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1. Performance of novel VUV-sensitive Silicon Photo-Multipliers for nEXO

Author

G. Gallina, Y. Guan, F. Retiere, G. Cao, A. Bolotnikov, I. Kotov, S. Rescia, A. K. Soma, T. Tsang, L. Darroch, T. Brunner, J. Bolster, J. R. Cohen, T. Pinto Franco, W. C. Gillis, H. Peltz Smalley, S. Thibado, A. Pocar, A. Bhat, A. Jamil, D. C. Moore, G. Adhikari, S. Al Kharusi, E. Angelico, I. J. Arnquist, P. Arsenault, I. Badhrees, J. Bane, V. Belov, E. P. Bernard, T. Bhatta, P. A. Breur, J. P. Brodsky, E. Brown, E. Caden, L. Cao, C. Chambers, B. Chana, S. A. Charlebois, D. Chernyak, M. Chiu, B. Cleveland, R. Collister, M. Cvitan, J. Dalmasson, T. Daniels, K. Deslandes, R. DeVoe, M. L. di Vacri, Y. Ding, M. J. Dolinski, A. Dragone, J. Echevers, B. Eckert, M. Elbeltagi, L. Fabris, W. Fairbank, J. Farine, Y. S. Fu, D. Gallacher, P. Gautam, G. Giacomini, C. Gingras, D. Goeldi, R. Gornea, G. Gratta, C. A. Hardy, S. Hedges, M. Heffner, E. Hein, J. Holt, E. W. Hoppe, J. Hößl, A. House, W. Hunt, A. Iverson, X. S. Jiang, A. Karelin, L. J. Kaufman, R. Krücken, A. Kuchenkov, K. S. Kumar, A. Larson, K. G. Leach, B. G. Lenardo, D. S. Leonard, G. Lessard, G. Li, S. Li, Z. Li, C. Licciardi, R. Lindsay, R. MacLellan, M. Mahtab, S. Majidi, C. Malbrunot, P. Margetak, P. Martel-Dion, L. Martin, J. Masbou, N. Massacret, K. McMichael, B. Mong, K. Murray, J. Nattress, C. R. Natzke, X. E. Ngwadla, J. C. Nzobadila Ondze, A. Odian, J. L. Orrell, G. S. Ortega, C. T. Overman, S. Parent, A. Perna, A. Piepke, N. Pletskova, J. F. Pratte, V. Radeka, E. Raguzin, G. J. Ramonnye, T. Rao, H. Rasiwala, K. Raymond, B. M. Rebeiro, G. Richardson, J. Ringuette, V. Riot, T. Rossignol, P. C. Rowson, L. Rudolph, R. Saldanha, S. Sangiorgio, X. Shang, F. Spadoni, V. Stekhanov, X. L. Sun, A. Tidball, T. Totev, S. Triambak, R. H. M. Tsang, O. A. Tyuka, F. Vachon, M. Vidal, S. Viel, G. Visser, M. Wagenpfeil, M. Walent, K. Wamba, Q. Wang, W. Wang, Y. Wang, M. Watts, W. Wei, L. J. Wen, U. Wichoski, S. Wilde, M. Worcester, W. H. Wu, X. Wu, L. Xie, W. Yan, H. Yang, L. Yang, O. Zeldovich, J. Zhao, and T. Ziegler

Subjects
Astrophysics, QB460-466, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

Abstract Liquid xenon time projection chambers are promising detectors to search for neutrinoless double beta decay (0 $$\nu \beta \beta $$ ν β β ), due to their response uniformity, monolithic sensitive volume, scalability to large target masses, and suitability for extremely low background operations. The nEXO collaboration has designed a tonne-scale time projection chamber that aims to search for 0 $$\nu \beta \beta $$ ν β β of $$^{136}$$ 136 Xe with projected half-life sensitivity of $$1.35\times 10^{28}$$ 1.35 × 10 28 yr. To reach this sensitivity, the design goal for nEXO is $$\le $$ ≤ 1% energy resolution at the decay Q-value ( $$2458.07\pm 0.31$$ 2458.07 ± 0.31 keV). Reaching this resolution requires the efficient collection of both the ionization and scintillation produced in the detector. The nEXO design employs Silicon Photo-Multipliers (SiPMs) to detect the vacuum ultra-violet, 175 nm scintillation light of liquid xenon. This paper reports on the characterization of the newest vacuum ultra-violet sensitive Fondazione Bruno Kessler VUVHD3 SiPMs specifically designed for nEXO, as well as new measurements on new test samples of previously characterised Hamamatsu VUV4 Multi Pixel Photon Counters (MPPCs). Various SiPM and MPPC parameters, such as dark noise, gain, direct crosstalk, correlated avalanches and photon detection efficiency were measured as a function of the applied over voltage and wavelength at liquid xenon temperature (163 K). The results from this study are used to provide updated estimates of the achievable energy resolution at the decay Q-value for the nEXO design.

Published
2022
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2. The EXO-200 detector, part II: Auxiliary Systems

Author

N. Ackerman, J. Albert, M. Auger, D.J. Auty, I. Badhrees, P.S. Barbeau, L. Bartoszek, E. Baussan, V. Belov, C. Benitez-Medina, T. Bhatta, M. Breidenbach, T. Brunner, G.F. Cao, W.R. Cen, C. Chambers, B. Cleveland, R. Conley, S. Cook, M. Coon, W. Craddock, A. Craycraft, W. Cree, T. Daniels, L. Darroch, S.J. Daugherty, J. Daughhetee, C.G. Davis, J. Davis, S. Delaquis, A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, R. deVoe, T. Didberidze, J. Dilling, A. Dobi, A.G. Dolgolenko, M.J. Dolinski, M. Dunford, J. Echevers, L. Espic, W. Fairbank, D. Fairbank, J. Farine, W. Feldmeier, S. Feyzbakhsh, P. Fierlinger, K. Fouts, D. Franco, D. Freytag, D. Fudenberg, P. Gautam, G. Giroux, R. Gornea, K. Graham, G. Gratta, C. Hagemann, C. Hall, K. Hall, G. Haller, E.V. Hansen, C. Hargrove, R. Herbst, S. Herrin, J. Hodgson, M. Hughes, A. Iverson, A. Jamil, C. Jessiman, M.J. Jewell, A. Johnson, T.N. Johnson, S. Johnston, A. Karelin, L.J. Kaufman, R. Killick, T. Koffas, S. Kravitz, R. Krücken, A. Kuchenkov, K.S. Kumar, Y. Lan, A. Larson, D.S. Leonard, F. Leonard, F. LePort, G.S. Li, S. Li, Z. Li, C. Licciardi, Y.H. Lin, D. Mackay, R. MacLellan, M. Marino, J.-M. Martin, Y. Martin, T. McElroy, K. McFarlane, T. Michel, B. Mong, D.C. Moore, K. Murray, R. Neilson, R. Nelson, O. Njoya, O. Nusair, K. O'Sullivan, A. Odian, I. Ostrovskiy, C. Ouellet, A. Piepke, A. Pocar, C.Y. Prescott, K. Pushkin, F. Retiere, A. Rivas, A.L. Robinson, E. Rollin, P.C. Rowson, M.P. Rozo, J. Runge, J.J. Russell, S. Schmidt, A. Schubert, D. Sinclair, K. Skarpaas, S. Slutsky, E. Smith, A.K. Soma, V. Stekhanov, V. Strickland, M. Swift, M. Tarka, J. Todd, T. Tolba, D. Tosi, T.I. Totev, R. Tsang, K. Twelker, B. Veenstra, V. Veeraraghavan, J.-L. Vuilleumier, J.-M. Vuilleumier, M. Wagenpfeil, A. Waite, J. Walton, T. Walton, K. Wamba, J. Watkins, M. Weber, L.J. Wen, U. Wichoski, M. Wittgen, J. Wodin, J. Wood, G. Wrede, S.X. Wu, Q. Xia, L. Yang, Y.-R. Yen, O.Ya. Zeldovich, and T. Ziegler

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), Instrumentation, Nuclear Experiment, Mathematical Physics, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

The EXO-200 experiment searched for neutrinoless double-beta decay of $^{136}$Xe with a single-phase liquid xenon detector. It used an active mass of 110 kg of 80.6%-enriched liquid xenon in an ultra-low background time projection chamber with ionization and scintillation detection and readout. This paper describes the design and performance of the various support systems necessary for detector operation, including cryogenics, xenon handling, and controls. Novel features of the system were driven by the need to protect the thin-walled detector chamber containing the liquid xenon, to achieve high chemical purity of the Xe, and to maintain thermal uniformity across the detector., Manuscript updated in response to JINST reviewer comments

Published
2021

3. NEXO: Neutrinoless double beta decay search beyond $10^{28}$ year half-life sensitivity

Author

G Adhikari, S Al Kharusi, E Angelico, G Anton, I J Arnquist, I Badhrees, J Bane, V Belov, E P Bernard, T Bhatta, A Bolotnikov, P A Breur, J P Brodsky, E Brown, T Brunner, E Caden, G F Cao, L Cao, C Chambers, B Chana, S A Charlebois, D Chernyak, M Chiu, B Cleveland, R Collister, S A Czyz, J Dalmasson, T Daniels, L Darroch, R DeVoe, M L Di Vacri, J Dilling, Y Y Ding, A Dolgolenko, M J Dolinski, A Dragone, J Echevers, M Elbeltagi, L Fabris, D Fairbank, W Fairbank, J Farine, S Ferrara, S Feyzbakhsh, Y S Fu, G Gallina, P Gautam, G Giacomini, W Gillis, C Gingras, D Goeldi, R Gornea, G Gratta, C A Hardy, K Harouaka, M Heffner, E W Hoppe, A House, A Iverson, A Jamil, M Jewell, X S Jiang, A Karelin, L J Kaufman, I Kotov, R Krücken, A Kuchenkov, K S Kumar, Y Lan, A Larson, K G Leach, B G Lenardo, D S Leonard, G Li, S Li, Z Li, C Licciardi, R Lindsay, R MacLellan, M Mahtab, P Martel-Dion, J Masbou, N Massacret, T McElroy, K McMichael, M Medina Peregrina, T Michel, B Mong, D C Moore, K Murray, J Nattress, C R Natzke, R J Newby, K Ni, F Nolet, O Nusair, J C Nzobadila Ondze, K Odgers, A Odian, J L Orrell, G S Ortega, C T Overman, S Parent, A Perna, A Piepke, A Pocar, J-F Pratte, N Priel, V Radeka, E Raguzin, G J Ramonnye, T Rao, H Rasiwala, S Rescia, F Retière, J Ringuette, V Riot, T Rossignol, P C Rowson, N Roy, R Saldanha, S Sangiorgio, X Shang, A K Soma, F Spadoni, V Stekhanov, X L Sun, M Tarka, S Thibado, A Tidball, J Todd, T Totev, S Triambak, R H M Tsang, T Tsang, F Vachon, V Veeraraghavan, S Viel, C Vivo-Vilches, P Vogel, J-L Vuilleumier, M Wagenpfeil, T Wager, M Walent, K Wamba, Q Wang, W Wei, L J Wen, U Wichoski, S Wilde, M Worcester, S X Wu, W H Wu, X Wu, Q Xia, W Yan, H Yang, L Yang, O Zeldovich, J Zhao, T Ziegler, Laboratoire de physique subatomique et des technologies associées (SUBATECH), Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), and nEXO

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, background: effect, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, FOS: Physical sciences, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], time-projection chambers, 01 natural sciences, neutrinoless double beta decay, Monte Carlo simulations, double-beta decay: (0neutrino), 0103 physical sciences, neutrino: mass, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, detector: design, xenon: liquid, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, neutrinos, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), sensitivity, time projection chamber, 3. Good health, photon: scintillation counter, copper, radioactivity, Xe-136, experimental results
Abstract

The nEXO neutrinoless double beta decay experiment is designed to use a time projection chamber and 5000 kg of isotopically enriched liquid xenon to search for the decay in $^{136}$Xe. Progress in the detector design, paired with higher fidelity in its simulation and an advanced data analysis, based on the one used for the final results of EXO-200, produce a sensitivity prediction that exceeds the half-life of $10^{28}$ years. Specifically, improvements have been made in the understanding of production of scintillation photons and charge as well as of their transport and reconstruction in the detector. The more detailed knowledge of the detector construction has been paired with more assays for trace radioactivity in different materials. In particular, the use of custom electroformed copper is now incorporated in the design, leading to a substantial reduction in backgrounds from the intrinsic radioactivity of detector materials. Furthermore, a number of assumptions from previous sensitivity projections have gained further support from interim work validating the nEXO experiment concept. Together these improvements and updates suggest that the nEXO experiment will reach a half-life sensitivity of $1.35\times 10^{28}$ yr at 90% confidence level in 10 years of data taking, covering the parameter space associated with the inverted neutrino mass ordering, along with a significant portion of the parameter space for the normal ordering scenario, for almost all nuclear matrix elements. The effects of backgrounds deviating from the nominal values used for the projections are also illustrated, concluding that the nEXO design is robust against a number of imperfections of the model., Comment: 26 pages, 19 figures, version accepted by Journal of Phys. G

Published
2021
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4. Systematic study of trace radioactive impurities in candidate construction materials for EXO-200

Author

David A. Sinclair, Giorgio Gratta, A. Burenkov, J. Wodin, K. O'Sullivan, C. R. Hall, D. Schenker, A. Piepke, J. Hodgson, J. Farine, E. Baussan, M. Danilov, D. Akimov, K. Hall, M. P. Green, P. C. Rowson, Z. Djurcic, Patricia Grinberg, A. G. Kovalenko, David Leonard, Alain Bellerive, W. M. Fairbank, M. Montero Díez, R. Herbst, I. Ekchtout, J. M. Vuilleumier, G. Smirnov, F. LePort, K. Wamba, Shimon Kolkowitz, L. Ounalli, K. Skarpaas, P. Weber, Shie-Chang Jeng, D. Kovalenko, B. Flatt, D. Mackay, R. DeVoe, D. Hallman, M. Bowcock, G. Keefer, W. Craddock, C. K. Hargrove, V.N. Stekhanov, A. Pocar, A. Odian, M. K. Moe, J.-L. Vuilleumier, R. Neilson, M. S. Dixit, P. Fierlinger, V. Strickland, C. J. Virtue, Martin Breidenbach, C. Y. Prescott, R. Conley, and A. Dolgolenko

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Trace (linear algebra), Trace Amounts, fungi, Radiochemistry, FOS: Physical sciences, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Mass spectrometry, Nuclear physics, Impurity, Double beta decay, Trace analysis, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), Neutron activation analysis, Nuclear Experiment, Instrumentation, Enriched Xenon Observatory
Abstract

The Enriched Xenon Observatory (EXO) will search for double beta decays of 136Xe. We report the results of a systematic study of trace concentrations of radioactive impurities in a wide range of raw materials and finished parts considered for use in the construction of EXO-200, the first stage of the EXO experimental program. Analysis techniques employed, and described here, include direct gamma counting, alpha counting, neutron activation analysis, and high-sensitivity mass spectrometry., Comment: 32 pages, 6 figures. Expanded introduction, added missing table entry. Accepted for publication in Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A

Published
2008

5. A linear RFQ ion trap for the Enriched Xenon Observatory

Author

David A. Sinclair, S. Waldman, C. R. Hall, K. O'Sullivan, B. Flatt, M. Montero Díez, F. LePort, V. Strickland, A. Odian, J. Wodin, David Leonard, D. Hallman, Yul Martin, L. Ounalli, M. Hauger, W. M. Fairbank, Martin Breidenbach, F. Juget, M. P. Green, P. C. Rowson, J.-M. Vuilleuimier, K. Wamba, D. Mackay, C. Y. Prescott, C. Virtue, Giorgio Gratta, K. Skarpaas, C. K. Hargrove, R. Neilson, J.-L. Vuilleuimier, R. DeVoe, A. Pocar, P. Fierlinger, J. Hodgson, J. Farine, E. Baussan, R. Conley, A. Piepke, B. Mong, P. Weber, D. Schenker, and K. Hall

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Detector, FOS: Physical sciences, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Fluorescence spectroscopy, Ion, Decay energy, Double beta decay, Ion trap, Atomic physics, Spectroscopy, Instrumentation, Enriched Xenon Observatory
Abstract

The design, construction, and performance of a linear radio-frequency ion trap (RFQ) intended for use in the Enriched Xenon Observatory (EXO) are described. EXO aims to detect the neutrinoless double-beta decay of $^{136}$Xe to $^{136}$Ba. To suppress possible backgrounds EXO will complement the measurement of decay energy and, to some extent, topology of candidate events in a Xe filled detector with the identification of the daughter nucleus ($^{136}$Ba). The ion trap described here is capable of accepting, cooling, and confining individual Ba ions extracted from the site of the candidate double-beta decay event. A single trapped ion can then be identified, with a large signal-to-noise ratio, via laser spectroscopy., Comment: 18 pages, pdflatex, submitted to NIM A

Published
2007

6. The Advanced Technology Solar Spectroscopic Imager—a novel experiment employing a transition-edge sensor to probe the soft X-ray solar corona

Author

Steve Deiker, Kent D. Irwin, K. Wamba, Blas Cabrera, Phil C. Baker, Paul Boerner, Dennis S. Martinez-Galarce, and Troy W. Barbee

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Electron density, Pixel, business.industry, Extreme ultraviolet lithography, Field of view, Optics, Thermal, Transition edge sensor, Raster scan, business, Instrumentation, Image resolution
Abstract

The Advanced Technology Solar Spectroscopic Imager (ATSSI) is a sounding rocket-borne experiment that will employ a Transition-Edge Sensor (TES) placed at the focus of a Wolter-I mirror to study large active region loops in the solar corona. The TES instrument will operate in the ∼500–1500 eV EUV/soft X-ray bandpass, obtaining ∼3 eV energy-resolved spectra at ∼6.25 arcsec image resolution with a count rate of ∼1000 photons/sec/pixel. Over a typical observation period of ∼360 sec, we will raster scan over a 0.6×0.6 arcmin field of view to obtain a 6×6 pixel image containing true EUV/soft X-ray spectroheliograms of a solar active region. Using these observations, we can directly determine composition, electron density and thermal differential emission measure of large active region loops in order to constrain models of heating mechanisms and accurately measure the thermal morphology of these structures. In the current analysis, we present an initial instrument concept and discuss some of the mission science goals.

Published
2004

7. EXO: an advanced Enriched Xenon double-beta decay Observatory

Author

Thomas Koffas, W. M. Fairbank, J.-L. Vuilleumier, C. R. Hall, D. Akimov, Z. Djurcic, Martin Breidenbach, O. Zeldovich, S. Waldman, R. DeVoe, Petr Vogel, C. Y. Prescott, R. Conley, A. Dolgolenko, P. C. Rowson, M. Danilov, E. Conti, Giorgio Gratta, K. Skarpaas, A.C. Odian, K. Wamba, J. Wodin, A. Piepke, M. K. Moe, and G. R. Bower

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Xenon, chemistry, Observatory, Double beta decay, chemistry.chemical_element, Astrophysics, Beta decay, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Published
2005

8. Observation of Two-Neutrino Double-Beta Decay inXe136with the EXO-200 Detector

Author

C. Y. Prescott, A Rivas, R. Conley, A. R. Müller, D. Tosi, D. J. Auty, D. Franco, J. Wodin, Peter Fierlinger, C. Hagemann, Michael G. Marino, A. Dobi, B. T. Cleveland, P. S. Barbeau, E. Beauchamp, A. S. Johnson, A. Kuchenkov, B. Mong, J. J. Russell, G. Giroux, K. S. Kumar, T. Walton, David Leonard, Thomas Koffas, W. M. Fairbank, M. Swift, P. Morgan, M. J. Dolinski, M. Danilov, C. K. Hargrove, J. Farine, Z. Djurcic, V. Belov, K. Barry, J. Davis, V. Strickland, Giorgio Gratta, J. Cook, Marc Weber, U. Wichoski, R. DeVoe, Petr Vogel, Y.-R. Yen, L. Bartoszek, A. Coppens, E. Conti, R. MacLellan, B. Aharmim, K. Pushkin, I. Counts, S. Cook, J.-L. Vuilleumier, V.N. Stekhanov, K. Twelker, K. Wamba, Liang Yang, G. Haller, Monica Dunford, C. G. Davis, A. Sabourov, Martin Breidenbach, K. Hall, J. D. Wright, K. Donato, D. Mackay, David A. Sinclair, L. J. Kaufman, E. Rollin, F. Leonard, J. Hodgson, K. Skarpaas, O. Ya. Zeldovich, A. Burenkov, M. Auger, W. W. Craddock, A. Pocar, C. Ouellet, K. Graham, K. O'Sullivan, D. R. Freytag, Y. Martin, S. Waldman, A. Karelin, R. Nelson, J. M. Vuilleumier, M. Montero Díez, F. LePort, M. Hughes, A. P. Waite, Nicole Ackerman, S. Herrin, C. R. Hall, R. Herbst, A. Dolgolenko, S. Slutsky, Amit Kumar, M. P. Green, C. Benitez-Medina, T. Daniels, A. Piepke, A.C. Odian, R. Neilson, P. C. Rowson, and R. Gornea

Subjects
Physics, Particle physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, General Physics and Astronomy, Elementary particle, 01 natural sciences, Beta decay, Nuclear physics, MAJORANA, Double beta decay, 0103 physical sciences, Isotopes of xenon, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Neutrino, Nuclear Experiment, 010306 general physics, Radioactive decay, Lepton
Abstract

We report the observation of two-neutrino double-beta decay in ^(136)Xe with T_(1/2)=2.11±0.04(stat)±0.21(syst)×10^(21) yr. This second-order process, predicted by the standard model, has been observed for several nuclei but not for ^(136)Xe. The observed decay rate provides new input to matrix element calculations and to the search for the more interesting neutrinoless double-beta decay, the most sensitive probe for the existence of Majorana particles and the measurement of the neutrino mass scale.

Published
2011

9. Observation of two-neutrino double-beta decay in 136Xe with the EXO-200 detector

Author

N, Ackerman, B, Aharmim, M, Auger, D J, Auty, P S, Barbeau, K, Barry, L, Bartoszek, E, Beauchamp, V, Belov, C, Benitez-Medina, M, Breidenbach, A, Burenkov, B, Cleveland, R, Conley, E, Conti, J, Cook, S, Cook, A, Coppens, I, Counts, W, Craddock, T, Daniels, M V, Danilov, C G, Davis, J, Davis, R, deVoe, Z, Djurcic, A, Dobi, A G, Dolgolenko, M J, Dolinski, K, Donato, M, Dunford, W, Fairbank, J, Farine, P, Fierlinger, D, Franco, D, Freytag, G, Giroux, R, Gornea, K, Graham, G, Gratta, M P, Green, C, Hägemann, C, Hall, K, Hall, G, Haller, C, Hargrove, R, Herbst, S, Herrin, J, Hodgson, M, Hughes, A, Johnson, A, Karelin, L J, Kaufman, T, Koffas, A, Kuchenkov, A, Kumar, K S, Kumar, D S, Leonard, F, Leonard, F, LePort, D, Mackay, R, MacLellan, M, Marino, Y, Martin, B, Mong, M Montero, Díez, P, Morgan, A R, Müller, R, Neilson, R, Nelson, A, Odian, K, O'Sullivan, C, Ouellet, A, Piepke, A, Pocar, C Y, Prescott, K, Pushkin, A, Rivas, E, Rollin, P C, Rowson, J J, Russell, A, Sabourov, D, Sinclair, K, Skarpaas, S, Slutsky, V, Stekhanov, V, Strickland, M, Swift, D, Tosi, K, Twelker, P, Vogel, J-L, Vuilleumier, J-M, Vuilleumier, A, Waite, S, Waldman, T, Walton, K, Wamba, M, Weber, U, Wichoski, J, Wodin, J D, Wright, L, Yang, Y-R, Yen, and O Ya, Zeldovich

Abstract

We report the observation of two-neutrino double-beta decay in (136)Xe with T(1/2) = 2.11 ± 0.04(stat) ± 0.21(syst) × 10(21) yr. This second-order process, predicted by the standard model, has been observed for several nuclei but not for (136)Xe. The observed decay rate provides new input to matrix element calculations and to the search for the more interesting neutrinoless double-beta decay, the most sensitive probe for the existence of Majorana particles and the measurement of the neutrino mass scale.

Published
2011

10. Characterization of large area APDs for the EXO-200 detector

Author

M. Montero Díez, F. LePort, David A. Sinclair, S. Cook, D. Mackay, Nicole Ackerman, V. Strickland, Y.-R. Yen, S. Herrin, R. DeVoe, R. Neilson, J. Wodin, M. Auger, K. Twelker, K. Wamba, K. O'Sullivan, Martin Breidenbach, A. Piepke, A. Pocar, B. Flatt, A. Burenkov, K. S. Kumar, D. Hallman, V. Tenev, C. Y. Prescott, C. R. Hall, Giorgio Gratta, B. Mong, R. Gornea, David Leonard, P. C. Rowson, R. Conley, E. Niner, W. M. Fairbank, U. Wichoski, L. J. Kaufman, S. Slutsky, J.-L. Vuilleumier, J. Hodgson, D. Akimov, V.N. Stekhanov, K. Skarpaas, A. Odian, M. J. Dolinski, K. Hall, C. Benitez-Medina, M. P. Green, J. Farine, A. G. Kovalenko, P. Fierlinger, Liang Yang, and C. K. Hargrove

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, APDS, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Medical Physics, chemistry.chemical_element, FOS: Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, Particle detector, High Energy Physics - Experiment, law.invention, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Xenon, law, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation, Physics, Scintillation, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Detector, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Avalanche photodiode, Photodiode, chemistry, Scintillation counter, Optoelectronics, business
Abstract

EXO-200 uses 468 large area avalanche photodiodes (LAAPDs) for detection of scintillation light in an ultra-low-background liquid xenon (LXe) detector. We describe initial measurements of dark noise, gain and response to xenon scintillation light of LAAPDs at temperatures from room temperature to 169K - the temperature of liquid xenon. We also describe the individual characterization of more than 800 LAAPDs for selective installation in the EXO-200 detector., Comment: 10 pages, 17 figures

Published
2009
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11. Observation of single collisionally cooled trapped ions in a buffer gas

Author

Yul Martin, M. K. Moe, R. DeVoe, J. M. Vuilleumier, P. C. Rowson, David Leonard, W. M. Fairbank, P. Weber, J. Wodin, S. Waldman, R. Conley, M. Montero Díez, David A. Sinclair, J.-L. Vuilleumier, R. Neilson, K. O'Sullivan, K. Skarpaas, C. K. Hargrove, K. Hall, F. LePort, B. Flatt, J. Hodgson, J. Farine, D. Schenker, E. Baussan, V. Strickland, C. J. Virtue, Giorgio Gratta, Martin Breidenbach, D. Hallman, B. Mong, K. Wamba, A. Odian, A. Pocar, D. Mackay, A. Piepke, C. R. Hall, M. P. Green, C.Y. Prescott, and P. Fierlinger

Subjects
Physics, Condensed Matter::Quantum Gases, Argon, Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph), Buffer gas, FOS: Physical sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Charged particle, Ion, Physics - Atomic Physics, Xenon, chemistry, Resonance fluorescence, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), Atomic physics, Quadrupole ion trap, Nuclear Experiment, Helium
Abstract

Individual Ba ions are trapped in a gas-filled linear ion trap and observed with a high signal-to-noise ratio by resonance fluorescence. Single-ion storage times of ~5 min (~1 min) are achieved using He (Ar) as a buffer gas at pressures in the range 8e-5 - 4e-3 torr. Trap dynamics in buffer gases are experimentally studied in the simple case of single ions. In particular, the cooling effects of light gases such as He and Ar and the destabilizing properties of heavier gases such as Xe are studied. A simple model is offered to explain the observed phenomenology., 5 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. A. Minor text and figure changes

Published
2007

12. Mobility of thorium ions in liquid xenon

Author

S. Waldman, D. Schenker, M. Hauger, C. Y. Prescott, Z. Djurcic, R. Conley, C. R. Hall, J. Sevilla, R. DeVoe, A.C. Odian, A. Piepke, F. LePort, K. Wamba, R. Neilson, K. Hall, L. Ounalli, P. Weber, Martin Breidenbach, J. M. Martin, M. P. Green, David Leonard, J. Wodin, Thomas Koffas, W. M. Fairbank, Giorgio Gratta, Shie-Chang Jeng, V.N. Stekhanov, P. C. Rowson, K. Skarpaas, and J.-L. Vuilleumier

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Radiochemistry, Thorium, chemistry.chemical_element, FOS: Physical sciences, Ion, Nuclear physics, Condensed Matter - Other Condensed Matter, Xenon, chemistry, Instrumentation, Ion transporter, Other Condensed Matter (cond-mat.other)
Abstract

We present a measurement of the $^{226}$Th ion mobility in LXe at 163.0 K and 0.9 bar. The result obtained, 0.240$\pm$0.011 (stat) $\pm$0.011 (syst) cm$^{2}$/(kV-s), is compared with a popular model of ion transport., 6.5 pages, 7

Published
2005

13. Correlated Fluctuations between Luminescence and Ionization in Liquid Xenon

Author

Z. Djurcic, R. Conley, A. Dolgolenko, R. DeVoe, Martin Breidenbach, D. Akimov, E. Conti, O. Zeldovich, Giorgio Gratta, G. R. Bower, C. Y. Prescott, M. Danilov, Thomas Koffas, K. Wamba, J. Wodin, A.C. Odian, S. Waldman, P. C. Rowson, K. Skarpaas, C. R. Hall, A. Piepke, and J.-L. Vuilleumier

Subjects
Scintillation, Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Materials science, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Resolution (electron density), Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci), FOS: Physical sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, Radiation, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Xenon, chemistry, Ionization, Atomic physics, Luminescence, Enriched Xenon Observatory, Recombination
Abstract

The ionization of liquefied noble gases by radiation is known to be accompanied by fluctuations much larger than predicted by Poisson statistics. We have studied the fluctuations of both scintillation and ionization in liquid xenon and have measured, for the first time, a strong anti-correlation between the two at a microscopic level, with coefficient $ -0.80 < ��_{ep} < -0.60 $. This provides direct experimental evidence that electron-ion recombination is partially responsible for the anomalously large fluctuations and at the same time allows substantial improvement of calorimetric energy resolution., 6 pages, 7 figures

Published
2003

14. PROGRESS ON THE ENRICHED XENON OBSERVATORY DOUBLE-BETA DECAY EXPERIMENT

Author

Z. Djurcic, J. Wodin, Martin Breidenbach, C.Y. Prescott, O. Zeldovich, M. Danilov, F. Pietropaolo, G. Giannini, P. C. Rowson, Thomas Koffas, R. DeVoe, K. Skarpaas, E. Conti, Petr Vogel, S. Waldman, Giorgio Gratta, Y. F. Wang, R. H. Nelson, J.-L. Vuilleumier, A.C. Odian, T. Sanchez, A. Piepke, K. Wamba, P. Picchi, R. Conley, A. Dolgolenko, M. K. Moe, and G. R. Bower

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear physics, Double beta decay, Enriched Xenon Observatory
Published
2003

15. Sounding rocket mission to study the solar soft x-ray and EUV emission using transition-edge sensor technology

Author

David W. Robertson, Blas Cabrera, Dennis S. Martinez-Galarce, Paul Boerner, Troy W. Barbee, Aaron J. Miller, Phillip C. Baker, Kent D. Irwin, Steven Deiker, Lawrence Lesyna, K. Wamba, Stephen F. Powell, Arthur B. C. Walker, Richard B. Hoover, and Sae Woo Nam

Subjects
Physics, Sounding rocket, business.industry, Resolution (electron density), Field of view, Spectral line, law.invention, Telescope, Optics, law, Extreme ultraviolet, Transition edge sensor, business, Image resolution
Abstract

We are developing a new sounding rocket payload, the Advanced Technology Solar Spectroscopic Imager (ATSSI), that will use an 8 X 8 array of transition edge sensors (TES) to obtain true spectroheliograms in a spectral bandpass spanning approximately 50 eV to approximately 3 keV. The TES array will be flown at the focus of a Wolter I telescope, where it will image as 3 arc-min by 3 arc-min field of view with a pixel resolution of approximately 6 arc-sec. In this way, it will obtain approximately 1000 individual spectra with an expected average energy resolution of approximately 3 eV FWHM. In addition to the TES array, the ATSSI will employ six multilayer telescopes with bandpasses centered on atomic lines at 17.1 angstrom (Fe XVII), 195.1 angstrom (Fe XII), 171.1 angstrom (Fe IX), 57.9 angstrom (Mg X), 98.3 angstrom (Ne VIII), and 150.1 angstrom (O VI). Two additional telescopes with bandpasses centered at 1550 angstrom (C IV) and 1216 angstrom (H I) will also be used. The eight narrowband telescopes will provide high spatial resolution (

Published
2000

16. Observation of two-neutrino double-beta decay in 136Xe with the EXO-200 detector.

Author

Ackerman N, Aharmim B, Auger M, Auty DJ, Barbeau PS, Barry K, Bartoszek L, Beauchamp E, Belov V, Benitez-Medina C, Breidenbach M, Burenkov A, Cleveland B, Conley R, Conti E, Cook J, Cook S, Coppens A, Counts I, Craddock W, Daniels T, Danilov MV, Davis CG, Davis J, deVoe R, Djurcic Z, Dobi A, Dolgolenko AG, Dolinski MJ, Donato K, Dunford M, Fairbank W Jr, Farine J, Fierlinger P, Franco D, Freytag D, Giroux G, Gornea R, Graham K, Gratta G, Green MP, Hägemann C, Hall C, Hall K, Haller G, Hargrove C, Herbst R, Herrin S, Hodgson J, Hughes M, Johnson A, Karelin A, Kaufman LJ, Koffas T, Kuchenkov A, Kumar A, Kumar KS, Leonard DS, Leonard F, LePort F, Mackay D, MacLellan R, Marino M, Martin Y, Mong B, Díez MM, Morgan P, Müller AR, Neilson R, Nelson R, Odian A, O'Sullivan K, Ouellet C, Piepke A, Pocar A, Prescott CY, Pushkin K, Rivas A, Rollin E, Rowson PC, Russell JJ, Sabourov A, Sinclair D, Skarpaas K, Slutsky S, Stekhanov V, Strickland V, Swift M, Tosi D, Twelker K, Vogel P, Vuilleumier JL, Vuilleumier JM, Waite A, Waldman S, Walton T, Wamba K, Weber M, Wichoski U, Wodin J, Wright JD, Yang L, Yen YR, and Zeldovich OY

Abstract

We report the observation of two-neutrino double-beta decay in (136)Xe with T(1/2) = 2.11 ± 0.04(stat) ± 0.21(syst) × 10(21) yr. This second-order process, predicted by the standard model, has been observed for several nuclei but not for (136)Xe. The observed decay rate provides new input to matrix element calculations and to the search for the more interesting neutrinoless double-beta decay, the most sensitive probe for the existence of Majorana particles and the measurement of the neutrino mass scale.

Published
2011
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17. Welfare of apes in captive environments: comments on, and by, a specific group of apes.

Author

Savage-Rumbaugh S, Wamba K, Wamba P, and Wamba N

Subjects
Animals, Biological Evolution, Environment, Controlled, Female, Housing, Animal, Male, Pan paniscus physiology, Pan paniscus psychology, Pan troglodytes physiology, Pan troglodytes psychology, Animal Welfare, Animals, Zoo, Behavior, Animal physiology, Hominidae physiology, Hominidae psychology
Abstract

Accurately determining the proper captive environment for apes requires adequately assessing the psychological similarities between apes and humans. Scientists currently believe apes lack mental complexity (Millikan, 2006), raising questions concerning the evolution of human culture from ape-like societies (Tomasello, 1999). A long-term cultural study with bonobos suggests less intellectual divergence from humans than currently postulated (Savage-Rumbaugh, 2005). Because humans view apes as mentally limited, some current captive environments may appear idyllic while offering only an illusion of appropriate care, derived from a simplistic view of what apes are, rather than what they might be. This perception of apes determines their handling, which determines their mental development, which perpetuates the prevailing perception. Only breaking this cycle will allow the current perception of apes to change. Their usual captive environment limits any demonstration of culture. However, the bonobo study reveals what ape culture can become, which should affect future welfare considerations for at least those species genetically close to humans (bonobos and chimpanzees). Development of a languaged bonobo culture allows these nonhuman animals to provide their own responses regarding adequate ape welfare.

Published
2007
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