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A facile synthetic approach has been followed to synthesize nickel vanadate (Ni3V2O8: NiV) and develop a nanocomposite with polyaniline (PANI). All three synthesized materials were characterized to understand their structure and morphology, and the results indicate the formation of nanocomposite. NiV, PANI, and NiV/PANI were used to modify glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and used as working electrodes for the electrochemical detection of metronidazole (MTR), an antibiotic drug. Enhanced electrochemical performance (in cyclic voltammetry) is observed in NiV/PANI-modified GCE compared to other electrodes due to increased surface area and conductivity. The differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique was evaluated using NiV/PANI@GCE for the determination of MTR and found to be sensitive with a linear range of 0.1–980 µM with 0.01 nM limit of detection (LOD). The MTR estimation was also carried out on tablets, urine, and milk samples. The percentage recovery was good and in the range of 97.52–99.42 %, with the relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 2.52 %. NiV/PANI@GCE showed good selectivity, and no deviation was observed in the current response even in the presence of other organic and inorganic molecules. The good stability, wide linear range, low limit of detection, and selectivity of the NiV/PANI-modified GCE indicate its suitability for use in pharmaceutical industries for metronidazole monitoring.

The aim of the current study is to resolve two significant environmental cleanup issues. The first involves recycling the spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and the second involves the degradation of the antibiotics found in water. It has been possible to synthesize reduced graphene oxide (RGO) from used LIBs that have also been doped with boron (BRGO). A nanocomposite (BWO/BR) is formed when BRGO and a visible active Bi2WO6 (BWO) are mixed together. The structural, morphological, and spectroscopic characterizations confirm the formation of BRGO, BWO, and BWO/BR nanocomposite. The antibiotics tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) have been tested for photocatalytic degradation with all three of the newly made materials. It is found to decrease the bandgap of BWO (2.73 eV) to 2.22 eV upon combining with BRGO. Under visible light, BWO/BR exhibits elevated TCH degradation (93 %), which is found to increase in the presence of sunlight (95 %). In the presence of BWO/BR, the degradation of CIP was reported to be 72, 95, and 97.5 % in UV, visible, and sunlight, respectively. The effect of reaction conditions like pH, amount of catalyst and initial concentration were examined towards degradation of TCH and CIP in presence of BWO/BR. It has been discovered that pH 6 and 8 are ideal for TCH and CIP, respectively. Studies on TCH and CIP degradation in pharmaceutical effluent were also conducted; in the presence of BWO/BR and visible light, the degradation efficiencies were determined to be 69 and 72 %, respectively. All of the zone of inhibition of E. Coli, L. monocytogenes, S. typhimurium, and S. aureus were examined in presence of BWO/BR before and after exposure to visible light for 90 min, during which time a near-zero zone of inhibition was seen. There were investigations using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to identify the intermediate products of TCH and CIP degradation.

In the present study, SnO2 nanoparticles were synthesized, and their structural features were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. Modified electrodes (MCPE) were prepared and utilized to access the electrochemical behaviour of dopamine. This study was conducted in a phosphate buffer solution with a pH value of 7.2. The results indicate that the modified carbon paste electrode (MCPE), with a high active surface area, exhibited excellent electrochemical sensing properties and demonstrated good reproducibility and high sensitivity for the electrochemical determination of DA. Potentially interfering compounds were tested at the surface of the proposed sensor, confirming that, they did not interfere with the determination of DA under optimum condition. Additionally, the photocatalytic properties of SnO2 were evaluated in degradation of cationic and anionic dyes. It was concluded that the higher photocatalytic activity in SnO2 nanocomposites was attributed to their porosity and high surface area.

Generating carbonaceous materials from agricultural waste is a sustainable and environmentally friendly method of producing activated carbon. In the current work, carbon is extracted using a tubular furnace from the shell of the wood apple (Limonia acidissima) V2O5 (C/VO) and synthesized carbon were combined to form a nanocomposite. The formation of nanocomposite is confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) investigations, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and other morphological characterizations. Modification of glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was done using synthesized materials (C@GCE, VO@GCE, and C/VO@GCE). The enzyme-free detection of carbofuran (CBF) in 0.1 M phosphate buffer was carried out using fabricated electrodes. Among the various electrode systems, C/VO@GCE demonstrated enhanced electrochemical performance for CBF detection using both cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) methods. V/C@GCE demonstrated its capacity to identify CBF within a 0.05–750 μM range, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.06 μM. Using DPV, the effect of several pesticides on CBF detection in the presence of C/V@GCE was assessed, and good anti-interfering properties were discovered. When the DPV approach was used to detect CBF in potatoes, the recovery rate ranged from 98.0 to 99.0 %. According to a stability study, C/V@GCE has an 80.8 % retention capacity and can detect CBF for up to 24 days. The promise of the constructed electrode towards sensor applications is indicated by the large linear range, low LOD, selectivity, and stability of C/V@GCE.

This work presents the synthesis, characterization and evaluation of a series of new multifunctional N-substituted hydantoin derivatives for their antibacterial and antifungal activity. Elemental analysis, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectroscopy were used to confirm the newly synthesized compounds' structure. The antibacterial and antifungal properties of each synthesized molecule were examined. The examined compounds showed significant to moderate antimicrobial activity against the tested Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and fungal strains with MIC values ranging from 10.3 to 84.2 µM. Compounds 22 (MIC: 11.7–13.5 µM) and 25 (MIC: 10.2–11.9 µM) demonstrated an impressive MIC value against the tested bacterial and fungal strains when compared to the reference medications fluconazole (MIC: 11.7–14.5 µM) and streptomycin (MIC: 14.5 µM), which are broad-spectrum antibiotics and antifungal agents, respectively. Additionally, all of the compounds were tested for their ability to inhibit the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzyme, with the IC50 values ranging from 8.53 to 65.14 µM. When compared to the reference drug ursolic acid (IC50: 12.58 µM), compounds 22 (IC50: 10.27 µM) and 25 (IC50: 8.53 µM) were shown to be the most potent PLA2 inhibiting compounds in this series. The findings of the Molecule description with Drug-Likeness Prediction demonstrated that all the compounds are in a linear correlation with Lipinski's rule of five, demonstrating good drug-likeness qualities. The inhibitory effects of the most potent compounds (18, 19, 22 and 25) against the target PLA2 protein (PDB ID: 2H4C) were explained by molecular docking studies. The molecular docking results were in good accord with the experimental findings, and as these compounds had superior binding affinities within the active pocket, they may be classified as potent inhibitors of specific targets.

Porous organic frameworks that are bound covalently are eye-catching materials in the current research. The present work describes the solvothermal synthesis of a combination of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl] 4,4′-diamine and benzene-1,3,5-tricarbaldehyde through covalent bonding to generate TBBT-covalent organic framework (TBBT-COF). The structural, morphological, and computational characterizations confirm the formation of COF. TBBT-COF has been used as an adsorbent for the removal of Pb2+ ions from aqueous media. The effects of pH, initial metal ion concentration, competing ions, and adsorbent dosage were optimized to attain maximum adsorption of Pb2+. The kinetics follow pseudo-second-order and govern the chemisorption of Pb2+ with the imine group of TBBT-COF. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses of TBBT-COF after adsorption of Pb2+ support the chemisorption of Pb2+with TBBT-COF. The 2D contour and 3D surface response plots were used to assess the specific and comparative effects of the experimental variables. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the regression model was used to establish the relevance of the primary influencing variables on the adsorption of Pb2+over TBBT-COF. It was found to remove 99 % of Pb2+ in 90 min. The results of the real-sample analysis show the efficient removal of Pb2+ even in the presence of other cations. The statistical analysis of the adsorption has been conducted, which indicates the suggested models closely match the experimental data. The high surface area, covalency, and stability of TBBT-COF show its good adsorbent properties.

A cost effective and environmentally benign ultrasonic method has been developed for the synthesis of InVO4 (InV), In2S3 (InS) and the InVO4/In2S3 heterostructure (InV/InS). All the designed materials were evaluated for their structural, morphological, spectroscopic, and electrochemical characterizations. Materials were examined for photocatalytic, sonocatalytic, and sonophotocatalytic degradation of carbofuran (CBF) and diazinon (DZN) pesticides under visible light. InV/InS showed enhanced degradation of CBF and DZN when compared to InV and InS. Photocatalytic degradation was accelerated by ultrasonication and found to degrade 97 and 98 % of CBF and DZN in 60 and 70 min, respectively. The reaction conditions, like pH, catalyst dosage, acoustic intensity, and ultrasound power, were carefully optimized. Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy shows the generation of superoxide radical anion and hydroxyl radicals as reactive species during photoredox reaction. The CBF and DZN degradation intermediates were analyzed using liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) that shows the mineralization of the CBF and DZN to CO2 and H2O. The effect of Cl−, and PO43− were examined towards degradation of CBF and DZN under optimal conditions in the presence of InV/InS. The degradation of CBF and DZN is decreased in presence of Cl−, CO32– and NO3– but PO43− ions does not show any effect on degradation. The bandgap and Mott-Schottky results suggest the existence of type-II heterostructure between InV and InS through the interface. The synthesis of heterostructure and degradation of pesticides utilizes ultrasonic waves, which prove their multiple applications and attract researchers towards the effective use of sonication.

The in vitro anticancer efficacy of a new series of quinazoline-based thiazole derivatives was explored. Three cancer cell lines, MCF-7, HepG2, and A548, as well as the normal Vero cell lines, were tested employing the synthesized quinazoline-based thiazole compounds (4a-j). All of these compounds showed a moderate to significant cytotoxic impact that would have been noticeable and, in some cases, much more pronounced than the widely used drug erlotinib. For the MCF-7, HepG2, and A549 cell lines, respectively, the IC50 values of compound 4i were 2.86, 5.91, and 14.79 μM while those of compound 4j were 3.09, 6.87, and 17.92 μM. For their in vitro inhibitory effects against different EGFR kinases, such as the wild-type, L858R/T790 M, and L858R/T790 M/C797S, all the synthesized compounds were tested. The IC50 values for compound 4f against the wild-type, L858R/T790 M, and L858R/T790 M/C797S mutant EGFR kinases were 2.17, 2.81, and 3.62 nM, respectively. Investigations on the molecular docking of significant molecules indicated potential mechanisms of binding into the EGFR kinase active sites. By using in-silico simulations, compounds' putative drug-like qualities were verified. Finally, it has been shown that the newly synthesized compounds 4i and 4j are good candidates and beneficial for future design, optimization, and research to build more potent and selective EGFR kinase inhibitors with higher anticancer activity.

A sonochemical based green synthesis method playa powerful role in nanomaterials and composite development. In this work, we developed a perovskite type of strontium titanate via sonochemical process. SrTiO3 particles were incorporated with nitrogen doped graphene oxide through simple ultrasonic irradiation method. The SrTiO3/NGO was characterized by various analytical methods. The nanocomposite of SrTiO3/NGO was modified with laser-induced graphene electrode (LIGE). The SrTiO3/NGO/LIGE was applied for electrochemical sensor towards chemotherapeutic drug detection (nilutamide). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) techniques have been used to examine the electrochemical performance of nilutamide (anti-cancer drug). DPV was found to be more sensitive and found to exhibit a sensitivity 8.627 µA µM−1 cm−2 for SrTiO3/NGO/LIGE with a wide linear range (0.02–892 µM) and low Limit of detection (LOD: 1.16 µM). SrTiO3/NGO/LIGE has been examined for the detection of nilutamide in blood serum and urine samples and obtained a good recovery in the range of 97.2–99.72 %. The enhanced stability and selectivity and practical application results indicates the suitability of SrTiO3/NGO/LIGE towards the detection of nilutamide drug in pharmaceutical industries.

The current study reports on the synthesis and anticancer efficacy of novel oxadiazole derivatives (8a-f) as tubulin polymerization inhibitors. NMR, mass, and elemental studies were used to confirm the newly produced compounds. In contrast to the conventional medicine colchicine, compounds 8e and 8f demonstrated stronger sensitivity and improved IC50 values in the range of 3.19–8.21 μM against breast MCF-7, colorectal HCT116, and liver HepG2 cancer cell lines. The target compounds were tested for enzymatic activity against the tubulin enzyme. Compounds 8e and 8f were shown to have the most effective inhibitory action among the new compounds, with IC50 values of 7.95 and 9.81 nM, respectively. As compared to the reference drug, molecular docking investigations of the developed compounds revealed the crucial hydrogen bonding in addition to the hydrophobic interaction at the binding site, assisting in the prediction of the structural requirements for the found anticancer activity. These findings indicate that the 1,3,4-oxadizole scaffold has the potential for future research into new anticancer medicines.

A simple co-precipitation method has been developed to synthesize Nb2O5/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite (NbO/RGO). The effect of various % of strontium doping on NbO/RGO was studied. The characterization results for its structure; morphology confirms the decoration of NbO with RGO followed by Sr doping resulting in Sr@N/R-wt% nanocomposite. Various % of Sr has been doped to NbO/RGO and evaluated for photocatalytic H2 evolution, degradation benzophenone-3, and Cr(VI). Enhanced H2 evolution was observed in Sr@N/R-0.75% nanocomposite (1925 μmol) and found three and two times greater than pristine NbO and NbO/RGO, respectively. Sr@N/R-0.75% nanocomposite was able to degrade 94.6 and 87.7% of BP and Cr(VI) respectively.

Herbicides are used constantly in agriculture to enhance productivity across the globe. This herbicide monitoring requires utmost importance since its high dose leads to ecological imbalance and a negative impact on the environment. Moreover, a quantification of toxic herbicide is one of the important problems in the food analysis. In this work, deals with the development of a simple, and facile one-pot sonochemical synthesis of strontium doped La2S3 (Sr@La2S3). Morphological and structural characterization confirms the doping of Sr@La2S3 to generate a hierarchical layered structure. The electrochemical performance of modified with rotating disk electrode (RDE) using Sr@La2S3 composite is high, compared to La2S3 and bare electrodes towards the quantitative detection of mesotrione (MTO) in phosphate buffer. Sr@La2S3/RDE showed good sensitivity for MTO detection and it exhibit a range of 0.01–307.01 μM and limit of detection of 2.4 nM. Besides, the selectivity of fabricated electrode is high as it can electrochemically reduce MTO particularly, even in the presence of other chemicals, biological molecules and inorganic ions. The repeatability of MTO detection is high even after 30 days with a lower RSD values. Hence, simple fabrication of Sr@La2S3/RDE could be a novel electrode for the sensitive, selective, and reproducible determination of herbicides in real-time applications.

In this study, we have compared the performance of a bare carbon paste electrode (BCPE) against the ZnO@MnO2 nanocomposite modified carbon paste electrode (MCPE) in the electrochemical determination of dopamine (DA). Chemical and structural features of the ZnO@MnO2 nanocomposites were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-Ray analysis (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) with differential thermal Analysis (DTA) and Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) surface area analysis. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurement of the ZnO@MnO2 nanocomposite MCPE showed better oxidative catalytic activity (3.6 μA) towards the DA than BCPE with higher efficiency (44.50%) in sensing the dopamine, making MCPE suitable for developing biosensors. The electrochemical studies were carried out in 5 × 10−5 M DA and obtained results were measured in the potential range of −0.2 to 0.6 V vs. saturated calomel electrode (SCE). The electrochemical performance of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and Tafel technique were measured for the BCPE and MCPE using 0.2 M phosphate buffer to maintain pH 7.2 with the scan rate of 50 mV/s. The redox peak current for MCPE Vs scan rate had good linearity with correlation coefficients of R2 = 0.9996, which represents the diffusion controlled process was under controlled electron transfer reaction. It is expected that the good electrocatalytic behavior of MCPE can be utilized for the fabrication of biosensors.

A novel graphene oxide/copper oxide (GO@CuO) nanocomposite (NCS) was successfully synthesized via hydrothermal method. The NCS was characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM and BET surface area analysis. The NCS modified electrode was applied to detect the dopamine (DA) and paracetamol. The voltammograms obtained during the oxidation studies revealed that the as-synthesized GO@CuO NCS sensor shows a highly senstive catalytic activity. The oxidation peak potential (Epa) of DA at the bare carbon paste electrode (BCPE) and modified carbon paste electrode (MCPE) were observed at 0.1115 V and 0.1127 V, respectively. This electrode exhibits good and satisfactory results in the determination of DA in a commercial injection. In addition, the NCSs show enhanced antimicrobial and anticancer activities thanks to the combined effect of GO and CuO.

The CuO and NiO nanoflakes were synthesized by a hydrothermal reaction. The secondary nucleation and growth of hydroxides resulted in the formation of flake like architectures as the prepared nanoparticles were used as an adsorbent for malachite green oxalate (MGO) and methyl orange (MO). The structure, morphology and surface properties of the nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, SEM and TEM. Effects of the experimental conditions on the adsorption behavior were studied by varying the contact time, initial concentration, initial pH and temperature. The adsorption of MGO increased with increase in the pH, while the MO adsorption showed an opposite trend. The adsorption kinetics was studied in terms of pseudo-first and second-order kinetics, the Langmuir and Freundlich models were also applied to the equilibrium adsorption data. The adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic in nature and followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Our study indicates that the CuO and NiO nanoflakes can be used as alternative adsorbents for the efficient removal of dyes from an aqueous solution.