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The 2004 tsunami affected the South Andaman coast, causing it to experience dynamic changes in the coastal geomorphology and making the region vulnerable. We focus on pre-and post-tsunami shoreline and land use–land cover changes from 2004, 2005, and 2022 to analyze the dynamic change in hazard. We used General Bathymetric Chart of the Ocean (GEBCO) data to calculate run-up [m], arrival times [min], and inundation [m] at a few locations using three tsunamigenic earthquake source parameters, namely the 2004 Sumatra, 1941 North Andaman, and 1881 Car Nicobar earthquakes. The Digital Shoreline Analysis System is used for the shoreline change estimates. Landsat data are used to calculate shoreline and land use–land cover (LULC) change in five classes, namely built-up areas, forests, inundation areas, croplands, and water bodies during the above period. We examine the correlation between the LULC changes and the dynamic change in shoreline due to population flux, infrastructural growth, and gross state domestic product growth. The Indian industry estimates the Andaman and Nicobar Islands losses exceeded INR 10 billion during 2004, which would today see a 5-fold increase in economic loss due to a doubling of built-up area, a 3-fold increase in tourist inflow, and population density growth. The unsustainable decline in the forest cover, mangroves, and cropland would affect sustainability during a disaster despite coastal safety measures.

The previous decades have seen a massive increase in the research towards reproducible and optimized surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates. While traditional colloidal synthesis methods have commonly been used for SERS substrate fabrication, they lack reproducibility hindering their usage for many applications. The need for reproducible nanostructures showing high orders of enhancement factors has brought about a shift in the methods one can use to fabricate SERS nanostructures. Lithographic techniques have thus piqued the interest of researchers as a viable option for SERS substrate fabrication. Not only do they offer high enhancement factors and reproducible nanostructures, they also provide the ability to fabricate nanostructures with many different geometries, shapes, sizes and periodicities. Some of the most established lithographic techniques include electron beam lithography, nanosphere lithography, laser interference lithography and many more. This review discusses established lithographic techniques, such as mentioned above, along with other upcoming lithographic techniques to understand the principles and the methodology behind them. A deep understanding of how various parameters can influence the nanostructure fabrication and thereby influence the SERS enhancement is developed. A detailed description of how these nanostructures can be fabricated is also provided for better insight. In addition, strengths and limitations of each method are discussed in detail. Lastly, we also discuss the applicability of SERS substrates for commercial applications comparing the performance of chemical synthesis routes and lithography for SERS substrate fabrication. This review serves as a base to understand the concept and application of SERS from a microfabrication perspective.

HSLA steels with different polygonal ferrite and granular bainite contents resulting from two different cooling rates were investigated. Micropillar compression tests, electron channeling contrast imaging (ECCI) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) experiments were performed to reveal microscopic strength differences and their origin. The obtained results indicate that a higher cooling rate caused a smaller granular bainite substructure size and a higher dislocation density for both ferrite and bainite. In addition, the critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) values for both phases were found to be higher for the faster cooling process. This is ascribed to the increased dislocation density for faster cooling rather than the grain size as will be discussed in the manuscript. Interestingly, the macroscopic yield strength can be closely estimated by the CRSS obtained from micropillar compression considering the corresponding phase fractions. The achieved results can be used in future as input variables for crystal plasticity models.

The main purpose of this paper is to study biharmonic hypersurface in a quasi-paraSasakian manifold $\mathbb{Q}^{2m+1}$. Biharmonic hypersurfaces are special cases of biharmonic maps and biharmonic maps are the critical points of the bienergy functional. The condition of biharmonicity for non-degenerate hypersurfaces in $\mathbb{Q}^{2m+1}$ is investigated for both cases: either the characteristic vector field of $\mathbb{Q}^{2m+1}$ is the unit normal vector field to the hypersurface or it belongs to the tangent space of the hypersurface. Some relevant examples are also illustrated.

Work hardening of tungsten in the thermally activated regime is highly orientation dependent. Here, we show that kink-pair nucleation controlled coupled motion of repulsively oriented screw dislocation pairs occurs and leads to an orientation dependent additional plastic slip on unexpected slip systems.

Present study summarizes the application of nano-particles as a new green approach for treating highly polluted dark color brown distillery wastewater which has foul odour, high COD and BOD (high organic content). The utilization of lesser amount of different chemicals for the synthesis of nanoparticles is considered a valuable approach in green nanotechnology. Extreme reactivity due to their large surface area of nano-particles has been used to remove toxic compounds of distillery waste efficiently. In the present study, Nanosized zero-valent iron (n-ZVI) have been synthesized and characterized by using principle of Green chemistry. Nanosized zero-valent iron (n-ZVI) and ferrous sulfate heptahydrate have been used to treat the distillery effluent at various concentrations. Comparative study established that treatment was less efficient even with the high concentration of ferrous sulfate heptahydrate whereas was more effective even with the low concentration of n-ZVI. Reaction parameters were also optimized on the basis of concentration of n-ZVI to establish ideal concentration for effective treatment.

India is the third largest consumer of edible oils; an increasing human population increases the demand of oil at an alarming rate. Therefore, there is a need to search new sources of oil in India to fulfill this goal. Molecular markers have facilitated the easy identification of diverse parents for development of superior high oil lines for commercial use. The parental material in the present experiment comprised of ten diverse inbred lines viz., high oil (HIGH OIL, DMHOC-09, DMHOC-15), QPM or intermediate oil (HUZQPM-01, HUZQPM-03, HUZQPM-05, HUZQPM-06) and low oil (HUZM-53, HUZM-265, HUZM-478) content containing lines were selected on the basis of yield, yield traits along with oil content at the Agricultural Research Farm, B.H.U., during Kharif 2011 and were subjected to validate the presence of QTL’s linked to oil content and molecular diversity through SSR markers. A total number of 25 polymorphic SSR markers were used to evaluate molecular diversity among parental inbreds. The PIC of 25 SSR primers ranged from 0.42 to 0.50 with an average PIC of 0.46. The molecular validation studies revealed that SSR markers bnlg2086, phi96100, umc1422, bnlg1452, bnlg2244, bnlg1711, umc2319, umc1360, phi119 and phi050 were linked to QTLs for oil content. Therefore, these markers could be used in MAS for estimating high oil content in maize.

Background: Crystallin fragments are known to aggregate and cross-link that lead to cataract development. This study has been focused on determination of post-translational modifications (PTMs) of human lens crystallin fragments, and their aggregation properties. Methods: Four crystallin fragments-containing fractions (Fraction I [∼3.5 kDa species], Fraction II [∼3.5–7 kDa species], Fraction III [∼7–10 kDa species] and Fraction IV [>10–18 kDa species]), and water soluble high molecular weight (WS-HMW) protein fraction were isolated from water soluble (WS) protein fraction of human lenses of 50–70 year old-donors. The crystallin fragments of the Fractions I–IV were separated by two-dimensional (2D)-gel electrophoresis followed by analysis of their gel-spots by mass spectrometry. The Fractions I–IV were examined for their molecular mass, particle-diameters, amyloid fibril formation, and for their aggregation by themselves and with WS-HMW proteins. Results: Crystallin fragments in Fractions I–IV were derived from α-, β- and γ-crystallins, and their 2D-gel separated spots contained multiple crystallins with PTMs such as oxidation, deamidation, methylation and acetylation. Crystallin fragments from all the four fractions exhibited self-aggregated complexes ranging in Mr from 5.5×105 to 1.0×108 Da, with diameters of 10–28 nm, and amyloid fibril-like formation, and aggregation with WS-HMW proteins. Conclusion: The crystallin fragments exhibited several PTMs, and were capable of forming aggregated species by themselves and with WS-HMW proteins, suggesting their potential role in aggregation process during cataract development. General significance: Crystallin fragments play a major role in human cataract development.

Eight intraspecific (four each of mungbean x mungbean and urdbean x urdbean) and 24 interspecific (eight each of mungbean x urdbean, mungbean x ricebean and urdbean x ricebean) crosses were made at five different dates of ten days intervals i.e., September 11-20, 21-30, October 1-10, 11-20 and 21-30 during kharif/late kharif seasons, 2015 to obtain a total of 32 crosses. The per cent crossability at five different dates indicated that it was the highest during October 1-10 in both intra - (mungbean x mungbean, 72.27%, urdbean x urdbean, 55.55%) and interspecific (mungbean x urdbean, 43.24%, mungbean x ricebean, 16% and urdbean x ricebean, 9.92%) crosses. Similarly, the percent ovule fertility recorded was also the highest during October 1-10 in both intra - (mungbean x mungbean, 90.00%, urdbean x urdbean, 83.33%) and interspecific (mungbean x urdbean, 75.00%, mungbean x ricebean, 71.42% and urdbean x ricebean, 60.00%) crosses. Optimum temperature (~22˚C) , followed by low humidity (49.0) and comparatively enhanced sunshine (>8.5 hours) might be responsible for accelerating the highest pod sett during October 1-10 and thus may be suggested as appropriate period for obtaining highest pod setting in Vigna species studied.

Background. Rivers in India harbouring a rich diversity of fish are at present subjected to intense anthropogenic stress leading to degradation of the habitat. An understanding of the complex ecological variables determining species richness in these rivers is lacking. The relation between the ecological parameters (climate, hydrology, and morphometry) and the fish species richness were assessed in fourteen major rivers of India. Materials and methods. The data of seven ecological variables of fourteen major rivers of India for the years 1994–2009 were quantitatively analysed for determining their influence on fish species richness. Principal factor analysis (PFA) was carried out for dimension reduction and eliminating collinearity. Subsequently, fish richness was regressed on the retained factors under generalised linear model (GLM) for determining contribution of factors towards species richness in rivers. Results. The most influential determinants of species richness were the factors such as: surface area of the river basin (0.439) followed by fish habitat availability potential (0.326) a synthesis of the variables rainfall, discharge and sediment load. The predicted loss of fish species is evident at a 10% alteration in the ecological variables of the rivers. Conclusion. The predicted loss of fish species richness is indicated at a10% alteration of the habitat factors in most of the rivers and can be useful for river planners and conservationists.

The complexity in the tsunami phenomenon makes the available warning systems not much effective in the practical situations. The problem arises due to the time lapsed in the data transfer, processing and modeling. The modeling and simulation needs the input fault geometry and mechanism of the earthquake. The estimation of these parameters and other aprior information increases the utilized time for making any warning. Here, the wavelet analysis is used to identify the tsunamigenesis of an earthquake. The frequency content of the seismogram in time scale domain is examined using wavelet transform. The energy content in high frequencies is calculated and gives a threshold for tsunami warnings. Only first few minutes of the seismograms of the earthquake events are used for quick estimation. The results for the earthquake events of Andaman Sumatra region and other historic events are promising.

Amputation of the penis is a rare condition reported from various parts of the world as isolated cases or small series of patients; the common aetiology is self-mutilating sharp amputation or an avulsion or crush injury in an industrial accident. A complete reconstruction of all penile structures should be attempted in one stage which provides the best chance for full rehabilitation of the patient. We report here a single case of total amputation of the penis, which was successfully reattached by using a microsurgical technique. After surgery, near-normal appearance and function including a good urine flow and absence of urethral stricture, capabilities of erection and near normal sensitivity were observed.

Maxillonasal dysplasia or Binder′s syndrome is an uncommon congenital condition characterized by a retruded mid-face with an extremely flat nose. We report here six patients with maxillonasal dysplasia whose noses were corrected with onlay costal cartilage grafts using a combined oral vestibular and external rhinoplasty approach for nasal dorsal augmentation, columellar lengthening, and premaxillary augmentation. The cartilage graft was dipped in a solution of 100 ml 0.9% NaCl and one vial (80mg) gentamicin for 30 min to prevent warping. L struts made for nasal augmentation, columellar lengthening, and premaxillary augmentation were fixed to one another by slots made in the graft. This technique has been used in children, adults, and for secondary cases with promising results. All patients were of class I dental occlusion. The nasal and premaxillary augmentation which was monitored by serial photography was found to be stable over a follow-up period of three years