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This paper reports perpendicular magnetic recording (PMR) circumstances and the results based on the reference published by NEC. The PMR flexible disks using Co–Cr–Ta films were investigated. Pass wear durability of Co–Cr–Ta film strongly depends on the base film surface roughness and Young's modulus values of Co–Cr–Ta films. Pass wear durability, more than 10 million passes, was confirmed under a high temperature (60 °C) and a high humidity (80% RH) condition, as well as a low temperature (5 °C) condition. The read/write characteristics for double-layered PMR media were examined by using a combination of a single-pole-type (SPT) write head and a magnetoresistive (MR) read head, and a conventional merged ring type inductive (ID) write head/MR read head. By differential equalization of the reproduced voltage, the bit error rate less than 10 −6 at 3 Gb/in. 2 was obtained for the SPT/MR head combination. The antenna effect for PMR realization was analyzed using the merged ring type ID/MR head. In order to increase the magnetic circuit resistance from the ID head pole to the soft underlayer, we developed the sendust (FeAlSi) soft underlayer with low magnetic permeability. We confirmed that the recorded signal has better stability under the ID/MR head-loaded condition than the SPT head-loaded condition. These results show that there are the head and media solutions to realize PMR. We had confidence that we could use the basic structure of the commercial ID/MR head for the PMR head.

Recently, many toiletries claiming inclusion of platinum (Pt), silver (Ag) and gold (Au) as additives are sold in ordinary cosmetics shops. However, their concentrations are not clearly indicated. In the present work, these toiletries were analyzed for heavy metal elements by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and the particle sizes were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the constitutions of the small particles were analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The concentrations of Pt in the toiletries observed were from 1 to 80 ppm. The lower detection limit of Pt by INAA was about 1 ppm because of the presence of sodium in high concentrations for those samples. Consequently, some toiletries which should have had Pt according to the manufactures were found not to contain Pt probably because it was less than the detection limit. On the other hand, there were a few toiletries that were found to contain Ag although the addition of Ag was not mentioned by the manufactures. It is considered that these non-indicated Ag were included as impurities of the added Au. The concentrations of the non-indicated Ag were even higher than those of the indicated Ag. A very small amount of Sr, which was nominated in the negative list of Japan, was also detected in 2 out of 5 kinds of toiletries analyzed by ICP-MS.

Carbon-14 is one of the critical radionuclides for the dose estimation from nuclear fuel reprocessing plants and nuclear waste disposal facilities. To assess the impact on public health caused by carbon-14 released from these nuclear facilities in Japan, a reasonable estimation of internal dose from the rice ingestion is necessary because rice is a staple food. Therefore, we are developing a dynamic compartment model to predict carbon-14 behavior in atmosphere – paddy soil – rice plant system and carbon-14 concentration in rice by using a migration prediction code, MOGRA. In this model, growing curves of “leaf and stem part” and “ear part” of a rice plant were fitted to sigmoid curves. The transfer coefficients between the compartments were estimated by using sub-models and parameters which describe transfer mechanisms of carbon in a rice paddy field, such as photosynthesis, translocation and respiration in a rice plant. A validation study of the model, carried out with “Rice Scenario” presented by the IAEA EMRAS (Environmental Modelling for RAdiation Safety) project, showed that the developed model can be practically used to predict the carbon-14 concentration in rice. The model was also applied for hypothetical releases of carbon-14 from nuclear fuel reprocessing plant. In addition, parameter sensitivity analyses were carried out to select critical parameters.

Among athletes, Staphylococcus aureus is thought to be transmitted by close physical contact with carriers. Nevertheless, evidence is limited with regard to both the tracking of individual strains and the role of S. aureus on the skin’s surface. We investigated its transmission using molecular genotyping and the presence of S. aureus on the skin during exercise. In the first study, nasal samples were obtained from 172 athletes over a period of up to one year. The 200 strains of S. aureus collected from these athletes were genotyped, and transmission of S. aureus was detected by phage open reading frame typing (POT). In the second study, the presence of S. aureus on the skin’s surface was compared between nasal carriers (n=9) and non-nasal carriers (n=9), who had participated in the first study. In the first study, 10 cases of transmission were confirmed. In the second study, exercise-induced sweating increased S. aureus isolates from the skin’s surface (before vs. after exercise: 5.2±5.4 vs. 41.7±40.6 CFU/ml) in nasal carriers. In 5 of 9 nasal carriers, S. aureus isolates from the skin’s surface were clonally identical to those from the nares. These results identify a major route of S. aureus transmission among athletes and provide insight into the role played by exercise-induced sweating in nasal carriers.

PurposeCalculating the exact top event probability of fault trees is an important analysis in quantitative risk assessments. However, it is a difficult problem for the trees with complex structure. Therefore, the paper aims to provide an efficient calculation method to obtain an exact top event probability of a fault tree with many repeated events when the minimal cut sets of the tree model are given.Design/methodology/approachThe method is based on the inclusion‐exclusion method. Generally, the inclusion‐exclusion method tends to get into computational difficulties for a large‐scale fault tree. The computation time has been reduced by enumerating only non‐canceling terms.FindingsThe method enables the calculation of the probability more quickly than the conventional method. The effect increases as the number of repeated events increases, namely the tree structure becomes complex. This method also can be applied to obtain the lower and upper bounds of the top event probability easily.Originality/valueThe paper expresses the top event probability by using only non‐canceling terms. This is the first application in fault tree analysis.

This paper describes a new type of power amplifier (PA) module with a predistortion function and can be applied to a N-CDMA (narrow-band CDMA system defined in IS-95B Standard) handset terminals. Distortion compensation technology to improve the efficiency of the PA is discussed, quantitatively. Various parameters to be considered in designing are investigated in detail. The predistortion technology proposed is based on the lookup-table method using the input and output signal envelopes and can operate independently from the baseband block. By omitting adaptative predistortion for amplitude/phase modulation and integrating the main controlling functions on a single CMOS integrated-circuit chip, the predistortion capability has been realized in a PA module. The PA module has a power-added efficiency (PAE) of 48% at an output power of 27.5 dBm. This PAE is very high in comparison with that of the conventional PA module for N-CDMA.

There is a controversy on the effects of physiological levels of glucocorticoids on natural killer (NK) cytotoxity. Therefore, the effects of exogenously administered dexamethasone on NK cytotoxity in 8-week-old male, Fischer 344 rats were studied. We suppose that the reason for the controversy is insufficient sensitivity of the ordinal radioactive chromium-release assay for normal healthy subjects or animals. Therefore, we developed a new index, a resistance to artificial immunosuppressor, cyclosporine A (CsA) using rat NK activity as an indicator, and named this index, increased resistance to immunosuppressor (IRIS). After some basic, characterizing studies, authors confirmed the fact that continuous doses of dexamethasone (DEX) attenuated NK suppression of CsA. In protocol 4, 18 rats were randomly divided into three groups: the first (DEX + CsA) was injected for 5 days with 0.1 mg DEX/kg/day and a single dose of CsA on the final day, intraperitoneally; the second (SAL + CsA) was treated with an equal volume of saline and CsA; the third (DEX + SAL) was treated with DEX but not CsA. The IRIS in NK activity was increased significantly (P < 0.01) with 5 days injection of DEX. These results demonstrated that physiological, and continuous dosage of glucocorticoids stimulated IRIS in NK activity in rats, and this suggests that appropriate stimuli through the hypothalamic-adrenal axis might be acting, at least, as a defence against immune collapses or dysfunctions.

Track-edge noise has been analyzed to clarify track-edge noise mechanisms. Edge noise arises from two different regions: the bit edge where the magnetization direction is opposite to the previously dc-erased direction and the magnetic transition edge. The edge noise at low density is mainly due to the magnetic distribution at the bit edge. The transition edge noise increases with increasing recording density, and it becomes dominant at high-recording density for an oriented medium. On the other hand, the transition edge noise is almost constant with increasing recording density for an isotropic medium.

Track-edge noise in a written track and a partially dc-erased track was analyzed to clarify the edge noise properties of a side-erased band. It was found that the track-edge noise power and its noise components in a partially erased track are equal to those in a written track. The track-edge noise power in a side-erased band is the summation of the transition-edge noise power of old track, the overwritten track, and the bit-edge noise power.

Andosol and Gray lowland soil (GLS) are the two most common agricultural soils in Japan; in this study one fraction of each soil was kept under oxidizing conditions, while anaerobic conditions (simulating conditions in rice paddies) were allowed to develop in the other fraction. At various times over a 6‐month period, portions of the four combinations were contacted with selective extractants to determine the amount of Tc retained in soil solution and ion exchange sites of the soil, by acetic acid‐extractable sites, by soil organic solids, and by sesquioxides. The amount of dissolved and ion exchangeable Tc decreased to 20% of the initial concentration within 60 days for both soils under saturated (anaerobic) conditions. In the case of the GLS, the fraction of exchangeable Tc continued to decrease to less than 10% of the initial Tc at the end of 6 months. Under aerobic conditions, the amount of the ion exchangeable Tc in the Andosol rapidly decreased to 80% of the initial input, and then remained constant...

Analysis were made, using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), to measure 59 major and trace elements in 6 rock reference samples, JB-1, JB-3. JG-1, JR-2, JGb-1 and JA-2, prepared and distributed by the Geological Survey of Japan (GSJ). Sample preparation and analytical conditions were investigated to set up a simple routine procedure for measuring a large range of elements. Detection limits, reproducibility. accuracy, dilution factors, possible interferences, and stability of standard solutions were also studied. For a prompt sample decomposition, a microwave digestion technique was successfully used with an acid mixture of HF, HCIO4 and HNO3. Low background counts and the high sensitivity of ICP-MS provided extremely low detection limits for most elements (0.2–2 ng/l). Precisions were typically better than 5% RSD (relative standard deviation). Generally, the ICP-MS data presented here agreed well with the published GSJ consensus values. In about 40 elements, errors of measured...

The effects of recording heads on off-track noise characteristics were examined. It was found that an FeTaN head with a narrow gap and high Bs was very effective for decreasing both on-track noise and off-track noise, in com- parison with a NiFe head with a narrow gap or a merged- type NiFe head with a wide gap. It was also confirmed that, according to readback waveform analysis and MFM images observation, the fluctuations of the magnetic transition in track-edge regions for magnetic patterns recorded by the FeTaN head were much smaller than for those recorded by the merged-type NiFe head with a wide gap. It will become increasingly important to improve recording heads as their track width becomes narrower.

This paper describes the relation between pass-wear durability and medium tribological factors, including surface roughness, mechanical and chemical properties of CoCr and overcoat layers, lubrication and medium flexural rigidity. CoCr and overcoat layers were sputter deposited on various base films. Pass-wear durability was evaluated by using a single-sided 3.5″ flexible disk drive. CoCr wear strongly depends on the surface roughness and mechanical strength. The wear resistance is proportional to the tensile strenght of the CoCr films, in accordance with Archard's adhesive wear theory. The pass-wear durability is improved by surface treatments, including lubrication and overcoat application. A surface active agent is effective to increase the pass-wear durability, because lubricant affinity to the overcoat surface is improved. Furthermore, pass-wear durability is strongly influenced by medium flexural rigidity. By optimizing these tribological factors. sufficient pass-wear durability for practical use (more than 10 million passes) can be obtained.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the theory of quantum electron transport through molecules as the bases of molecular devices. For a theoretical analysis of molecular bridges, the non-equilibrium Green's function method with tight-binding basis is most commonly employed. If necessary, a self-consistent calculation in the standard density-functional-theory (DFT) level, or its simplified version, can be incorporated in this approach. The transport through molecular bridges is strongly influenced by the connecting part to the electrodes, though it is also influenced by the internal structure of the molecule. The internal current distribution within the molecule, which is induced by the source-drain current, possesses remarkable quantum nature. When the electron incident energy is close to a degenerate molecular level, a large loop current is often generated inside the molecule. The internal current distribution is similar to that induced by the magnetic field. The chapter also discusses how the terminal structures of the molecules affect the conductance of the molecular bridge.

This paper proposes a novel framework that integrates bottom-up information and top-down information for scene understanding. Bottom-up information is derived from local features of texture and color. Top-down information is generated from a holistic image context. The information is integrated effectively by extension of the Ising model, which is a simple model of ferromagnetism. Locally and globally consistent image recognition is achieved through an iterative process. The proposed method showed 91.8% accuracy in road-image labeling, which is superior to results obtained using only bottom-up information (81.9%) and the best accuracy obtained using the other method (90.7%).

This study was performed to examine the inhibitory effects of soybean isoflavones on estrogen-stimulated gene expression of the uteri in ovarectomized mice. Especially when compared with the inhibitory effect of genistein and daidzein as aglycosides described in our previous report, subcutaneous administration of the glycoside genistin significantly decreased the levels of estradiol-17beta (E2)-induced expressions of c-jun, interleukin (IL)-1alpha and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha mRNAs (p0.005, p0.05 and p0.05, respectively) and seemingly proteins in the mice uteri, whereas the glycoside daidzin weakly inhibited E2-stimulated expressions of c-fos and IL-1alpha. Both genistin and daidzin seemed to have a weaker inhibitory effect than that of genistein and daidzein on the expression of estrogen-stimulated genes. It is suggested that those glycosides are naturally derived and generally absorbed from plant foods and might prevent E2-related endometrial carcinogenesis.

The effect of remanent magnetic flux density (B/sub r/) and magnetic layer thickness (/spl delta/) on offtrack noise characteristics in Co-Cr-Ta alloy thin films is investigated. It has been found that decreasing the value of B/sub r/ is a more effective method of improving offtrack noise characteristics than decreasing the value of /spl delta/. Offtrack noise is shown to be due to the fluctuations in the amplitude of readback waveforms, fluctuations which are caused by fluctuations in magnetic transition amplitude. It was observed, using a magnetic force microscope, that lower B/sub r/ media had sharp boundaries at the track edge regions and the magnetization was more uniform, compared with those of higher B/sub r/ media.

This paper describes a new type of PA-module which contains a predistortion function and the application to N-CDMA handset terminals. The predistortion technology is based on look-up-table method using the input and output signal envelopes and can operate independent from the base-band block. By omitting the adaptative predistortion for AM/PM, and integrating main controlling functions on CMOS IC chip, the predistortion technique has been realized in a PA-module. The PA-module has been achieved the power added efficiency (PAE) of 48% at the output power of 27.5 dBm. This PAE is extremely high in comparison with the conventional PA-module for N-CDMA.

By theoretical calculations we investigated the dependence of the molecular shapes on the coherent transport properties of the molecular bridges, where oligoporphyrin molecular wires are bridged between two aluminum electrodes. We considered three types of differently conjugated molecular structures, i.e., the tape‐porphyrins, the butadiyne‐linked porphyrins, the edge‐fused porphyrins. Among these molecular wires, the tape‐porphyrins are found to be the most conductive because of their extremely small HOMO‐LUMO energy gaps. The other two types of wires are found to form the semiconductive molecular bridges. Inside these molecular wires, the current is found to bypass the zinc atom sites, as the zinc energy level is away from the Fermi level.

Operating frequencies required for today's wireless telecommunication electronics have increased from hundreds of megahertz to a few gigahertz (GHz). The use of the GHz band is enabled in the wireless market by passive and active components in microwave integrated circuits (MIC) or monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMIC) packages which meet the need for high performance and lower cost. There are still a few technical problems that need to be resolved in these packages. Among these are high Q inductors and capacitors which cannot be built cost effectively in the sizes required. Technological developments have yielded new low temperature glass-ceramic materials which cost effectively incorporate integrated passive components. These integrated components include inductors, capacitors, impedance matching SAW filter circuits and band pass filters. This presentation describes the development of this material and design of a test vehicle to determine applicability in to high frequency wireless applications.

This chip decodes MPEG-1 audio and video in real-time when connected to a single 80 ns 256 k/spl times/16 DRAM. An MPEG-1 system stream, optionally embedded in a CD data stream, is sent to the chip on either an 8 b host bus or a serial bus. The host interface contains a code FIFO that buffers input bit streams before they are written to the audio, video or overlay bitstream buffers in DRAM. The MPEG system stream is processed by interrupting the on-chip CPU after a packet of compressed data has been written to DRAM. The CPU reads the system stream headers out of the code FIFO and initiates a block transfer of the next packet of compressed data to DRAM. The chip uses less than 5% of the clock cycles for system stream processing. The chip alternates between audio decoding and video decoding, with the audio portion using 15% of the clock cycles and video using 80%.

The shielded magnetoresistive (MR) head offtrack profile shows a wide output plateau which follows the conventional offtrack roll off curve. The authors investigated the origin of the unique offtrack characteristics and their influence on crosstalk signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR), based on experimental and magnetic calculation results. In the measurement, 8- mu m track-width MR heads, consisting of a pair of 100- mu m shields and a trilayered MR element between shields, were used. The plateau width is close to the shield width. The output in the plateau region is the sum of the contributed outputs from individual tracks under the shield. Therefore, this output can severely reduce the crosstalk SNR when the MR head includes several tracks under the shield. Magnetic calculation shows that the magnetic flux from the recorded track to the MR element through the shields can produce the output at the plateau region. Further examination shows that crosstalk SNR is improved by increasing the shield thickness and/or by decreasing the shield width. Therefore, to realize high track density, shield optimization is important. >

This study was conducted to show a higher prevalence of interdigital tinea pedis in athletes by comparing athletes and non-athletes, and to examine swimming pools as a route of infection. The subjects were 282 athletes, 137 non-athletes, and 140 students enrolled in a swimming class at the University of Tsukuba. This study included the taking of cotton-swab samples from the interdigital skin surfaces of both feet and cultures, microscopical examinations of scales collected from subjects with lesions, and questionnaires. There was a significant difference between athletes and non-athletes in the prevalence of the relevant pathogens, and a higher risk of infection was shown in athletes. The study also found that 63.6% of the swimming class students were carriers, and that 85.0% of their dermatophytes were Trichophyton mentagrophytes. In addition, dermatophytes were also isolated from the floors of the swimming pool and the public baths. The results of these controlled studies suggested that there was a significant risk of dermatophytosis in both athletes and non-athletes using the swimming pool.

The behaviour of Tc in soil depends upon its chemical forms. Under aerobic conditions, Tc is present as pertechnetate Tc+7(TcO4–), which has a high geochemical mobility and bioavailability. However, the form changes through a combination of factors such as redox conditions and microbial activity in soils. The anaerobic condition can be supplied in waterlogged rice paddy soil, which is common to Japan and other Southeast Asian countries.In this study, we focused on the influence of microbial activity on Tc behaviour in soil under the waterlogged condition. The microbial activity is expected to be controlled by addition of glucose and the activity causes a change in the soil redox condition. Air-dried soil with increasing glucose contents and sterile soil were used to compare the effect of microbial activity. The soils were waterlogged with99Tc solution. Although the concentrations of99Tc in the surface and bottom solutions of air-dried soils decreased over time with increasing glucose concentration, those of sterile soils were almost constant during the experiment. From these results, it was assumed that the activity of microorganisms influenced Tc adsorption onto the soil.

Methods of theoretical simulations of noncontact atomic force microscopy in liquids have been developed. Though there are several difficult issues for the theoretical simulations in liquids, the authors introduce here the simulation methods for the cantilever oscillation in liquids and the tip-sample interaction force mediated by water molecules. As for the cantilever motion, a very efficient numerical method is proposed which solves the oscillation of the elastic beam cantilever and fluid dynamics simultaneously. The results reproduce fairly well the resonant curve and related properties of the Si beam cantilever. As for the simulation of the tip-sample interaction force in water, classical molecular dynamics (MD) method is adopted in the present work. The case study by MD for the mica surface in water revealed new features that appeared in the three-dimensional force map.

Reported is a leiomyosarcoma of jejunum that was found in a 61-year-old man who was admitted to our clinic because of an abdominal distension. A CT scan and an ultrasonic examination revealed a giant tumor with a central necrosis in the abdominal cavity. A study of barium that was ingested revealed an elevated lesion without a fistel formation in the jejunum about 25 cm distant from the Treitz ligament. An ultrasonic the guided percutaneous biopsy was done and pathological diagnosis indicated a leiomyosaroma. Surgery was performed on June 16 1989 and the tumor weighing 4,934 g and 30 x 25 x 18 cm in size, was completely resected.

Based on all-atom empirical force field calculations, non-contact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) images are simulated of a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of 1-hexanethiol (C6) in which a single 4-mercapto-1-butanol (C4OH) molecule is inserted. The tip is modelled by a carbon nanocone apex and the temperature is assumed to be 0?K. It is found that the C6 molecules can be recognized individually in the topographic, frequency shift and energy dissipation images. In addition, the position of a H2O molecule, which is adsorbed by forming a hydrogen bond with the hydroxyl head group of the C4OH molecule, is observed more clearly in the energy dissipation image than in the topographic image. Furthermore, this H2O molecule is observed to be higher than the surrounding C6 matrix in the topographic image, although the former is slightly lower than the latter. This can be explained by the enhancement of the normal force by an attractive electrostatic interaction between the water molecule and the tip apex.

Media noise characteristics of CoCrTa/FeSiAl perpendicular magnetic recording media were investigated to clarify the effects of underlayer characteristics such as crystalline orientation, surface roughness on the medium noise of double-layer media. A strong correlation was found between maintaining a smooth underlayer surface and attaining a low level of medium noise. Insertion of a Cr layer between the glass substrate and the FeSiAl underlayer and sputtering the underlayer at low Ar-gas pressure are effective in maintaining its surface smoothness. These measures reduce medium noise.

The read/write characteristics of a double-layered perpendicular magnetic recording medium were examined by using a combination of a single-pole-type write head and a magnetoresistive read head (SPT write / MR read), and a conventional merged ring type inductive / MR head (RT write / MR read). By differential equalization of the reproduced voltage, the STP/MR head combination had high density recording capability, compared with the RT/MR head. Bit error rate through PR(1) signal processing was evaluated for the SPT/MR head combination and the RT/MR head. It is clarified that bit error rate for the SPT/MR head combination and the RT/MR head. The bit error rate less than 10-6 at 3 Gb/inch2 was obtained for the SPT/MR head combination.

Subjects for recording densities of 10Gbt/in2 - 30Gb/in2 are discussed, for longitudinal and perpendicular recording. Read-write specifications are estimated for their high recording densities. Reproducing outputs above 1mVpp/μm for magnetic heads are required. Correlation between magnetic media properties and recording densities are calculated for 10 - 30 Gb/in2 densities. Noise characteristics subjects and thermal instabilities are discussed for longitudinal recording media and perpendicular recording media.

The effect of the residual magnetic flux density (Br) on the media noise in Co-Cr-Ta alloy thin films has been investigated. Longitudinal media with higher Br and thinner magnetic layer have superior media noise to signal ratio compared to media with lower Br (below 2,000 G) and thicker magnetic layer under the constant Br δ, where δ is the magnetic layer thickness. It was revealed that media noise is proportional to fluctuations in the magnetic transition region according to analysis of the readback waveform. Furthermore, ferrite media exhibits an excellent possibility for use as a low noise media at high recording densities.

The recording noise of sputtered Co alloy media at high recording density was studied with readback waveform. High noise power of longitudinal recording media at high recording density was correlated to the fluctuation of magnetic transition region. In perpendicular recording media, in contrast, the fluctuation of magnetic transition region was small even at high recording density, which leads to low noise power.

This paper describes the relation between pass-wear durability and medium tribological factors, including surface roughness, mechanical and chemical properties of CoCr and overcoat layers, lubrication and medium flexural rigidity. CoCr and overcoat layers were sputter deposited on various base films. Pass-wear durability was evaluated by using a single-sided 3.5″ flexible disk drive. CoCr wear strongly depends on the surface roughness and mechanical strength. The wear resistance is proportional to the tensile strenght of the CoCr films, in accordance with Archard's adhesive wear theory. The pass-wear durability is improved by surface treatments, including lubrication and overcoat application. A surface active agent is effective to increase the pass-wear durability, because lubricant affinity to the overcoat surface is improved. Furthermore, pass-wear durability is strongly influenced by medium flexural rigidity. By optimizing these tribological factors. sufficient pass-wear durability for practical use (more than 10 million passes) can be obtained.

Ferrite thin film disks using electroless-plated Ni-P substrates have been prepared. The practicability of attaining these disks at areal densities above 4.7 X l04bits/mm2(28 K-FRPI X 1100 TPI) has been confirmed from the following view points: read/write and error characteristics, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and wear durabilities. Over -20 K-FRPI, noise level decreases were found. As a result, more than SNR 35 dB at 40-50 K-FRPI were attained. Practical feasibilities were also confirmed at 40-50 K-FRPI. In wear durability, 20 000 contact-start-stop operations were achieved.