changes in the expression of E-сadherin and β-сatenin in tumor cell can be considered as factors of a non-favorable prognosis of BC. The emergence of β-сatenin expression indicates the activation of a signaling pathway which is triggered by the aberrant expression of epithelial cadherins leading to an increased mobility and invasion of tumor cells.