Search

Concrete composite slab system with pre-cast bottom segment and cast-in-situ top segment is gaining importance due to wide-ranging applications in buildings, bridges and industrial flooring, etc. These slabs may also be subjected to repeated loading during its service life and hence, it is essential to evaluate their static and fatigue behaviour under flexural loading. In present study, at first, experimental investigations are conducted to evaluate the performance of composite slabs with truss type shear connectors with two orientation angles, namely, 45° and 60°. The composite slab specimens are subjected to four-point bending. The load-versus-displacement responses obtained for the composite slabs are compared with that of control full slab. It is observed that the composite slab with 45° shear connector showed better performance when compared to composite slab with 60° shear connector in terms of load-displacement response, rotation, ductility and energy absorption and also found to be efficient in terms of area of steel crossing the interface. Further, numerical investigations are also carried out to assess load transfer mechanism of truss type shear connectors at different significant events. The force flow mechanism of truss type shear connectors is brought out clearly. From the numerical investigations on composite slabs with different orientation angles, it is observed that composite slab with 45° shear connector exhibited superior performance over other orientation angles in terms of better force flow mechanism and lesser area of steel crossing the interface. Further, fatigue performance of composite slab with 45° shear connector is evaluated and compared with the fatigue performance of control slab. It could be observed that the composite slab with 45° truss type shear connector showed better fatigue performance when compared to the control slab.

The applications of a content-based image retrieval system in fields such as multimedia, security, medicine, and entertainment, have been implemented on a huge real-time database by using a convolutional neural network architecture. In general, thus far, content-based image retrieval systems have been implemented with machine learning algorithms. A machine learning algorithm is applicable to a limited database because of the few feature extraction hidden layers between the input and the output layers. The proposed convolutional neural network architecture was successfully implemented using 128 convolutional layers, pooling layers, rectifier linear unit (ReLu), and fully connected layers. A convolutional neural network architecture yields better results of its ability to extract features from an image. The Euclidean distance metric is used for calculating the similarity between the query image and the database images. It is implemented using the COREL database. The proposed system is successfully evaluated using precision, recall, and F-score. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated using the precision and recall.

This paper presents the durability performance criteria for precast reinforced concrete (RC) box units for long-term durability against corrosion deterioration. This paper also presents the...

This paper presents the condition assessment of reinforced concrete (RC) walls of induced draft cooling tower (IDCT) structure. The main focus is on the assessment of quality, integrity and long term durability of RC walls, with reference to rebar corrosion. Details of non-destructive testing (NDT) carried out to evaluate the prevailing condition of the IDCT structure are presented. Test results revealed that the RC wall, which is intended to be an enclosure/curtain wall to arrest the splashing of sea water fed to the IDCT, is found to be of poor quality and could not arrest the seepage/dampness from inner face to outer face of the wall. To arrive at an effective repair measure to arrest the seepage/dampness in RC walls, porous concrete panels are cast to simulate the poor quality of in-situ concrete of IDCT walls and also to explore and evaluate the effectiveness of different repair schemes. The best repair scheme for improving water tightness is established by conducting selected durability tests on the cores extracted from the repaired porous slab panels. As a pilot study, the identified repair methodology is implemented on the selected wall panels of IDCT structure and its efficacy for water tightness/impermeability is confirmed through visual observation and IRT image scanning.

The gravity load designed (GLD) reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures have undergone severe damage during earthquake excitation due to their inherent weaknesses. This underlines the need for d...

In this study, experimental investigations are carried out on control (without flexural deficiency) and flexural deficient reinforced concrete (RC) beams with two levels (FD1-20% and FD2-30% deficient) of deficiency, under monotonic as well as fatigue loading. After confirming the load carrying capacities under monotonic loading, studies are carried out on flexural deficient RC beams under fatigue loading by considering four load ranges (20–55%, 20–65%, 20–75% and 20–85% of load carrying capacity of control beam, Puc). It is found that load carrying capacities of FD1 and FD2 RC beams are around 8% and 20% respectively less than that of control beam. But, the fatigue lives of flexural deficient RC beams FD1 and FD2 are drastically less than that of control beam. Fatigue lives of FD1 and FD2 beams under fatigue with load range of 20–75% of Puc are respectively only 4840 and 292 cycles compared with 1.07387 cycles for control beam. Flexural deficient RC beams are strengthened with CFRP fabric to attain the required moment carrying capacity and are tested under monotonic and fatigue loading. The fatigue lives of flexural deficient RC beams strengthened with one layer of CFRP fabric (SFD1 and SFD2) are increased beyond that of control beam. Further, numerical models are also developed to evaluate the performance of control, deficient and CFRP strengthened flexural deficient RC beams. The fatigue life evaluated by numerical simulations, based on the maximum fracturing strain comprising of contributions from the static loading, stress cycling and cyclic crack opening, corroborated well with that evaluated from experimental investigations. Numerical approach presented in this study would provide inexpensive means for assessing the fatigue life of deficient as well as CFRP strengthened flexural deficient RC beams and would help to devise an appropriate strengthening strategy to attain the required fatigue life.

Nowadays, one of the most important challenges of any face recognition system is partial occlusion. The paper addresses face recognition in the presence of sunglasses and scarf occlusion. The method that proposed is a robust approach which consists of detecting the face region that is not occluded and uses this region to obtain the face recognition. Face images are captured from the USB web camera on the Raspberry Pi. To segment the occluded and non-occluded parts, fuzzy C-means clustering is used, and for recognition, block-based mean weighted local binary patterns (MWLBP) are used. The input image is divided into number of sub-blocks, and each block is checked if occlusion present or not, and only from non-occluded blocks MWLBP features are extracted and are used for classification. Experiment results show that our method is giving promising results when compared to the other conventional techniques.

An image watermarking method using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) is presented for applications like content authentication and copyright protection. This method is robust to various image attacks. For watermark detection/extraction, the cover image is not essential. Gray scale images of size 512 × 512 as cover image and binary images of size 64 × 64 as watermark are used in the simulation of the proposed method. Watermark embedding is done in the DWT domain. 3rd and 2nd level detail sub-band coefficients are selected for further processing. Selected coefficients are arranged in different blocks. The size of the block and the number blocks depends on the size of the watermark. One watermark bit is embedded in each block. Then, inverse DWT operation is performed to get the required watermarked image. This watermarked image is used for transmission and distribution purposes. In case of any dispute over the ownership, the hidden watermark is decoded to solve the problem. Threshold-based method is used for watermark extraction. Control parameters are identified and optimized based on GA for targeted performance in terms of PSNR and NCC. Performance comparison is done with the existing works and substantial improvement is witnessed.

Diabetic Retinopathy is the disease caused for diabetic people which doesn’t have symptoms in the first phase. As it progresses, it becomes symptomatic. This disease, sometimes, might lead to complete blindness. Red lesions contain microaneurysms, haemorrhages and exudates. This work focuses on detection of red lesions in fundus image. Ophthalmologists use pupil dilation of chemical solutions in order to detect the abnormality which takes time and also causes irritation to patients. Image processing techniques are used to avoid these limitations. Morphological operations are used to identify the pixels belonging to the red lesions. Gabor filter is used for separating the blood vessels. Some spots are formed near macular region because blood vessels become leaky which leads to exudates. The severity level of the disease is determined by finding the distance between lesions and macular region. The disease is considered as severe if the distance between them is closer and confirms as less if the distance is far.

Environmental degradation of reinforced concrete (RC) in the form of reinforcement corrosion poses greater threat to both strength and serviceability of existing RC structures. If this corrosion damaged structures are situated in the zones of higher seismicity, there would be a great threat to their safety under earthquakes and hence it is extremely important to understand their seismic performance in order to formulate suitable remedial measures. In view of this, in present study, an exterior beam-column sub-assemblage of a residential building is taken up and is designed for two levels, namely (i) designed for seismic load without ductility detailing (non-ductile specimen), and (ii) designed for lower seismic load and with ductility detailing (ductile specimen) to represent the existing RC structures of different design evolutions. Two specimens are cast for each level of design and one specimen from each of these two categories is subjected to accelerated corrosion. The experimental investigations are carried out on the uncorroded and corroded beam-column sub-assemblages under reverse cyclic loading. Corrosion of reinforcement changed the damage progression from joint shear failure to longitudinal and splitting cracking along the reinforcement bars followed by fracturing of corroded reinforcement bars. The corroded specimens showed poor hysteretic performance in the form of huge in-cyclic strength degradation. Furthermore, the cumulative energy dissipated by corroded non-ductile and corroded ductile specimens are respectively only 0.4 times and one-seventh of that of the corresponding uncorroded specimens. Thus, the seismic performance of corrosion affected existing structure is an alarming issue and warrants immediate retrofit intervention.

Most of the research works carried so far concentrated on decoders and interleavers. The performance of Turbo codes depends on different constituent components such as encoder, decoder and interleaver with metrics of bit error rate and complexity. In this paper a new interleaver structure using sub interleavers is proposed to provide a faster turbo codes for channel with less effect of noise. The major concern of this work is to find an optimum number of sub interleavers which satisfies certain limits of bit error rate and processing time. The simulation was performed using MATLAB and the results shows that the processing time has been reduced to about 10% than the conventional block interleaver.

Embedded shear connection with reinforced concrete dowels between corrugated steel webs and concrete flanges is emerging as an alternate connection type to conventional headed studs, perfobond, channel, angle shear connectors, owing to its inherent advantages, such as ease of installation, economical, efficient and better fatigue resistance. In present study, experimental investigations are carried out to understand the influence of embedment depth, concrete dowel with or without reinforcement, area of dowel bar reinforcements on shear resistance of composite system with corrugated steel web and concrete flanges using push-out tests. Totally six push-out specimens are cast by varying (i) depth of embedment, (ii) concrete dowel with and without reinforcement and (iii) area of dowel reinforcement. From the experimental investigations, it is observed that the increase in depth of embedment of web increases the load carrying capacity whereas increase in area of the dowel bar reinforcement increases load as well as slip. It is also observed that the embedded shear connection with concrete dowels showed enormous slip before failure and hence could be classified as ductile shear connector according to EN-1994-1-1. The experimental results are used to establish the influence of different parameters on shear resistance and also used to identify different means that contribute to the shear resistance of embedded shear connection. Further, multiple linear regression analysis is carried out on the data of present study and results reported in the literature to arrive at an expression for most reliable estimate of shear resistance of embedded shear connection for composite girder with corrugated steel web.

Lung cancer progresses rapidly, so early detection is crucial the initially use the Internet of Things for early-stage lung cancer diagnosis (IoT). Training for the IoT devices is in real time is crucial they have IoT connectivity all over the world, and great trust in the model's accuracy, both of data. Early detection of disease will save hundreds of thousands of lives every year it completely seals off the airways, which could lead to infection. Malignant growth was first observed with picture-processing and learning systems. The signs of lung cancer usually don't appear until the disease has spread. This is where medical attention becomes most challenging Initially you might find your fingers curving, or ends rising, or pain when trying to swallow followed by a whistling sound, a hoarseness, a weight gain in your face, and/upper chest swelling Some cancer causes key signs include regular or worsening chest pain, bloody or rust-colored sputum, worsened hunger, and shortness of breath. A lung CT image can be used to classify and organize the lung knobs, and also to assess their threat level ECNN features parameters like precision, time intricacy, but is not as sensitive in the preparation as previous frameworks They have irregular cells that form a tumour. Uncontrolled lung growth and destruction Types of lung cancer grow as this happens; they begin to develop until they form a tumour. Lung cells are damaged when they come into contact with airborne toxins. The novel proposed + approach is ECNN.

Most of the states in our country have banned sand quarrying from the river beds, causing a scarcity of natural river sand for the construction sector. Manufacture sand (M-sand) is one of the alternate solutions to replace the river sand (R-sand) in concrete. The main aim of the present study is to evaluate the durability parameters of concrete with M-sand when compared to that of concrete with R-sand. Corrosion of reinforcement is one of the main deteriorating mechanisms of reinforced concrete due to the ingress of chloride ions or carbon-di-oxide. For comparative evaluation of durability parameters, accelerated tests such as Rapid Chloride Permeability Test, Rapid Chloride Migration Test and accelerated carbonation test were carried out on specimens of R-sand and M-sand. All tests were carried out after 90 days of casting. Test results reveal that the durability parameters of the concrete with M-sand in chloride induced environment is relatively better than that of concrete with R-sand and hence is recommended to use M-sand as a replacement to R-sand.

The present study is focused on the experimental investigation and nonlinear finite element simulations of shear deficient and glass fibre reinforced plastic (GFRP) strengthened reinforced concrete beams. Three levels of shear deficiency are considered in the design. Two layers of GFRP fabric are used for strengthening in the shear zone. The behavior of control, shear deficient and GFRP strengthened beams under two-point monotonic loading is studied. Detailed 3D non-linear finite element analyses with perfect bonding as well as with cohesive zone modelling are carried out to simulate the behavior of shear deficient beams. The responses, in terms of load-deflection behavior, failure loads and crack patterns, obtained from numerical simulations are validated with that of the experimental investigations. The validated numerical models are then used for studying the efficacy and effectiveness of various strengthening schemes using epoxy impregnated GFRP fabric where the number of layers, orientation and distribution of fibres are considered as parameters. Based on the parametric studies, the schemes which provide optimum improvement in performance for strengthening of the shear deficient beams are identified. For all three classes of deficient beams, greatest improvement in strength is attained for 45° orientation in single ply, 45°–90° orientation in double ply and 90°–45°–90° orientation in triple ply strengthening schemes. In all GFRP strengthened beams, mode of failure changed from shear to flexural failure and showed great improvement in the ductile behavior.

As India is developing country infrastructure plays major role to be kept in view of infrastructure requirements, to keep down road transport interference and speedy establishment of way overs by using prefabricated concrete with in situ concrete composite construction, i.e., prefabricated slab proceeds like a support to affix with in situ reinforced concrete using shear connectors. To increase the strength of composite slab by using different types of shear connectors. Numerical modelling and analysis of composite one-way and two-way slabs under flexure with truss-type, lattice-type and dual-steel-type shear connectors are used to find the efficiency, comparatively and percentage integrity with solid slab.

Now a days, network traffic is increasing due to the exploding usage of smart devices and the Internet. The intrusion detection work centered on feature selection or decrease because few of the features are irrelevant and excess which results prolonged detection procedure and reduces the performance of an intrusion detection system (IDS). The NSL-KDD data set is a refined variant of its predecessor KDD‟99 data set. The intent of this work is to determine essential selected input features in building IDS that is computationally efficient and amazing. For this standard feature selection jaya optimization method is used. In this paper the NSL-KDD data set is analysed and applied Adaptive Jaya Technique for selecting best features to minimize low false alarm rate & maximize detection rate.

Seismic performance of structures depends on the force flow mechanism inside the structure. Discontinuity regions, like beam-column joints, are often affected during earthquake event due to the complex and discontinuous load paths. The evaluation of shear strength and identification of failure mode of the joint region are helpful to (i) define the strength hierarchy of the beam-column sub-assemblage, (ii) quantify the influence of different parameters on the behaviour of beam-column joint and, (iii) develop suitable and adequate strengthening scheme for the joints, if required, to obtain the desired strength hierarchy. In view of this, it is very important to estimate the joint shear strength and identify the failure modes of the joint region as it is the most critical part in any beam-column sub-assemblage. One of the most effective models is softened strut and tie model which was developed by incorporating force equilibrium, strain compatibility and constitutive laws of cracked reinforced concrete. In this study, softened strut and tie model, which incorporates force equilibrium equations, compatibility conditions and material constitutive relation of the cracked concrete, are used to simulate the shear strength behaviour and to identify failure mechanisms of the beam-column joints. The observations of the present study will be helpful to arrive at the design strategy of the joints to ensure the desired failure mechanism and strength hierarchy to achieve sustainability of structural systems under seismic loading.

Most of the civil infrastructure are made up of concrete. Concrete is a highly heterogeneous brittle material and under cyclic loading understanding the progress of crack occurring within the material and the structure leading to its degradation is a complicated issue. In view of this, in the present study, studies on the monotonic and fatigue behaviour of notched prism of plain and fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) are carried out. Six prisms are tested under single point monotonic loading to obtain the behaviour of the plain concrete and FRC prisms. The crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) of plain concrete and FRC are measured using calibrated clip gauge attached. From load versus CMOD response, fracture energy is calculated. It is found that the FRC gives better ductility than plain concrete. Nine specimens each of plain concrete and FRC are tested under fatigue loading. Three load ranges are chosen for carrying out the fatigue study. Minimum load is set as 20 % of the ultimate load and the maximum load are varied as 65, 75 and 85 % of the average ultimate load carrying capacity obtained from the monotonic testing of the prisms. Number of cycles to failure for plain concrete and FRC under each load range is obtained. It is observed that the inclusion of fibres improved the flexural fatigue performance of concrete.

Gravity load designed (GLD) structures exhibit poor seismic performance due to inadequate reinforcement to cater for the seismic forces, lack of confinement, poor joint strength, improper anchorage, presence of weak column and strong beams. These structures are also susceptible to environmental impact leading to corrosion of reinforcement which would further degrade their seismic performance. In RC structures, beam–column joints are crucial members and dissipate the seismic energy imparted to the structure. Hence in this study, two typical cases of GLD (i) uncorroded GLD and (ii) corrosion affected GLD (corroded) exterior beam–column sub-assemblages subjected to reverse cyclic loading are investigated and compared. Reinforcement corrosion of one of the GLD specimens is accelerated by the impressed current technique. Based on the investigation on uncorroded GLD and corrosion affected GLD beam–column specimens, it is noted that the corrosion has significant effect on the seismic performance in terms of loss of energy dissipation, strength- and stiffness- degradation. To improve the seismic performance of uncorroded GLD specimens, a low invasive single steel haunch upgradation scheme (SHUS) is proposed in this study. The maximum load carried by steel haunch upgraded GLD specimen is about 30% higher than that of GLD specimen. Hence, it is noted that by implementing the proposed upgradation scheme for GLD beam–column sub-assemblage, remarkable improvement in the seismic response can be achieved. The present study provides insight into the behaviour of steel haunch upgraded GLD specimen and would also pave the way for formulating seismic upgradation of even corroded GLD beam–column sub-assemblage.

Development of multi-media technologies large number of images are used in various fields such as video satellite data, medical treatment and digital judicial systems and surveillance systems. An efficient representation of features from an image for retrieval process is a challenging task. In this paper provides the feature extraction of an image using deep learning technique to tackle the differences between low-level features and high-level semantic features of basic CBIR systems. In this technique feature database can be created from each image in the database using VGG 16 model. By using Euclidean distance metrics an image analogous to the image of the query was retrieved by comparing the feature vector of the query image (compute similar to the data base images) and the feature database. The results suggest that the proposed CNN techniques yields better results than the other existed techniques.

Over decades, the design philosophy of framed structures had undergone changes from the ordinary gravity load-designed frames to special moment-resisting frames with ductility detailing. Most of the older buildings were designed only for gravity loads. The past earthquakes produced devastating damages to the gravity load-designed structures. This resulted in the remarkable changes in the seismic design philosophy in the form of introducing ductility detailing in the codes of practices. Different codes of practices, namely EURO, ACI, NZ, IS codes, prescribe appropriate detailing practices so as to ensure desired seismic performance. Hence, in the present study, an attempt is made to compare the seismic performance of gravity load designed, seismic load designed without ductility detailing, seismic load designed with ductility detailing which represent the evolution of design philosophies adopted in codes of practices. An exterior beam-column sub-assemblage of typical three-story building is taken up for the study and designed according to the evolution of design philosophies of Indian standard. Experimental investigations are carried out on beam-column sub-assemblages designed according to different evolution stages of design philosophy. The seismic performance of beam-column sub-assemblages of three different design levels, under reverse cyclic loading, is compared in terms of the hysteretic behavior and energy dissipation capacity.

Experimental investigations are carried out on plain concrete and fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) with different volume fractions (0.5, 1, and 2%) of steel fibers to evaluate their fatigue ...

The present study was explores that evaluation of in vitro antiurolithiatic activity of Senna occidentalis. It was observed that thehighest calcium oxalate crystals dissolution was observed in the ethanolic extract of Senna occidentalis. It was found that ethanolic extract of Senna occidentalis has more efficient to dissolve calciumoxalate. In this study Neeri was used as standard drug. Key words: Senna Occidentalis, urolithiasis and Ethanolic extract

This paper presents the assessment of a fire-damaged reinforced concrete (RC) supporting structure of an arc furnace. The arc furnace rests over a thick RC slab supported by nine RC columns...

Turbo code in an attempt to realize a technique that approaches the theoretic limit utilizes a crucial component, interleaver, which converts burst errors caused by impulsive noise to simple errors. But the processing of data through the interleaver incurs time as well as memory. Both time and memory complexities are directly related to the total number of information bits. The time required for interleaver processing is so high because of which some applications omits the complete interleavers. But the consequent schemes suffer from high bit error rate. In this chapter a novel hybrid two stage interleaving scheme was proposed which reduces the time required for interleaving processing while maintaining the BER criteria up to the levels obtained with block or 3GPP interleavers.

The influence of tool shoulder diameter and its rotational speed on the high temperature plastic deformation of the material during friction stir welding of AA 2014 aluminum alloy is investigated, using the principles of hot working. The soundness of weld and defect formation are analyzed using the Zener–Hollomon parameter ‘Z’ to describe the high temperature plastic deformation behaviour of material, under the simultaneous influence of temperature and strain-rate. The observed hot deformation behaviour is correlated with the deformation processing map for the first time. At a given rotational speed, the volume of shoulder driven flow reduces with increasing shoulder diameter.

Many of the masonry arch bridges in the network of railway bridge stock belong to the civil engineering heritage of the railways. Therefore, their maintenance and management require careful consideration. An effective procedure for performance evaluation should promote solutions that are directed toward preservation and restoration of arch bridges by evaluating their existing structural capacity. In this paper, experimental methodologies adopted for the performance evaluation of a stone masonry–arch railway bridge are presented. One of the primary objectives of the current study was to evaluate the longitudinal force exerted on the bridge due to increased axle loads of freight wagons. An innovative technique using a flat jack was implemented for the evaluation of longitudinal stress due to increased axle load. Three-dimensional numerical modeling and analysis was carried out to identify the critical locations for fixing the flat jacks for evaluation of live-load stresses. A special instrumentation...

Reinforced concrete structures respond in non-linear manner under dynamic loads even at low levels of vibration. This causes softening in concrete which may result in the unstable vibration. By considering the non-linearity, the effects of amplitude of vibration on the modal characteristics can be used to extract damage-sensitive features. In this article, investigations carried out on the phenomena associated with non-linear vibration, which were observed during the vibration tests on damaged reinforced concrete structures, are discussed. For effectively identifying the non-linear damage features in reinforced concrete structures from the frequency spectral information, an appropriate vibration testing procedure is formulated in this study. Damage features are evaluated from the changes in vibration amplitude with frequency at different damage levels under various types of excitations and their force levels. Damage indicators based on basic signal statistics and non-linearity in vibration responses are evaluated. Using the phase-plane information obtained from various damage scenarios, non-linear damage indices have been formulated. Another significant non-linear damage feature has been identified by the occurrence of higher harmonics observed by analysing the spectral density functions obtained from the frequency domain decomposition. The results obtained from this study would pave the way for identifying the damage in heterogeneous and non-linear structures such as reinforced concrete.

In general coherent detection, channel estimation requires huge number of symbols for transmission in Multiband Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MB-OFDM) Ultra Wide Band (UWB) system, due to this bandwidth efficiency reduces. The proposed Differential Space-Time-Frequency Code (DSTFCs) for multiband-OFDM Ultra-WB communications is increases the efficiency of bandwidth. DSTFC system does not require Channel State Information (CSI). Due to this, the system bandwidth efficiency is possible to increase with DSTFCs. The proposed DSTFCs are derived both coding and decoding algorithms for 64 QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation). The Simulation outcomes show that the use of DSTFCs can improve the coherent MB-OFDM (without STFC), differential MB-OFDM (without OFDM) bit error performance. The performance of DSTFCs almost reaches the STFCs performance even in the absence of channel state information.