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1. Protocol for the development and validation of a risk prediction model for stillbirths from 35 weeks gestation in Australia

Author: Jessica K. Sexton, Michael Coory, Sailesh Kumar, Gordon Smith, Adrienne Gordon, Georgina Chambers, Gavin Pereira, Camille Raynes-Greenow, Lisa Hilder, Philippa Middleton, Anneka Bowman, Scott N. Lieske, Kara Warrilow, Jonathan Morris, David Ellwood, and Vicki Flenady
Subjects: Fetal death, Stillbirth, Prediction, Prognostic, Risk, Obstetrics, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract: Abstract Background Despite advances in the care of women and their babies in the past century, an estimated 1.7 million babies are born still each year throughout the world. A robust method to estimate a pregnant woman’s individualized risk of late-pregnancy stillbirth is needed to inform decision-making around the timing of birth to reduce the risk of stillbirth from 35 weeks of gestation in Australia, a high-resource setting. Methods This is a protocol for a cross-sectional study of all late-pregnancy births in Australia (2005–2015) from 35 weeks of gestation including 5188 stillbirths among 3.1 million births at an estimated rate of 1.7 stillbirths per 1000 births. A multivariable logistic regression model will be developed in line with current T ransparent R eporting of a multivariable prediction model for I ndividual P rognosis or D iagnosis (TRIPOD) guidelines to estimate the gestation-specific probability of stillbirth with prediction intervals. Candidate predictors were identified from systematic reviews and clinical consultation and will be described through univariable regression analysis. To generate a final model, elimination by backward stepwise multivariable logistic regression will be performed. The model will be internally validated using bootstrapping with 1000 repetitions and externally validated using a temporally unique dataset. Overall model performance will be assessed with R 2 , calibration, and discrimination. Calibration will be reported using a calibration plot with 95% confidence intervals (α = 0.05). Discrimination will be measured by the C-statistic and area underneath the receiver-operator curves. Clinical usefulness will be reported as positive and negative predictive values, and a decision curve analysis will be considered. Discussion A robust method to predict a pregnant woman’s individualized risk of late-pregnancy stillbirth is needed to inform timely, appropriate care to reduce stillbirth. Among existing prediction models designed for obstetric use, few have been subject to internal and external validation and many fail to meet recommended reporting standards. In developing a risk prediction model for late-gestation stillbirth with both providers and pregnant women in mind, we endeavor to develop a validated model for clinical use in Australia that meets current reporting standards.
Published: 2020
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2. 447 EVALUATING A DIGITAL INTERVENTION FOR OVERACTIVE BLADDER: OAB PILOT STUDY

Author: C Sooknarine, F Salameh, N Burke, B Staunton, E Carr, K Sexton, G Agnew, A Downey, F D’Arcy, and S Sarma
Subjects: Diseases of the genitourinary system. Urology, RC870-923
Published: 2022
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3. Does skin surface temperature variation account for Buruli ulcer lesion distribution?

Author: Nicola K Sexton-Oates, Andrew J Stewardson, Arvind Yerramilli, and Paul D R Johnson
Subjects: Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, RC955-962, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract: BackgroundBuruli ulcer is a necrotising infection of skin and soft tissue caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans (M. ulcerans). Buruli ulcer most often occurs on limbs, and it is hypothesized this is explained by direct exposure to the environment. However, even on exposed areas Buruli ulcer is not randomly distributed. M. ulcerans prefers an in vitro temperature of 30-33°C and growth is inhibited at higher temperatures. This study investigated whether variations in skin surface temperature distribution in healthy volunteers could partly account for Buruli ulcer lesion distribution.Methodology/principal findingsIn this observational study, a thermal camera (FLIR E8) was used to measure skin surface temperature at the sternal notch and at 44 predetermined locations on the limbs of 18 human participants. Body locations of high, middle and low Buruli ulcer incidence were identified from existing density maps of lesion distribution. Skin temperature of the three incidence location groups were compared, and differences in age and sex groups were also analysed. We found an inverse relationship between skin temperature and lesion distribution, where high incidence locations were significantly cooler and low incidence locations significantly warmer (Kruskal-Wallis test pConclusions/significanceWe have found an inverse relationship between skin temperature and Buruli ulcer lesion distribution, however this association is weak. Additional unknown factors are likely to be involved that explain the majority of the variation in Buruli lesion distribution.
Published: 2020
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4. Risks of mining to salmonid-bearing watersheds

Author: Christopher J. Sergeant, Erin K. Sexton, Jonathan W. Moore, Alana R. Westwood, Sonia A. Nagorski, Joseph L. Ebersole, David M. Chambers, Sarah L. O’Neal, Rachel L. Malison, F. Richard Hauer, Diane C. Whited, Jill Weitz, Jackie Caldwell, Marissa Capito, Mark Connor, Christopher A. Frissell, Greg Knox, Erin D. Lowery, Randal Macnair, Vicki Marlatt, Jenifer K. McIntyre, Megan V. McPhee, and Nikki Skuce
Subjects: Multidisciplinary
Abstract: Mining provides resources for people but can pose risks to ecosystems that support cultural keystone species. Our synthesis reviews relevant aspects of mining operations, describes the ecology of salmonid-bearing watersheds in northwestern North America, and compiles the impacts of metal and coal extraction on salmonids and their habitat. We conservatively estimate that this region encompasses nearly 4000 past producing mines, with present-day operations ranging from small placer sites to massive open-pit projects that annually mine more than 118 million metric tons of earth. Despite impact assessments that are intended to evaluate risk and inform mitigation, mines continue to harm salmonid-bearing watersheds via pathways such as toxic contaminants, stream channel burial, and flow regime alteration. To better maintain watershed processes that benefit salmonids, we highlight key windows during the mining governance life cycle for science to guide policy by more accurately accounting for stressor complexity, cumulative effects, and future environmental change.
Published: 2022

5. The Phase-I trigger readout electronics upgrade of the ATLAS Liquid Argon calorimeters

Author: G. Aad, A.V. Akimov, K. Al Khoury, M. Aleksa, T. Andeen, C. Anelli, N. Aranzabal, C. Armijo, A. Bagulia, J. Ban, T. Barillari, F. Bellachia, M. Benoit, F. Bernon, A. Berthold, H. Bervas, D. Besin, A. Betti, Y. Bianga, M. Biaut, D. Boline, J. Boudreau, T. Bouedo, N. Braam, M. Cano Bret, G. Brooijmans, H. Cai, C. Camincher, A. Camplani, S. Cap, A. Carbone, J.W.S. Carter, S.V. Chekulaev, H. Chen, K. Chen, N. Chevillot, M. Citterio, B. Cleland, M. Constable, S. de Jong, A.M. Deiana, M. Delmastro, B. Deng, H. Deschamps, C. Diaconu, A. Dik, B. Dinkespiler, N. Dumont Dayot, A. Emerman, Y. Enari, P.J. Falke, J. Farrell, W. Fielitz, E. Fortin, J. Fragnaud, S. Franchino, L. Gantel, K. Gigliotti, D. Gong, A. Grabas, P. Grohs, N. Guettouche, T. Guillemin, D. Guo, J. Guo, L. Hasley, C. Hayes, R. Hentges, L. Hervas, M. Hils, J. Hobbs, A. Hoffman, D. Hoffmann, P. Horn, T. Hryn'ova, L. Iconomidou-Fayard, R. Iguchi, T. James, J. Ye, K. Johns, T. Junkermann, C. Kahra, E.F. Kay, R. Keeler, S. Ketabchi Haghighat, P. Kinget, E. Knoops, A. Kolbasin, P. Krieger, J. Kuppambatti, L.L. Kurchaninov, E. Ladygin, S. Lafrasse, M.P.J. Landon, F. Lanni, S. Latorre, D. Laugier, M. Lazzaroni, X. Le, P. Le Bourlout, C.A. Lee, M. Lefebvre, M.A.L. Leite, C. Leroy, X. Li, Z. Li, F. Liang, H. Liu, C. Liu, T. Liu, H. Ma, L.L. Ma, D.J. Mahon, U. Mallik, B. Mansoulie, A.L. Maslennikov, N. Matsuzawa, R.A. McPherson, S. Menke, A. Milic, Y. Minami, E. Molina, E. Monnier, N. Morange, L. Morvaj, J. Mueller, C. Mwewa, R. Narayan, N. Nikiforou, I. Ochoa, R. Oishi, D. Oliveira Damazio, R.E. Owen, C. Pancake, D.K. Panchal, G. Perrot, M.-A. Pleier, P. Poffenberger, R. Porter, S. Quan, J. Rabel, A. Roy, J.P. Rutherfoord, F. Sabatini, F. Salomon, E. Sauvan, A.C. Schaffer, R.D. Schamberger, Ph. Schwemling, C. Secord, L. Selem, K. Sexton, E. Shafto, M.V. Silva Oliveira, S. Simion, S. Singh, W. Sippach, A.A. Snesarev, S. Snyder, M. Spalla, S. Stärz, A. Straessner, P. Strizenec, R. Stroynowski, V.V. Sulin, J. Tanaka, S. Tang, S. Tapprogge, G.F. Tartarelli, G. Tateno, K. Terashi, S. Tisserant, D. Tompkins, G. Unal, M. Unal, K. Uno, A. Vallier, S. Vieira de Souza, R. Walker, Q. Wang, C. Wang, R. Wang, M. Wessels, I. Wingerter-Seez, K. Wolniewicz, W. Wu, Z. Xiandong, R. Xu, H. Xu, S. Yamamoto, Y. Yang, H. Zaghia, J. Zang, T. Zhang, H.L. Zhu, V. Zhulanov, E. Zonca, G. Zuk, Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie (IJCLab), and Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Calorimeters, Electronic detector readout concepts (gas, liquid), Front-end electronics for detector readout, Radiation-hard electronics, FOS: Physical sciences, showers: hadronic, High Energy Physics - Experiment, topological, LAr, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Settore ING-INF/07 - Misure Elettriche e Elettroniche, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], showers: electromagnetic, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Detectors and Experimental Techniques, Instrumentation, physics.ins-det, Calorimeter, ATLAS, Mathematical Physics, background, hep-ex, Settore FIS/01 - Fisica Sperimentale, showers: spatial distribution, ATLAS: upgrade, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), trigger, electronics: upgrade, CERN LHC Coll, electronics: readout, Physics::Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, calorimeter: liquid argon, CALORÍMETROS, performance, Particle Physics - Experiment
Abstract: The Phase-I trigger readout electronics upgrade of the ATLAS Liquid Argon calorimeters enhances the physics reach of the experiment during the upcoming operation at increasing Large Hadron Collider luminosities. The new system, installed during the second Large Hadron Collider Long Shutdown, increases the trigger readout granularity by up to a factor of ten as well as its precision and range. Consequently, the background rejection at trigger level is improved through enhanced filtering algorithms utilizing the additional information for topological discrimination of electromagnetic and hadronic shower shapes. This paper presents the final designs of the new electronic elements, their custom electronic devices, the procedures used to validate their proper functioning, and the performance achieved during the commissioning of this system., Comment: 56 pages, 41 figures, 6 tables
Published: 2022

6. Characterization of endophytic bacterial communities within greenhouse and field-grown rhizomes of three rare pitcher plant species (Sarracenia oreophila, S. leucophylla, and S. purpurea spp. venosa) with an emphasis on nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Author: Kylie Bucalo, W. K. Sexton, M. Fidero, Lin Jiang, Jennifer M. Cruse-Sanders, Jim C. Spain, and Gerald S. Pullman
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Sarracenia, biology, Sarracenia oreophila, food and beverages, Soil Science, Leucophylla, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Plant Science, biology.organism_classification, 16S ribosomal RNA, 01 natural sciences, Rhizome, Pitcher plant, Botany, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Nitrogen fixation, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Diazotroph, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Several Sarracenia species are endangered due to habitat destruction. Knowledge of their microbiomes may better inform reintroduction efforts. We characterized bacterial communities within rhizomes of three species with an emphasis on diazotrophs. Microbiomes of wild and greenhouse-grown Sarracenia were characterized using cultivation-independent and cultivation-dependent methods, including Illumina MiSeq, 16S rRNA and nifH qPCR, colony identification via 16S rRNA sequencing, and nifH colony PCR. Rhizomes were tested for biological nitrogen fixation using acetylene reduction assays. Diazotrophs make up a notable proportion of the S. oreophila microbiome according to qPCR. Microbiomes of greenhouse S. oreophila varied from wild ones by having greater proportions of diazotrophs as indicated by qPCR. Wild and greenhouse plant microbiomes also differed with respect to several phylogenetic groups. Acetylene reduction assays indicated that nitrogen fixation occurred in some rhizomes. Multiple colonies from S. leucophylla and S. purpurea were nifH+, and 16S rRNA sequencing likewise revealed dissimilarities between wild and greenhouse-grown plant microbiomes. Our study is the first to characterize bacterial communities within Sarracenia rhizomes and demonstrates that substantial differences exist between wild and greenhouse plants. We provide evidence that Sarracenia can contain large populations of diazotrophs that may help explain how these plants survive in oligotrophic environments.
Published: 2019

7. Naturalistic study of environmental factors impacting sleep quality in young adult college students

Author: K. Sexton-Radek
Subjects: General Medicine
Published: 2022

8. The influence of patient size on the overall uncertainty in radiographic dose audit

Author: David Sutton, K Sexton, Mark Worrall, J C O’Neill, S McVey, and M Van Loon
Subjects: business.industry, Radiography, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Uncertainty, General Medicine, Audit, Water equivalent, Cohort Studies, Kerma, Sample size determination, Statistics, Calibration, Measurement uncertainty, Humans, Limit (mathematics), business, Waste Management and Disposal, Mathematics
Abstract: The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of patient and cohort size on the overall uncertainty associated with dose audit using radiography of the abdomen as the exemplar. Water equivalent diameterDwwas used as the surrogate for patient size and its distribution (σ(Dw)) was used to quantify the effect of sample size. The more precise the kerma area product calibration, the more patients are required in the cohort to have the same impact on the overall uncertainty. Patient sample sizes of 300-400 will result in expanded uncertainties approaching the theoretical limit of double the measurement uncertainty when audits are performed with instruments having measurement uncertainties equal to ±7%, ±10% or ±12.5%. By way of example, for a field instrument with a measurement uncertainty of ±10%, a minimum sample size of 350 is required to achieve a total expanded uncertainty of ±21%. In the case of instruments with associated measurement uncertainty of ±3.5%, patient sample sizes of 300-400 will result in expanded uncertainties of approximately ±10%. From review of the literature and comparison with the results obtained here, it is conjectured that for radiographic dose audits of all parts of the trunk the contribution to overall uncertainty due to patient and sample size could be predicted using an indicative value forσ(Dw) of 3.4 where local data is not available.
Published: 2020

9. Canada's mines pose transboundary risks

Author: F. Richard Hauer, Vicki L. Marlatt, Diane C. Whited, Jennifer McIntyre, Adrienne Berchtold, Marissa Capito, Greg Knox, Jill Weitz, Rachel L. Malison, Randal Macnair, Nikki Skuce, Alana R. Westwood, Christopher A. Frissell, Sarah L. O'Neal, Sonia A. Nagorski, Megan V. McPhee, Leslie A. Jones, Christopher J. Sergeant, Jennifer Hamblen, Jonathan W. Moore, Erin K. Sexton, and David M. Chambers
Subjects: Multidisciplinary, Geography, MEDLINE, Environmental planning
Published: 2020

10. Does skin surface temperature variation account for Buruli ulcer lesion distribution?

Author: Paul Dr Johnson, Arvind Yerramilli, Nicola K. Sexton-Oates, and Andrew J. Stewardson
Subjects: Male, Bacterial Diseases, 0301 basic medicine, Buruli ulcer, Physiology, RC955-962, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Body Temperature, 0302 clinical medicine, Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, Healthy volunteers, Medicine and Health Sciences, Medicine, Child, Buruli Ulcer, Musculoskeletal System, Skin, biology, Incidence (epidemiology), Temperature, Soft tissue, Surface Temperature, Middle Aged, Healthy Volunteers, Actinobacteria, Infectious Diseases, Physiological Parameters, Mycobacterium ulcerans, Physical Sciences, Female, Anatomy, medicine.symptom, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270, Research Article, Neglected Tropical Diseases, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Surface Properties, Skin surface temperature, Materials Science, Material Properties, 030231 tropical medicine, Lesion, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, Signs and Symptoms, Diagnostic Medicine, Humans, Distribution (pharmacology), Aged, Bacteria, business.industry, Organisms, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Biology and Life Sciences, Tropical Diseases, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Dermatology, Biting, 030104 developmental biology, Age Groups, Body Limbs, People and Places, Lesions, Population Groupings, Skin Temperature, business
Abstract: BackgroundBuruli ulcer is a necrotising infection of skin and soft tissue caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans (M. ulcerans). Buruli ulcer most often occurs on limbs, and it is hypothesized this is explained by direct exposure to the environment. However, even on exposed areas Buruli ulcer is not randomly distributed. M. ulcerans prefers an in vitro temperature of 30-33°C and growth is inhibited at higher temperatures. This study investigated whether variations in skin surface temperature distribution in healthy volunteers could partly account for Buruli ulcer lesion distribution.Methodology/Principal FindingsIn this observational study, a thermal camera (FLIR E8) was used to measure skin surface temperature at the sternal notch and at 44 predetermined locations on the limbs of 18 human participants. Body locations of high, middle and low Buruli ulcer incidence were identified from existing density maps of lesion distribution. Skin temperature of the three incidence location groups were compared, and differences in age and sex groups were also analysed.We found an inverse relationship between skin temperature and lesion distribution, where high incidence locations were significantly cooler and low incidence locations significantly warmer (Kruskal-Wallis test pConclusions/SignificanceWe have found an inverse relationship between skin temperature and Buruli ulcer lesion distribution, however this association is weak. Additional unknown factors are likely to be involved that explain the majority of the variation in Buruli lesion distribution.Author SummaryBuruli ulcer is a destructive soft tissue infection caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium ulcerans. The precise mode of transmission remains unknown. One theory proposes that transmission occurs by direct contact with a contaminated environment. Lesions occur mostly on limbs, and it is hypothesized this is explained by direct exposure to the environment. However even on exposed areas, lesions are not randomly distributed. This study investigated whether skin surface temperature can partly explain Buruli ulcer lesion distribution. We measured the skin surface temperature of 18 healthy participants using a thermal camera and compared temperature distribution to the distribution of Buruli ulcer lesions investigated in a previously published study. We found that there is a negative correlation between skin temperature and Buruli ulcer lesion incidence. However, the association is weak and other factors e.g. clothing choice and insect biting patterns may explain the majority of Buruli ulcer lesion distribution.
Published: 2020

11. CEMENT BURNS

Author: Aaron J. Lacy, Clifford L. Freeman, and McKenna K. Sexton
Subjects: Male, Burns, Chemical, Emergency Medicine, Bone Cements, Humans, Child, Emergency Service, Hospital, Referral and Consultation
Abstract: Burns are a common condition presenting to the emergency department; the majority are thermal burns. The treatment for thermal burns and chemical burns differs greatly, and prompt recognition of a chemical burn is necessary. An often unrecognized and underestimated type of chemical burn is an alkali burn from wet cement.A 7-year-old boy was transferred from an outside facility for evaluation of burns after exposure to wet cement. The patient underwent partial decontamination at the outside facility with polyethylene glycol and, to prevent ongoing alkali burns, the patient necessitated further decontamination with irrigation. Burn surgery was consulted for additional evaluation. The patient required no further intervention and the patient was discharged to home and made a full recovery. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: Serious morbidity and mortality can occur from unrecognized cement burns, and early decontamination and evaluation by a burn surgeon is necessary. It is critical that emergency physicians both recognize and appropriately treat this condition in a timely manner to prevent adverse outcomes.
Published: 2019

12. Global sleep health in a COVID-19 virus-infected world

Author: A. DiNardi, E. Baxter, T. Levitt, B. Burkes, and K. Sexton-Radek
Subjects: 2019-20 coronavirus outbreak, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), business.industry, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Medicine, business, Virology, Sleep in non-human animals, Virus
Published: 2020

13. The DUNE Far Detector Interim Design Report Volume 1: Physics, Technology and Strategies

Author: Collaboration, D, Abi, B, Acciarri, R, Acero, M, Adamowski, M, Adams, C, Adams, D, Adamson, P, Adinolfi, M, Ahmad, Z, Albright, C, Aliaga Soplin, L, Alion, T, Alonso Monsalve, S, Alrashed, M, Alt, C, Anderson, J, Anderson, K, Andreopoulos, C, Andrews, M, Andrews, R, Ankowski, A, Anthony, J, Antonello, M, Antonova, M, Antusch, S, Aranda Fernandez, A, Ariga, A, Ariga, T, Aristizabal Sierra, D, Arrieta Diaz, E, Asaadi, J, Ascencio, M, Asner, D, Athar, M, Auger, M, Aurisano, A, Aushev, V, Autiero, D, Azfar, F, Back, A, Back, H, Back, J, Backhouse, C, Baesso, P, Bagby, L, Bai, X, Baird, M, Balantekin, B, Balasubramanian, S, Baller, B, Ballett, P, Balleyguier, L, Bambah, B, Band, H, Bansal, M, Bansal, S, Barenboim, G, Barker, G, Barnes, C, Barr, G, Barranco Monarca, J, Barros, N, Barrow, J, Bashyal, A, Basque, V, Bass, M, Bay, F, Bays, K, Bazo, J, Beacom, J, Bechetoille, E, Behera, B, Bellantoni, L, Bellettini, G, Bellini, V, Beltramello, O, Belver, D, Benekos, N, Benetti, P, Bercellie, A, Berman, E, Bernardini, P, Berner, R, Berns, H, Bernstein, R, Bertolucci, S, Betancourt, M, Bhatnagar, V, Bhattacharjee, M, Bhuyan, B, Biagi, S, Bian, J, Biery, K, Bilki, B, Bishai, M, Bitadze, A, Blackburn, T, Blake, A, Blanco Siffert, B, Blaszczyk, F, Blaufuss, E, Blazey, G, Blennow, M, Blucher, E, Bocean, V, Boffelli, F, Boissevain, J, Bolognesi, S, Bolton, T, Bonesini, M, Boone, T, Booth, A, Booth, C, Bordoni, S, Borkum, A, Boschi, T, Bour, P, Bourguille, B, Boyd, S, Boyden, D, Bracinik, J, Brailsford, D, Brandt, A, Bremer, J, Brice, S, Bromberg, C, Brooijmans, G, Brooke, J, Brown, G, Buchanan, N, Budd, H, de Holanda, P, Cai, T, Caiulo, D, Calafiura, P, Calatayud, A, Calcutt, J, Callahan, C, Calligarich, E, Calvo, E, Camilleri, L, Caminata, A, Campanelli, M, Cancelo, G, Cankocak, K, Cantini, C, Caratelli, D, Carlus, B, Carneiro, M, Caro Terrazas, I, Carroll, T, Carvallo, M, Cascella, M, Castromonte, C, Catano-Mur, E, Cavalli-Sforza, M, Cavanna, F, Cazzato, E, Centro, S, Cerati, G, Cervelli, A, Cervera Villanueva, A, Cervi, T, Chalifour, M, Chappuis, A, Chatterjee, A, Chattopadhyay, S, Chaves, J, Chen, H, Chen, M, Chen, S, Cherdack, D, Chi, C, Childress, S, Cho, K, Choubey, S, Choudhary, B, Christensen, A, Christian, D, Christodoulou, G, Christofferson, C, Church, E, Clarke, P, Coan, T, Cocco, A, Collin, G, Conley, E, Conrad, J, Convery, M, Corey, R, Corwin, L, Cotte, P, Cremonesi, L, Crespo-Anadón, J, Creus Prats, J, Cristaldo, E, Crivelli, P, Cronin-Hennessy, D, Crowley, C, Cuesta, C, Curioni, A, Cussans, D, Dabrowski, M, Dale, D, Da Motta, H, Davenne, T, Davenport, E, Davies, G, Davies, J, Davini, S, Dawson, J, De, K, Decowski, M, Dedin Neto, P, de Icaza Astiz, I, Delbart, A, Delepine, D, Delgado, M, Dell, A, de Mello Neto, J, Demuth, D, Deng, Z, Dennis, S, Densham, C, De Bonis, I, De Gouvêa, A, De Jong, P, De Lurgio, P, De Rijck, S, De Roeck, A, de Vries, J, Dharmapalan, R, Dhingra, N, Diamantopoulou, M, Diaz, F, Díaz, J, Diaz Bautista, G, Ding, P, Distefano, C, Diwan, M, Di Domizio, S, Di Giulio, L, Di Luise, S, Djurcic, Z, Doizon, F, Dokania, N, Dolinski, M, Dong, R, dos Anjos, J, Douglas, D, Drake, G, Duchesneau, D, Duffy, K, Dung, B, Dutta, D, Duvernois, M, Duyang, H, Dvornikov, O, Dwyer, D, Dye, S, Dyshkant, A, Dytman, S, Eads, M, Eberly, B, Edmunds, D, Eisch, J, Elagin, A, Elliott, S, Ellsworth, W, Elnimr, M, Emery, S, Eno, S, Ereditato, A, Escobar, C, Escudero Sanchez, L, Evans, J, Ezeribe, A, Fahey, K, Falcone, A, Falk, L, Farbin, A, Farnese, C, Farzan, Y, Fasoli, M, Fava, A, Felix, J, Fernandez-Martinez, E, Fernandez Menendez, P, Ferraro, F, Feyzi, F, Fields, L, Filkins, A, Filthaut, F, Finch, A, Fischer, O, Fitton, M, Fitzpatrick, R, Flanagan, W, Fleming, B, Flight, R, Forest, T, Fowler, J, Fox, W, Franc, J, Francis, K, Franchini, P, Franco, D, Freeman, J, Freestone, J, Fried, J, Friedland, A, Fuess, S, Furic, I, Furmanski, A, Gago, A, Gallagher, H, Gallego-Ros, A, Galymov, V, Gamberini, E, Gambetta, S, Gamble, T, Gandhi, R, Gandrajula, R, Gao, S, Garcia-Gamez, D, Gardiner, S, Gastler, D, Gehrlein, J, Gelli, B, Gendotti, A, Ghorbani-Moghaddam, Z, Ghosh, A, Gibin, D, Gil-Botella, I, Girerd, C, Giri, A, Glavin, S, Goeldi, D, Gogota, O, Gold, M, Gollapinni, S, Gollwitzer, K, Gomes, R, Gomez, L, Gomez Bermeo, L, Gomez Cadenas, J, Gong, H, Gonnella, F, Gonzalez-Cuevas, J, Goodman, M, Goodwin, O, Gorbunov, D, Goswami, S, Goudzovski, E, Grace, C, Graf, N, Graham, M, Gramellini, E, Gran, R, Grant, A, Grant, C, Grant, N, Greco, V, Green, S, Greenlee, H, Greenler, L, Greenwood, M, Greer, J, Griffith, W, Groh, M, Grudzinski, J, Grzelak, K, Guanghua, G, Guardincerri, E, Guarino, V, Guedes, G, Guenette, R, Guglielmi, A, Guo, B, Gupta, S, Gupta, V, Guthikonda, K, Gutierrez, R, Guzowski, P, Guzzo, M, Habig, A, Hackenburg, R, Hackenburg, A, Hackett, B, Hadavand, H, Haenni, R, Hahn, A, Haigh, J, Haines, T, Haiston, J, Hamernik, T, Hamilton, P, Han, J, Handler, T, Hans, S, Harris, D, Hartnell, J, Hasegawa, T, 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Pantic, A. Paolo, V. Paolone, V. Papadimitriou, R. Papaleo, S. Paramesvaran, J. Park, S. Parke, Z. Parsa, S. Pascoli, J. Pasternak, J. Pater, L. Patrizii, R. B. Patterson, S. J. Patton, T. Patzak, A. Paudel, B. Paulos, L. Paulucci, Z. Pavlovic, G. Pawloski, P. Payam, D. Payne, V. Pec, S. J. M. Peeters, E. Pennacchio, A. Penzo, G. N. Perdue, O. l. G. Peres, L. Periale, K. Petridis, G. Petrillo, R. Petti, P. Picchi, L. Pickering, F. Pietropaolo, J. Pillow, P. Plonski, R. Plunkett, R. Poling, X. Pons, N. Poonthottathil, M. Popovic, R. Pordes, S. Pordes, M. Potekhin, R. Potenza, B. Potukuchi, S. Poudel, J. Pozimski, M. Pozzato, T. Prakasj, R. Preece, O. Prokofiev, N. Pruthi, P. Przewlocki, F. Psihas, D. PugnËre, D. Pushka, K. Qi, X. Qian, J. L. Raaf, R. Raboanary, V. Radeka, J. Rademacker, V. Radescu, B. Radics, A. Radovic, A. Rafique, M. Rajaoalisoa, I. Rakhno, H. T. Rakotondramanana, L. Rakotondravohitra, Y. A. Ramachers, R. A. Rameika, M. A. Ramirez Delgado, J. Ramsey, B. J. Ramson, A. Rappoldi, G. L. Raselli, P. Ratoff, S. Ravat, O. Ravinez, H. Razafinime, B. Rebel, D. Redondo, C. Regenfus, M. Reggiani-Guzzo, T. Rehak, J. Reichenbacher, D. Reitzner, M. H. Reno, A. Renshaw, S. Rescia, F. Resnati, A. Reynolds, G. Riccobene, L. C. J. Rice, K. Rielage, K. Riesselmann, Y. -A. Rigaut, D. Rivera, L. Rochester, M. Roda, P. Rodrigues, M. J. Rodriguez Alonso, B. Roe, A. J. Roeth, R. M. Roser, M. Ross-Lonergan, M. Rossella, J. Rout, S. Roy, A. Rubbia, C. Rubbia, R. Rucinski, B. Russell, J. Russell, D. Ruterbories, M. R. Vagins, R. Saakyan, N. Sahu, P. Sala, G. Salukvadze, N. Samios, F. Sanchez, M. C. Sanchez, C. Sandoval, B. Sands, S. U. Sankar, S. Santana, L. M. Santos, G. Santucci, N. Saoulidou, P. Sapienza, C. Sarasty, I. Sarcevic, G. Savage, A. Scaramelli, A. Scarpelli, T. Schaffer, H. Schellman, P. Schlabach, C. M. Schloesser, D. W. Schmitz, J. Schneps, K. Scholberg, A. Schukraft, E. Segreto, S. Sehrawat, J. Sensenig, I. Seong, J. A. Sepulveda-Quiroz, A. Sergi, F. Sergiampietri, D. Sessumes, K. Sexton, L. Sexton-Kennedy, D. Sgalaberna, M. H. Shaevitz, S. Shafaq, J. S. Shahi, S. Shahsavarani, P. Shanahan, H. R. Sharma, R. Sharma, R. K. Sharma, T. Shaw, S. Shin, I. Shoemaker, D. Shooltz, R. Shrock, N. Simos, J. Sinclair, G. Sinev, V. Singh, J. Singh, I. Singh, R. Sipos, F. W. Sippach, G. Sirri, K. Siyeon, D. Smargianaki, A. Smith, E. Smith, P. Smith, J. Smolik, M. Smy, E. L. Snider, P. Snopok, J. Sobczyk, H. Sobel, M. Soderberg, C. J. Solano Salinas, S. Söldner-Rembold, N. Solomey, W. Sondheim, M. Sorel, J. A. Soto-Oton, A. Sousa, K. Soustruznik, F. Spagliardi, M. Spanu, J. Spitz, N. J. C. Spooner, R. Staley, M. Stancari, L. Stanco, A. Stefanik, H. M. Steiner, J. Stewart, J. Stock, F. Stocker, S. Stoica, J. Stone, J. Strait, M. Strait, T. Strauss, S. Striganov, A. Stuart, G. Sullivan, M. Sultana, Y. Sun, A. Surdo, V. Susic, L. Suter, C. M. Sutera, R. Svoboda, B. Szczerbinska, A. M. Szelc, N. Tagg, R. Talaga, H. Tanaka, B. Tapia Oregui, S. Tariq, E. Tatar, R. Tayloe, M. Tenti, K. Terao, C. A. Ternes, F. Terranova, G. Testera, A. Thea, L. F. Thompson, J. Thompson, C. Thorn, A. Timilsina, S. C. Timm, J. Todd, A. Tonazzo, T. Tope, D. Torbunov, M. Torti, M. Tórtola, F. Tortorici, M. Toups, C. Touramanis, J. Trevor, M. Tripathi, W. Tromeur, I. Tropin, W. H. Trzaska, Y. -T. Tsai, K. V. Tsang, A. Tsaris, S. Tufanli, C. Tull, J. Turner, M. Tzanov, E. Tziaferi, Y. Uchida, J. Urheim, T. Usher, G. A. Valdiviesso, E. Valencia, L. Valerio, Z. Vallari, J. W. F. Valle, R. Van Berg, R. Van de Water, F. Varanini, G. Varner, J. Vasel, G. Vasseur, K. Vaziri, G. Velev, S. Ventura, A. Verdugo, M. Vermeulen, E. Vernon, M. Verzocchi, T. Viant, C. Vignoli, S. Vihonen, C. Vilela, B. Viren, P. Vokac, T. Vrba, T. Wachala, D. Wahl, M. Wallbank, H. Wang, J. Wang, T. -C. Wang, B. Wang, Y. Wang, Z. Wang, K. Warburton, D. Warner, M. O. Wascko, D. Waters, A. Watson, A. Weber, M. Weber, H. Wei, W. Wei, A. Weinstein, D. Wenman, M. Wetstein, M. While, A. White, L. H. Whitehead, D. Whittington, K. Wierman, M. Wilking, C. Wilkinson, J. Willhite, Z. Williams, R. J. Wilson, P. Wilson, P. Wittich, J. Wolcott, T. Wongjirad, K. Wood, L. Wood, E. Worcester, M. Worcester, S. Wu, W. Wu, W. Xu, C. Yanagisawa, S. Yang, T. Yang, G. Yang, J. Ye, M. Yeh, N. Yershov, K. Yonehara, L. Yoshimura, B. Yu, J. Yu, J. Zalesak, L. Zambelli, B. Zamorano, A. Zani, K. Zaremba, L. Zazueta, G. P. Zeller, J. Zennamo, C. Zhang, M. Zhao, Y. -L. Zhou, G. Zhu, E. D. Zimmerman, M. Zito, S. Zucchelli, J. Zuklin, V. Zutshi, and R. Zwaska
Abstract: The DUNE IDR describes the proposed physics program and technical designs of the DUNE Far Detector modules in preparation for the full TDR to be published in 2019. It is intended as an intermediate milestone on the path to a full TDR, justifying the technical choices that flow down from the high-level physics goals through requirements at all levels of the Project. These design choices will enable the DUNE experiment to make the ground-breaking discoveries that will help to answer fundamental physics questions. Volume 1 contains an executive summary that describes the general aims of this document. The remainder of this first volume provides a more detailed description of the DUNE physics program that drives the choice of detector technologies. It also includes concise outlines of two overarching systems that have not yet evolved to consortium structures: computing and calibration. Volumes 2 and 3 of this IDR describe, for the single-phase and dual-phase technologies, respectively, each detector module's subsystems, the technical coordination required for its design, construction, installation, and integration, and its organizational structure.
Published: 2018

14. Implosion chain reaction mitigation in underwater assemblies of photomultiplier tubes

Author: Nikolaos Simos, D. Wahl, S. H. Kettell, Stephen E. Turner, Terry Benson, James Stewart, R. Sharma, Paul M. Mantsch, B. Viren, Philip Tabor, J. Dolph, K. Sexton, C. Wendt, M. Bishai, Marc Kaducak, S. K. Sundaram, Hidekazu Tanaka, Douglas Arnold, J. J. Ling, A. Hahn, and M. V. Diwan
Subjects: Shock wave, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Photomultiplier, Nuclear engineering, Detector, Hydrostatic pressure, Implosion, Large format, Instrumentation, Particle detector, Cherenkov radiation
Abstract: Since the accident with a cascade failure of photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) in the Super-Kamiokande experiment in 2001, the mechanical performance of large format semi-hemispherical PMTs has become a critical issue for large water Cherenkov detectors. The subject of this study is the survival of an assembled array of PMTs under significant hydrostatic pressure and subjected to shock waves caused by the failure of a single PMT. This paper details the results of the second stage of a R&D program focused on the design and testing of different PMT assemblies to mitigate the risk of a “chain-reaction” of PMT failures. The initial results show that our PMT assembly design can effectively reduce the magnitude of the shock wave. With the testing results in this paper and the hydrodynamic simulation calculation, we can further improve the design of PMT deployment to mitigate the risk of chain reactions caused by implosion induced shock waves.
Published: 2013

15. Gender-based differences in water, sanitation and hygiene-related diarrheal disease and helminthic infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Author: Blake A. Smith, Jamesa V. Hogges, Kassandra R. Snook, Maria D. Politis, Isaac Chun-Hai Fung, Varadan Sevilimedu, Kelly K. Baker, Manoj Gambhir, Jessica K. Sexton, Carmen H. Duke, Keisha D. Pressley, and Lena C. Swander
Subjects: Diarrhea, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Sanitation, media_common.quotation_subject, 030231 tropical medicine, Helminthiasis, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Sex Factors, Hygiene, Water Supply, Environmental health, parasitic diseases, Medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Hookworm infection, media_common, biology, business.industry, Public health, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, General Medicine, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Cholera, Infectious Diseases, Meta-analysis, Hookworm Infections, Immunology, Parasitology, Female, medicine.symptom, business
Abstract: Background Qualitative evidence suggests that inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) may affect diarrheal and helminthic infection in women disproportionately. We systematically searched PubMed in June 2014 (updated 2016) and the WHO website, for relevant articles. Methods Articles dealing with the public health relevance of helminthic and diarrheal diseases, and highlighting the role of gender in WASH were included. Where possible, we carried out a meta-analysis. Results In studies of individuals 5 years or older, cholera showed lower prevalence in males (OR 0.56; 95% CI 0.34-0.94), while Schistosoma mansoni (1.38; 95% CI 1.14-1.67), Schistosoma japonicum (1.52; 95% CI 1.13-2.05), hookworm (1.43; 95% CI 1.07-1.89) and all forms of infectious diarrhea (1.21; 95% CI 1.06-1.38) showed a higher prevalence in males. When studies included all participants, S. mansoni and S. japonicum showed higher prevalence with males (OR 1.40; 95% CI 1.27-1.55 and 1.84; 95% CI 1.27-2.67, respectively). Prevalence of Trichiuris and hookworm infection showed effect modification with continent. Conclusions Evidence of gender differences in infection may reflect differences in gender norms, suggesting that policy changes at the regional level may help ameliorate gender related disparities in helminthic and diarrheal disease prevalence.
Published: 2016

16. Underwater implosions of large format photo-multiplier tubes

Author: Douglas Arnold, James Stewart, H. K. Tanaka, Nikolaos Simos, R. Sharma, M. V. Diwan, Philip Tabor, Stephen E. Turner, K. Sexton, J. J. Ling, Thomas Russo, and J. Dolph
Subjects: Shock wave, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Acoustics, Hydrostatic pressure, Detector, Implosion, Large format, law.invention, law, Wide dynamic range, Shielded cable, Underwater, Instrumentation
Abstract: Large, deep, well shielded liquid detectors have become an important technology for the detection of neutrinos over a wide dynamic range from few MeV to TeV. The critical component of this technology is the large format semi-hemispherical photo-multiplier tube with diameters in the range of 25–50 cm. The survival of an assembled array of these photo-multiplier tubes under high hydrostatic pressure is the subject of this study. These are the results from an R&D program which is intended to understand the modes of failure when a photo-multiplier tube implodes under hydrostatic pressure. Our tests include detailed measurements of the shock wave which results from the implosion of a photo-multiplier tube and a comparison of the test data to modern hydrodynamic simulation codes. Using these results we can extrapolate to other tube geometries and make recommendation on deployment of the photo-multiplier tubes in deep water detectors with a focus on risk mitigation from a tube implosion shock wave causing a chain reaction loss of multiple tubes.
Published: 2012

17. Underwater Implosions of Large Format Photo-multiplier Tubes

Author: M. V. Diwan, Nikolaos Simos, Stephen E. Turner, J. J. Ling, R. Sharma, Philip Tabor, J. Dolph, Douglas Arnold, K. Sexton, and H. K. Tanaka
Subjects: Physics, Shock wave, shock wave, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Acoustics, Detector, Hydrostatic pressure, implosion, Implosion, Large format, PMT, Physics and Astronomy(all), simulation, law.invention, law, Wide dynamic range, Shielded cable, Underwater
Abstract: Large, deep, well shielded liquid detectors have become an important technology for the detection of neutrinos over a wide dynamic range of a few MeV to TeV. The critical component of this technology is the large format semihemispherical photo-multiplier tube with diameters in the range of 25 to 50 cm. The survival of an assembled array of these photo-multiplier tubes under high hydrostatic pressure is the subject of this study. These are the results from an R&D program which is intended to understand the modes of failure when a photo-multiplier tube implodes under hydrostatic pressure. Our tests include detailed measurements of the shock wave which results from the implosion of a photo-multiplier tube and a comparison of the test data to modern hydrodynamic simulation codes. Using these results we can extrapolate to other tube geometries and make recommendation on deployment of the photo-multiplier tubes in deep water detectors with a focus on risk mitigation from a tube implosion shock wave causing a chain reaction loss of multiple tubes.
Published: 2012
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18. More Robust Monitoring for Continuous Quality Improvement in Screening Programmes

Author: N. Nair and K. Sexton
Subjects: Cancer Research, Medical education, Quality management, business.industry, media_common.quotation_subject, Context (language use), Unit (housing), Oncology, Screening programs, Medicine, Christian ministry, Quality (business), business, media_common
Abstract: Background and context: The National Screening Unit in the Ministry of Health is responsible for the safety, effectiveness, and quality of five formal screening programs in New Zealand: breast screening, cervical screening, bowel screening, newborn metabolic screening, and newborn hearing screening. Currently, each screening program has a set of standards against which performance is assessed. Each program is monitored through a range of avenues: formally reported indicators, audits, contract reporting, case reviews, etc. Aim: We aimed to review the existing monitoring across all the screening programs to: (a) Clarify what existing measures served what purpose, and for which audience (b) Review what was being captured through different monitoring avenues, to assess gaps and duplications (c) To better align our monitoring approach across all the screening programs. Strategy/Tactics: For each measure, we used a formal template to justify its existence, covering multiple aspects including rationale, lifespan, dimension of quality, screening pathway step, targets and associated evidence, thresholds for corrective action, and “owner” responsible for triggering quality improvement. We also mapped the screening program standards to various monitoring avenues to assess gaps and duplications. Program/Policy process: This process was timed to coincide with the need for developing monitoring for a new screening program (bowel screening), and revising monitoring for an established screening program undergoing a change (cervical screening switching to HPV testing as a primary screen). Outcomes: *anticipated outcomes in italics, will be completed by time of Congress* This process resulted in an overarching monitoring framework, which functions as a blueprint for screening-program-specific monitoring plans. What was learned: Screening programs have different monitoring requirements depending on what phase they are in (i.e., new versus changing versus established). Having clearly documented rationale ensures that every measure is justified and has an “evidence trail”. Having clearly documented audiences, thresholds and responsibilities for corrective action ensures that monitoring contributes to continuous quality improvement, rather than monitoring for monitoring's sake.
Published: 2018

19. 0643 Circadian Rhythm Correlates in Young Adults

Author: K Sexton-Radek
Subjects: Sleep quality, business.industry, Physiology, Sleep in non-human animals, Bedtime, Melatonin, Mood, Physiology (medical), Medicine, Neurology (clinical), Circadian rhythm, Young adult, business, medicine.drug
Published: 2018

20. Test beam evaluation of newly developed n-in-p planar pixel sensors for use in a high radiation environment

Author: Yoichi Ikegami, K. Van Houten, Anna Macchiolo, A. Gisen, Minoru Hirose, Federico Meloni, Yosuke Takubo, S. Kamada, Kazunori Hanagaki, A. Butter, Mutsuto Hagihara, K. Sexton, K. Nakamura, G. Marchiori, Kazuki Todome, S. Wonsak, H. Sawai, Arnulf Quadt, Maximilian Swiatlowski, Kazuhisa Yamamura, Julia Rieger, A. Ducourthial, Geoffrey Mullier, Y. Homma, A. Rummler, T. Rashid, Jens Weingarten, Kenneth Wraight, Junji Tojo, Samuel Joseph Crawley, Osamu Jinnouchi, Kazuki Motohashi, Natascha Savic, Clara Nellist, Andrew Blue, Dean T. Yamaguchi, F.J. Munoz, Yoshinobu Unno, M. Bomben, S. Altenheiner, Alberto Cervelli, K. Sato, M. Milovanovic, Maria Elena Stramaglia, Takanori Kono, Stefano Terzo, Ryuichi Takashima, Kazuhiko Hara, Alexander Morton, B. Paschen, K. Kimura, Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), and Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Pixel, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Cyclotron, DESY, 01 natural sciences, Noise (electronics), law.invention, Planar, law, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], Optoelectronics, Resistor, Photonics, 010306 general physics, business, Instrumentation, Radiation hardening
Abstract: International audience; Radiation-tolerant n-in-p planar pixel sensors have been under development in cooperation with Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. (HPK). This is geared towards applications in high-radiation environments, such as for the future Inner Tracker (ITk) placed in the innermost part of the ATLAS detector in the high luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) experiment. Prototypes of those sensors have been produced, irradiated, and evaluated over the last few years. In the previous studies, it was reported that significant drops in the detection efficiency were observed after irradiation, especially under bias structures. The bias structures are made up of poly-Si or Al bias rails and poly-Si bias resistors. The structure is implemented on the sensors to allow quality checks to be performed before the bump-bonding process, and to ensure that charge generated in floating pixels due to non-contacting or missing bump-bonds is dumped in a controlled way in order to avoid noise. To minimize the efficiency drop, several new pixel structures have been designed with bias rails and bias resistors relocated. Several test beams have been carried out to evaluate the drops in the detection efficiency of the new sensor structures after irradiation. Newly developed sensor modules were irradiated with proton-beams at the Cyclotron and Radio-Isotope Center (CYRIC) in Tohoku University to see the effect of sensor-bulk damage and surface charge-up. An irradiation with γ-rays was also carried out at Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Center, with the goal of decoupling the effect of surface charge-up from that of bulk damage. Those irradiated sensors have been evaluated with particle beams at DESY and CERN. Comparison between different sensor structures confirmed significant improvements in minimizing efficiency loss under the bias structures after irradiation. The results from γ-irradiation also enabled cross-checking the results of a semiconductor technology simulation program (TCAD).
Published: 2015

21. Obesity Significantly Intensifies the Depressive Symptom among Adults with Neck or Back Pain

Author: Gloria Barnett, Jessica K. Sexton, Adrian N.S. Badana, Jamesa V. Hogges, Jian Zhang, Kirsten Oliver, and Wayne Lawrence
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Neck pain, business.industry, medicine.disease, Biochemistry, Obesity, Genetics, Back pain, medicine, Physical therapy, medicine.symptom, business, Molecular Biology, Depressive symptoms, Biotechnology
Abstract: Objective: Obesity and back or neck pain are the leading chronic conditions among adults in the United States, yet the interaction between these two conditions and the role in the development of de...
Published: 2015

22. Construction, assembly and tests of the ATLAS electromagnetic barrel calorimeter

Author: B.E. Wakeland, K. Sexton, J. J. Veillet, D. England, P. Imbert, Bengt Lund-Jensen, T. Haelen, C. De La Taille, V. Drobin, C. Driouichi, C. Girard, M. Rehak, M. Knee, R. Cherkaoui, R. Alforque, Hong Ma, E.M. Abouelouafa, M. Hakimi, L. Ema, B. Beaugiraud, D.C. Rahm, E. Augé, J.P. Taguet, S. Baffioni, H. Ghazlane, R. L. McCarthy, M. Delmastro, Driss Benchekroun, D. Makowiecki, Y. El Mouahhidi, J. Steffens, J.F. Muraz, Vladimir Datskov, B. Aubert, Tancredi Carli, F. Ohlsson-Malek, Michel Gouanère, T. Hott, J. Kierstead, R. Zitoun, P. de Saintignon, I. Stumer, Y. Zolnierowski, J. Fulachier, Marcello Mazzanti, Helio Takai, Yahya Tayalati, H. S. Chen, G. Laborie, J. Schwindling, Ryszard Stroynowski, P. Perrodo, F. Molinie, Patrick Slattery, K. Bazizi, Didier Lacour, B. Belhorma, M. El Kacimi, D. Imbault, G. Sauvage, Remi Lafaye, R. Grandinetti, A. Ferrari, F. Astesan, Mauro Citterio, Arthur Schaffer, Christian Zeitnitz, J-Y. Hostachy, F. Wicek, F. Tartarelli, J-P. Meyer, Ph Martin, Louis Fayard, Veljko Radeka, Srinivasan Rajagopalan, J. Koehler, Lydia Iconomidou-Fayard, J. Thion, G. Vandoni, Nathalie Besson, A. Ben Mansour, Francesco Lanni, P. Delebecque, M.-L. Gallin-Martel, H. Zaccone, Bertrand Laforge, B. Botchev, J. Sondericker, M. Chalifour, G. Guilhem, A. Pleskatch, J. Colas, S. Rescia, M. Zdrazil, M. Mencik, J. Belorgey, Stefan Rydström, D. Cavalli, D. Dzahini, G. Costa, Howard Gordon, S. Viret, J. Hoffman, H. M. Braun, John-Bjarne Hansen, G. Le Meur, N. Seguin-Moreau, A. Jérémie, A. Gonidec, Patrick Fassnacht, C.P. Marin, V. Vuillemin, I. Wingerter-Seez, G. Unal, L. Mandelli, Ph. Schwemling, D. Sauvage, D. Goujdami, S. Saboumazrag, Marcello Fanti, A. Belymam, F. Fleuret, Claire Bourdarios, P. Perrin, W. Bonivento, S. Norton, J.M. Noppe, Daniel Fournier, Philippe Ghez, R. W. Hackenburg, J. Bremer, N. Massol, D. Durand, Henric George Wilkens, Martin Aleksa, J.L. Chevalley, G. Finocchiaro, Fares Djama, Johann Collot, D. Banfi, J. Bonis, Dirk Zerwas, Luis Hervas, Stéphane Jézéquel, Abdeslam Hoummada, David Rousseau, A. Idrissi, Maarten Boonekamp, G. Parrour, W. Bertoli, A. Hoffmann, J. Farrell, J. Ernwein, Patrick Puzo, L. Carminati, Fabienne Ledroit-Guillon, L. Serin, L. Di Ciaccio, V. Glebov, R. Othegraven, H. Przysiezniak, F. Gianotti, S. Albrand, P. Pailler, C. Lacaste, Bruno Mansoulie, F. Lobkowicz, B. Canton, Michael Rijssenbeek, D. Lissauer, C. Fabre, Th. Müller, Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ATLAS, Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)
Subjects: Cryostat, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Calorimeter (particle physics), Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Barrel (horology), Mechanical engineering, Cryogenics, 01 natural sciences, Nuclear physics, Electromagnetic calorimeter, medicine.anatomical_structure, Atlas (anatomy), 0103 physical sciences, Qualification testing, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], medicine, Physics::Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Nuclear Experiment, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation, Particle Physics - Experiment
Abstract: The construction and assembly of the two half barrels of the ATLAS central electromagnetic calorimeter and their insertion into the barrel cryostat are described. The results of the qualification tests of the calorimeter before installation in the LHC ATLAS pit are given.
Published: 2006

23. Antimicrobial Benefits of Copper Alloys

Author: J. Michel, W. Moran, A. Estelle, K. Sexton, and H. Michels
Subjects: Mechanics of Materials, Mechanical Engineering, General Materials Science
Abstract: Laboratory tests conducted at the University of Southampton, UK, found that many species of bacteria including hospital superbugs, MRSA and VRE, are killed in less than 2 h on copper alloy surfaces. Tests conducted in a third-party lab subject to EPA audits confirmed these results, concluding that a range of copper alloy surfaces, such as brass, bronze, copper nickel, and nickel silver, achieve a 99.9% reduction of bacteria within 2 h of contact and that the effect is not impaired by tarnish. Other such tests have since been conducted and the results are presented in the article.
Published: 2012

24. Hospital Use of Ethanol Survey (HUES)

Author: Robert M. Swift, Sandra B. Rhodes, Steven H. Smoger, L. Susan Wieland, Stephen W. Looney, Richard D. Blondell, and Leslie K. Sexton
Subjects: Drug Utilization, medicine.medical_specialty, Medicine (miscellaneous), Poison control, Pharmacy, Alcohol, Hospitals, General, Suicide prevention, Occupational safety and health, Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium, chemistry.chemical_compound, Epidemiology, Injury prevention, medicine, Humans, Infusions, Intravenous, Ethanol, business.industry, Alcoholic Beverages, General Medicine, Organizational Policy, United States, Surgery, Psychiatry and Mental health, Clinical Psychology, chemistry, Family medicine, Pharmacy Service, Hospital, business
Abstract: Little information exists about alcohol use within health facilities. We sought to determine alcohol use and control in acute-care hospitals by mailing a questionnaire to a convenience sample of Pharmacy Directors of 24 hospitals in two regions. Of 23 responders, in-patient alcohol was dispensed by 21 (91%) within the last 5 years. Of these 21, both beverage and intravenous alcohol were dispensed by 13 (62%), only beverage alcohol by seven (33%), and only intravenous alcohol by one (5%). No institutional policies regarding alcohol dispensing existed in 16 (70%) hospitals. Alcohol was frequently used as a patient courtesy (14/20, 70%), and to prevent withdrawal (7/20, 35%). All pharmacies procured intravenous alcohol in a formal process, but 60% (12/20) obtained beverage alcohol informally. Alcohol is widely dispensed with few guidelines in this sample of acute-care hospitals. Additional research on therapeutic efficacy, consequences, and institutional oversight of alcohol in hospitals is needed.
Published: 2002

25. Laparoscopic use of a 90-degree cross-stapling device for low rectal division

Author: Dean A. Harris, K Sexton, and S Smolarek
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, medicine.diagnostic_test, Rectal Neoplasms, business.industry, Surgical stapling, General surgery, Rectum, General Medicine, Division (mathematics), Degree (temperature), medicine.anatomical_structure, Surgical Stapling, medicine, Humans, Laparoscopy, Surgery, business, Technical Section
Published: 2017

26. Environmental Justice

Author: K. Sexton
Published: 2014

27. Enteral tube feeding in the intensive care unit

Author: Nancy A. Owens, David A. Spain, Stephen A. McClave, Leslie K. Sexton, Barbara S. Blandford, Harvy L. Snider, Mary Beth Sullins, and Joyce L. Adams
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Calorie, Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, Enteral administration, law.invention, Enteral Nutrition, law, Intensive care, medicine, Humans, Prospective Studies, Intensive care medicine, Enteral Tube Feeding, business.industry, Nutritional Requirements, Mean age, Middle Aged, Intensive care unit, Intensive Care Units, Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care, Medical icu, Coronary care unit, Female, Energy Intake, business
Abstract: To evaluate those factors that impact on the delivery of enteral tube feeding.Prospective study.Medical intensive care units (ICU) and coronary care units at two university-based hospitals.Forty-four medical ICU/coronary care unit patients (mean age, 57.8 yrs; 70% male) who were to receive nothing by mouth and were placed on enteral tube feeding.Rate of enteral tube feeding ordered, actual volume delivered, patient position, residual volume, flush volume, presence of blue food coloring in oropharynx, and stool frequency were recorded every 4 hrs. Duration and reason for cessation of enteral tube feeding were documented.Physicians ordered a daily mean volume of enteral tube feeding that was 65.6% of goal requirements, but an average of only 78.1% of the volume ordered was actually infused. Thus, patients received a mean volume of enteral tube feeding for all 339 days of infusion that was 51.6% of goal (range, 15.1% to 87.1%). Only 14% of patients reachedor = 90% of goal feeding (for a single day) within 72 hrs of the start of enteral tube feeding infusion. Of 24 patients weighed before and after, 54% were noted to lose weight on enteral tube feeding. Declining albumin levels through the enteral tube feeding period correlated significantly with decreasing percent of goal calories infused (p = .042; r2 = .13). Diarrhea occurred in 23 patients (52.3%) for a mean 38.2% of enteral tube feeding days. In1490 bedside evaluations, patients were observed to be in the supine position only 0.45%, residual volume of200 mL was found 2.8%, and blue food coloring was found in the oropharynx 5.1% of the time. Despite this, cessation of enteral tube feeding occurred in 83.7% of patients for a mean 19.6% of the potential infusion time. Sixty-six percent of the enteral tube feeding cessations was judged to be attributable to avoidable causes.The current manner in which enteral tube feeding is delivered in the ICU results in grossly inadequate nutritional support. Barely one half of patient caloric requirements are met because of underordering by physicians and reduced delivery through frequent and often inappropriate cessation of feedings.
Published: 1999

28. Tableside Sleep Intervention with Pain Patients following Physical Therapy

Author: Radek K, Sexton-, primary
Published: 2016
Full Text: View/download PDF

29. [Untitled]

Author: Stephen A. McClave, Leslie K. Sexton, Nancy A. Owens, and Harvy L. Snider
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Pancreatic disease, Pancreatic Exocrine Secretion, Physiology, business.industry, Gastroenterology, Clinical nutrition, medicine.disease, Enteral administration, Parenteral nutrition, Internal medicine, medicine, Acute pancreatitis, Pancreatitis, Ranson criteria, business
Abstract: In patients with acute pancreatitis or an acute flare of chronic pancreatitis, a discrepancy exists between increased protein/calorie requirements induced by a hypermetabolic stress state and reduced ingestion/assimilation of exogenous nutrients, which promotes progressive nutritional deterioration. Patients with severe pancreatitis (defined by > or =3 Ranson criteria, an APACHE II score of > or =10, development of major organ failure, and/or presence of pancreatic necrosis) are more likely to require aggressive nutritional support than patients with mild disease. The type of formula and level of the gastrointestinal tract into which nutrients are infused determine the degree to which pancreatic exocrine secretion is stimulated. Animal studies and early prospective randomized controlled trials in humans suggest that total enteral nutrition via jejunal feeding may be the preferred route to parenteral alimentation in this disease setting.
Published: 1997

30. A Translational Approach to Validate in Vivo Anti-tumor Effects of Chloroquine on Breast Cancer Risk

Author: A. McOwiti, P. Mayfield, K. McArthur, A. Harris, O. Conneely, K. Sexton, M. Bondy L., S. Hilsenbeck, and Clifford C. Dacso
Subjects: Drug, Antitumor activity, Oncology, Chemotherapy, medicine.medical_specialty, Epidemiologic study, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, media_common.quotation_subject, Incidence (epidemiology), Pharmacology, medicine.disease, Breast cancer, In vivo, Chloroquine, Internal medicine, Medicine, business, medicine.drug, media_common
Abstract: SUBJECT and PURPOSE: This translational epidemiologic study conducted online aims to confirm preclinical data on the chemopreventive potential of chloroquine (aminoquinoline), a well-characterized anti-malarial drug. BACKGROUND: Exposure to chloroquine, an off-patent anti-malarial drug with a 60-year history of use by millions, reduces the incidence of breast cancer in genetically programmed rats by 37%. METHODS and SCOPE: About 65% of Peace Corps volunteers received chloroquine prophylactically between 1965 and 1990. Therefore, we will collect chloroquine exposure, breast cancer risk, and breast cancer diagnosis data from returned volunteers who served during this period through an online application. We will characterize participants into chloroquine exposed and unexposed groups, based on country of service and self-reported exposure status. The cost and time efficiencies afforded by this study design will allow the translation of preclinical data on breast cancer chemoprevention into public health and potentially promote the repositioning of a well-characterized and inexpensive drug.
Published: 2013

31. Evaluation of synthetic thiosemicarbazone containing compounds as inhibitors of cathepsin K

Author: Jenq-Kuen Huang, Lisa Wen, Kirthi Pallempati, Ariel P Feeley, Rose M. McConnell, Buddy K Sexton, and Samantha K Smith
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_compound, Chemistry, Stereochemistry, Genetics, Cathepsin K, Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, Semicarbazone, Biotechnology
Published: 2013

32. An active RFID Accountability System (RAS) for constrained wireless environments

Author: G. R. Hanson, E. B. Freer, A. M. Barker, A. L. Sjoreen, J. P. Jones, and A. K. Sexton
Subjects: Engineering, Sleep state, Radio tracking, Application areas, business.industry, Wireless, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, business, Key features, Telecommunications, Theory of operation, Accountability system, Computer network
Abstract: A team from Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) has developed an RFID Accountability System (RAS) that allows items with active RFID tags to be tracked in environments where tags may not be able to transmit their location continuously. The system uses activators that transmit a short range signal. Active RFID tags are in a sleep state until they encounter an activator. Then they transmit a signal that is picked up by the antennas installed throughout the building. This paper presents the theory of operation, application areas, lessons learned, and key features developed over the course of seven years of development and use.
Published: 2011

33. Sociodemographic aspects of human susceptibility to toxic chemicals: Do class and race matter for realistic risk assessment?

Author: K, Sexton
Abstract: Susceptibility is well-recognized as a potentially important aspect of health risk assessment, particularly for groups such as pregnant women and their fetuses, infants, children, the elderly, and the infirm, that are known or suspected to be more vulnerable to environmental insults. More recently, it has become apparent that economically disadvantaged groups are likely to be systematically both more exposed and more susceptible to environmental pollution. This article reviews the reasons why low-income communities and many racial minorities are at an increased risk because they are more susceptible to the adverse health effects of toxic chemicals. The scientific challenges of quantifying the magnitude of environmental health risks for these groups are discussed, emphasizing ramifications for risk assessment and risk management decisions. Problems incorporating susceptibility into risk-based decision making are identified, and specific actions are recommended to address these deficiencies.
Published: 2011

34. The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II classification system is a valid marker for physiologic stress in the critically ill patient

Author: Paul E. Brown, Leslie K. Sexton, Nancy W. Hoy, Alicia F. Short, Kim Meyer, and Stephen A. McClave
Subjects: Adult, Male, Resuscitation, Adolescent, Critical Illness, Physiology, Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, Severity of Illness Index, Stress, Physiological, Intensive care, Severity of illness, Humans, Medicine, Resting energy expenditure, Prospective Studies, Prospective cohort study, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Body surface area, Kilogram, APACHE II, business.industry, Middle Aged, Female, Energy Metabolism, business
Abstract: OBJECTIVE To compare the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) score with resting energy expenditure obtained from indirect calorimetry to determine whether the APACHE II scoring system is an accurate, objective measure of the degree of critical illness and physiologic stress between groups of patients. DESIGN Prospective study. SETTING University hospital, tertiary referral center. PATIENTS Seventy critically ill patients, consecutively sampled from burn, surgical, and medical intensive care units. INTERVENTIONS Indirect calorimetric studies were performed on each patient using a metabolic cart. The acute physiologic score component of the APACHE II scoring system was determined at the time of metabolic testing, a mean of 15.9 days after hospital admission. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS True resting energy expenditure was calculated by adjusting the measured energy expenditure for diet-induced thermogenesis and fever. A predicted resting energy expenditure was calculated for each patient using the Harris-Benedict equation alone, and by using the Harris-Benedict value corrected for previously published metabolic activity factors. To eliminate differences in body composition and size, true resting energy expenditure was divided by weight, body surface area, and Harris-Benedict resting energy expenditure. Results showed no significant correlation between APACHE II scores and either the Harris-Benedict resting energy expenditure or the Harris-Benedict value corrected by metabolic activity factors. However, there was a significant (p < or = .001; r2 = .18 to .20) relationship between increasing APACHE II scores and both increasing measured and true resting energy expenditure. The true resting energy expenditure divided by body surface area, kilogram body weight, and Harris-Benedict predicted value, were all shown to be significantly (p < .01) related to APACHE II score, but showed no better degree of correlation (r2 = .12 to .23) than comparison of APACHE II score with measured or true resting energy expenditure. CONCLUSIONS The APACHE II classification may be a valid marker of physiologic stress as demonstrated by its statistically significant (although weak) relationship with indirect calorimetric measures of energy expenditure associated with varying degrees of critical illness.
Published: 1993

35. Wide geographical distribution of internationally rare Campylobacter clones within New Zealand

Author: K. Sexton, S. M. McTavish, Christopher E. Pope, Nigel P. French, Christine J Nicol, and Philip E. Carter
Subjects: Serotype, Adult, Male, Adolescent, Epidemiology, Zoology, Distribution (economics), Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Genotype, Campylobacter Infections, Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, medicine, Humans, Child, Southern Hemisphere, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Molecular Epidemiology, business.industry, Campylobacter, Campylobacteraceae, Infant, Middle Aged, Original Papers, Bacterial Typing Techniques, Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field, Infectious Diseases, Child, Preschool, Multilocus sequence typing, Female, business, New Zealand
Abstract: SUMMARYDuring the southern hemisphere winter of 2006 New Zealand experienced a significant increase in the number of reported cases ofCampylobacterinfection. In total, 112Campylobacterisolates from eight district health boards (DHBs) located across New Zealand were submitted for PFGE, MLST and Penner serotyping analysis. Distinct clusters ofCampylobacterisolates were identified, several of which were composed of isolates from up to five different DHBs located on both the North and South islands of New Zealand. One sequence type, ST-474, was identified in 32 of the 112 isolates and may represent an endemic sequence type present in New Zealand. The spatial pattern of genotypes, combined with the generalized increase in notifications throughout the country is consistent with a common source epidemic, most likely from a source contaminated with the dominant sequence types ST-474 and ST-190 and may also represent widely distributed stable clones present in New Zealand.
Published: 2007

36. Blocking the P2X7 Receptor in a Rat Nerve-Injury Model Improves Long Term Functional Outcomes

Author: C.L. Rodriguez-Feo, K. Sexton, R.B. Boyer, A.O. Pollins, N.L. Cardwell, L.B. Nanney, B. Shack, and W.P. Thayer
Subjects: Surgery
Published: 2013

37. Ethanol in formularies of US teaching hospitals

Author: Monica N. Blondell, Robert M. Swift, L. Susan Wieland, Heather N. Dodds, Richard D. Blondell, Steven H. Smoger, Stephen W. Looney, and Leslie K. Sexton
Subjects: Drug Utilization, medicine.medical_specialty, Ethanol, business.industry, MEDLINE, General Medicine, Formularies, Hospital as Topic, United States, Alcohol Withdrawal Seizures, Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium, Emergency medicine, Medicine, Humans, Formulary, business, Hospitals, Teaching
Published: 2003

38. Metabolites of a tobacco-specific lung carcinogen in the urine of elementary school-aged children

Author: S S, Hecht, M, Ye, S G, Carmella, A, Fredrickson, J L, Adgate, I A, Greaves, T R, Church, A D, Ryan, S J, Mongin, and K, Sexton
Subjects: Male, Nitrosamines, Carcinogens, Humans, Female, Glucuronates, Tobacco Smoke Pollution, Child, Cotinine, Biomarkers, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract: Limited data are available in the literature on carcinogen uptake by children exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). In this study, we quantified metabolites of the tobacco-specific lung carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in the urine of elementary school-aged children participating in the School Health Initiative: Environment, Learning, Disease study, a school-based investigation of the environmental health of children. The metabolites of NNK are 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) and its glucuronide (NNAL-Gluc). We also measured cotinine and its glucuronide (total cotinine). Urine samples were collected from 204 children. Seventy (34.3%) of these had total cotinineor =5 ng/ml. NNAL or NNAL-Gluc was detected in 52 of 54 samples with total cotinineor =5 ng/ml and in 10 of 20 samples with total cotinine5 ng/ml. Levels of NNAL plus NNAL-Gluc and total cotinine were significantly higher when exposure to ETS was reported than when no exposure was reported. However, even when no exposure to ETS was reported, levels of NNAL, NNAL-Gluc, and NNAL plus NNAL-Gluc were higher than in children with documented low exposure to ETS, as determined by cotinine levels5 ng/ml. Levels of NNAL, NNAL-Gluc, and cotinine were not significantly different in samples collected twice from the same children at 3-month intervals. Levels of NNAL plus NNAL-Gluc in this study were comparable with those observed in our previous field studies of adults exposed to ETS. There was a 93-fold range of NNAL plus NNAL-Gluc values in the exposed children. The results of this study demonstrate widespread and considerable uptake of the tobacco-specific lung carcinogen NNK in this group of elementary school-aged children, raising important questions about potential health risks. Our data indicate that objective biomarkers of carcinogen uptake are important in studies of childhood exposure to ETS and cancer later in life.
Published: 2001

39. Assessing children's exposure to hazardous environmental chemicals: an overview of selected research challenges and complexities

Author: L L, Needham and K, Sexton
Subjects: Male, Data Collection, Infant, Newborn, Child Welfare, Infant, Environmental Exposure, Risk Assessment, Research Design, Child, Preschool, Humans, Environmental Pollutants, Ethics, Medical, Female, Child
Abstract: There is renewed interest in the United States regarding characterization of children's exposures to hazardous environmental chemicals. Many studies are currently underway that use novel and innovative approaches to assess childhood exposures to a variety of toxic chemicals, including both persistent and nonpersistent compounds. This article reviews some of the critical challenges that can impede scientifically rigorous studies designed to measure children's environmental exposures. The discussion briefly examines three topical areas: administrative issues (IRB approval, participant incentives, community involvement, and communication of results to research participants and stakeholders); data-collection issues (identifying and recruiting children/families, measuring actual exposures/doses); and issues related to chemical analysis of biological samples (examples of chemicals and chemical classes that can be measured in human tissue and excreta, effects of a child's age on the type and amount of biological samples available for analysis). These research complexities are discussed in the context of developing more effective and efficient exposure assessment methods.
Published: 2001

40. 70. Microbial Concentrations in Indoor Air and Carpets in two Inner-Urban Elementary Schools

Author: P. Ellringer, I. Greaves, G. Fischer, G. Ramachandran, K. Sexton, D. Jones, and J. Adgate
Subjects: Geography, Indoor air
Published: 2001

41. Emerging IssuesChildren's Exposure to Pesticides in Residential Settings

Author: J ADGATE and K SEXTON
Published: 2001

42. Infusion protocol improves delivery of enteral tube feeding in the critical care unit

Author: Stephen A. McClave, Leslie K. Sexton, Nancy A. Owens, Harvy L. Snider, Barbara S. Blanford, David A. Spain, Mary E. Sullins, and Joyce L. Adams
Subjects: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Critical Care, 030309 nutrition & dietetics, medicine.medical_treatment, Medicine (miscellaneous), Enteral administration, law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, Nursing care, 0302 clinical medicine, Enteral Nutrition, law, medicine, Intubation, Humans, Prospective Studies, Medical prescription, Practice Patterns, Physicians', Intensive care medicine, Prospective cohort study, Intubation, Gastrointestinal, Enteral Tube Feeding, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, 0303 health sciences, Nutrition and Dietetics, business.industry, Middle Aged, Intensive care unit, Parenteral nutrition, 030211 gastroenterology & hepatology, Female, business, Energy Intake
Abstract: Background: Numerous factors may impede the delivery of enteral tube feedings (ETF) in the intensive care unit (ICU). We designed a prospective study to determine whether the use of an infusion protocol could improve the delivery of ETF in the ICU. Methods: In a prior prospective study, we monitored all patients admitted to the medical intensive care unit (MICU) or cardiac care unit (CCU) who were made nil per os and placed on ETF (control group). We found that critically ill patients received only 52% of their goal calories, primarily due to physician underordering (66% of goal), frequent cessations of ETF (22% of the time), and slow advancement (14% at goal by 72 hours). Based on these findings, we developed an ETF protocol that incorporated standardized physician ordering and nursing procedures, rapid advancement, and limited ETF interruption. After extensive educational sessions, the ETF protocol was begun. Again, all patients admitted to the MICU or CCU who were made nil per os and placed on ETF were prospectively followed (protocol group). Results: Thirty-one patients in the protocol group were followed during 312 days of ETF and compared with the control group (44 patients with 339 days of ETF). Despite efforts by the nutritional support team, the infusion protocol was used in only 18 patients (58%). The main reasons for noncompliance with the protocol were physician preference and system failure (ETF order sheet not placed in chart). When used, the infusion protocol improved physician ordering (control 66% of goal volume, noncompliant 68%, compliant 82%, p
Published: 1999

43. Neutralization of beta-lactam antibiotics in an environmental monitoring medium

Author: C, Winely, K, Sexton, and D, Bobey
Subjects: Environmental Microbiology, beta-Lactams, beta-Lactamases, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract: The neutralizing ability of Difco Bacto Penase, BBL Penicillinase, and Genzyme beta-lactamase for penicillin G, oxacillin, cephalothin, cefazolin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, imipenem, and meropenem was determined in an agar medium. Trypticase soy agar plates (20 mL) containing 200 MU/L Difco Penase, 200 MU/L BBL Penicillinase, or 2 vials/L of Genzyme beta-lactamase were dosed with 20, 50, and 100 micrograms of each antibiotic and then inoculated (50-100 CFU/plate) with a susceptible microorganism. Percentage recoveries of the organism were calculated after incubation. Genzyme beta-lactamase effectively neutralized 100 micrograms of all the antibiotics except ceftazidime (32% recovery with 20 micrograms). The two penicillinases effectively neutralized 100 micrograms of penicillin G, oxacillin, cephalothin, and cefazolin; were slightly effective against ceftriaxone and cefotaxime (20-57% recovery with 20 micrograms); and totally ineffective against ceftazidime, imipenem, and meropenem. This investigation resulted in a useful procedure for qualifying and/or selecting a beta-lactamase for use in environmental monitoring medium to neutralize a particular beta-lactam.
Published: 1999

44. Atmospheric Photochemistry Studies of Pollutant Emissions from Transportation Vehicles Operating on Alternative Fuels

Author: J. Yu, K. Sexton, and H. Jeffries
Subjects: Pollutant, chemistry.chemical_compound, Ozone, Synthetic fuel, Waste management, chemistry, Pollutant emissions, Environmental engineering, Environmental science, Alternative fuels, Air quality index
Abstract: This project was undertaken with the goal of improving our ability to predict the changes in urban ozone resulting from the widespread use of alternative fuels in automobiles. This report presents the results in detail.
Published: 1998

45. Clinical nutrition in pancreatitis

Author: S A, McClave, H, Snider, N, Owens, and L K, Sexton
Subjects: Pancreatitis, Nutritional Support, Acute Disease, Chronic Disease, Humans, Pancreas, Algorithms
Abstract: In patients with acute pancreatitis or an acute flare of chronic pancreatitis, a discrepancy exists between increased protein/calorie requirements induced by a hypermetabolic stress state and reduced ingestion/assimilation of exogenous nutrients, which promotes progressive nutritional deterioration. Patients with severe pancreatitis (defined byor =3 Ranson criteria, an APACHE II score ofor =10, development of major organ failure, and/or presence of pancreatic necrosis) are more likely to require aggressive nutritional support than patients with mild disease. The type of formula and level of the gastrointestinal tract into which nutrients are infused determine the degree to which pancreatic exocrine secretion is stimulated. Animal studies and early prospective randomized controlled trials in humans suggest that total enteral nutrition via jejunal feeding may be the preferred route to parenteral alimentation in this disease setting.
Published: 1997

46. G244(P) Young People Get ACTIVE! Focus Group Involvement to Improve the Experience of Adolescent Paediatric Patients in Emergency Departments

Author: Peter Heinz, K Sexton, and K Lothian
Subjects: Resource (project management), Nursing, Brainstorming, business.industry, Service design, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Medicine, Emergency department, business, Set (psychology), Focus group, Simulated patient, Session (web analytics)
Abstract: Recent publication of ‘Standards for Children and Young People in Emergency Care Settings’ has brought involvement of young people in service design into the spotlight. Whilst many studies have focussed on parental opinion, our project aimed to involve ACTIVE, a young peoples’ focus group. This group of young people aged 8 – 18 years was set up 4 years ago with the aim to improve services for children at our hospital, especially for adolescents. Methods The group defined their priorities for emergency department (ED) care in a brainstorming session followed by a visit to the ED in the form of a simulated patient journey. Results ACTIVE identified speed of assessment, clear communication, prompt pain relief and attention to their comfort needs as well as privacy as their main priorities. On visiting the ED they pointed out areas for improvement as follows: paediatric nursing staff at pre-triage, decoration or lack thereof in certain areas of the department (but also positive comments on where this was done well), lack of privacy in defined areas and ways to communicate waiting times effectively and accurately. Whilst a dedicated ‘teenage room’ was not felt to be important, the need for a quiet waiting and clinical area was stressed. Outcome and conclusion Studies have shown that adolescent satisfaction in the ED is often lower than that of adult patients. Young peoples’ focus groups are an effective resource in the design of services and in the case of our centre have led to direct input into the re-design of our paediatric ED area (the proposed plans will available for inspection). Feedback to young service users is important to encourage further participation and to ensure that they are aware of how their suggestions will be used.
Published: 2013

47. International Society of Exposure Analysis

Author: K, Sexton
Subjects: Societies, Scientific, Politics, Humans, Policy Making, Environmental Health, United States
Published: 1996

48. Epidemiological Risk Factors Associated with Inflammatory Breast Cancer Triple Negative Subtype

Author: RL, Atkinson, primary, K, Sexton, additional, NT, Ueno, additional, S, Krishnamurthy, additional, W, Woodward, additional, R, El-Zein, additional, and AM, Brewster, additional
Published: 2012
Full Text: View/download PDF

49. An introduction to the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS) and related phase I field studies

Author: K, Sexton, D E, Kleffman, and M A, Callahan
Subjects: Government Agencies, Logistic Models, Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic, Population Surveillance, Humans, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollution, United States
Published: 1995

50. Improving exposure assessment by monitoring human tissues for toxic chemicals

Author: J L, Pirkle, L L, Needham, and K, Sexton
Subjects: Humans, Environmental Pollutants, Risk Assessment, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract: Typically, the availability of appropriate data to estimate human exposures to toxic chemicals is scarce. Consequently, exposure assessments are often based on indirect surrogates of exposure, such as a combination of questionnaire data on time-activities and concentrations of toxic chemicals measured in environmental media (e.g., air, water, food, soil, dust). Recent advances, however, make it technically feasible and relatively affordable to measure low levels of multiple toxic chemicals in accessible human tissues (e.g., blood, urine). The increasing availability of biological markers for exposure, along with improvements in pharmacokinetic understanding, present new opportunities to estimate exposure from human tissue measurements and from knowledge of intake and uptake parameters. Biological monitoring provides exposure information that is usually complementary to the type of exposure information obtained from environmental monitoring. Biological and environmental monitoring can be used separately or together in order to meet desired objectives. We present here a discussion of the value of biological monitoring for improving exposure assessment. We emphasize the role of biological monitoring in identifying high-priority exposures, evaluating the effectiveness of intervention and prevention efforts, identifying at-risk subpopulations, recognizing time trends in population exposures, establishing reference ranges of tissue concentrations, and providing integrated dose measurements.
Published: 1995

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