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Activating Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) mutations occur in pediatric neuroblastoma and are associated with poor prognosis. To study ALK-activating mutations in a genetically controllable system we employed CRIPSR/Cas9, incorporating orthologues of the human oncogenic mutations ALKF1174L and ALKY1278S in the Drosophila Alk locus. AlkF1251L and AlkY1355S mutant Drosophila exhibit enhanced Alk signaling phenotypes, but unexpectedly depend on the Jelly belly (Jeb) ligand for activation. Both AlkF1251L and AlkY1355S mutant larval brains display hyperplasia, represented by increased numbers of Alk-positive neurons. Despite this hyperplasic phenotype, no brain tumors were observed in mutant animals. We show that hyperplasia in Alk mutants was not caused by significantly increased rates of proliferation, but rather by decreased levels of apoptosis in the larval brain. Using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), we identify perturbations during temporal fate specification in AlkY1355S mutant mushroom body lineages. These findings shed light on the role of Alk in neurodevelopmental processes and highlight the potential of activating Alk mutations to perturb specification and promote survival in neuronal lineages.

Fur den Einzelzahnersatz oder die Verankerung von Brucken stehen heute zahlreichen Optionen bei der Auswahl der Abutments zur Verfugung. Die systemimmanenten Aufbauten verfolgen oftmals Designparameter, die lediglich nach einer Konzeption gestaltet sind und somit nicht fur alle Indikationen und erreichten Implantatpositionen eine optimale Versorgung zulassen. Fur die individuelle oder anatomische Gestaltung kann bei der CAD/CAM-Herstellung zwischen der chairside-Modellation und dem Designservice in Fertigungszentren gewahlt werden. Neben der klassischen Gussvariante kann der Zahntechniker heute auch mit einem Pressverfahren Aufbauten mit einem Hochleistungskunststoff selbst individualisieren. Die verschiedenen Optionen werden mit den jeweiligen Einsatzgebieten vorgestellt.

In der Rehabilitation von Patienten nach Knie- oder Huft-Totalendoprothese (TEP) nimmt die Bewegungstherapie eine dominierende Rolle ein. Fur deren individuell optimale Dosierung liegen allerdings kaum wissenschaftliche Nachweise vor. Zur weiteren Verbesserung der Qualitat der Bewegungstherapie in der Rehabilitation nach Knie- oder Huft-TEP bedarf es, auch angesichts des zunehmenden Kostendrucks im Gesundheitswesen und hoher bzw. voraussichtlich noch weiter steigender Fallzahlen, zukunftig der vermehrten Schaffung belastbarer Aussagen uber Dosis-Wirkungs-Beziehungen, z. B. durch die Entwicklung und Evaluierung innovativer bewegungstherapeutischer Interventionskonzepte. Im vorliegenden Artikel werden entsprechende Hintergrunde, der aktuelle Stand der Wissenschaft und der therapeutischen Praxis sowie Ansatzpunkte fur eine adaquate Weiterentwicklung der Bewegungstherapie aufgezeigt.

Im einleitenden Beitrag „Verhaltensorientierung in der Bewegungstherapie“ wurde eine umfassende Liste mit 28 Techniken der Verhaltensanderung prasentiert [ 8 ]. Im 3. Teil der Praxisreihe werden folgende Techniken konkretisiert: „korperliche Funktionsfahigkeit analysieren“, einen „angemessenen Schwierigkeitsgrad des Bewegungsprogramms wahlen“ sowie „Veranderungen der korperlichen Funktionsfahigkeit dokumentieren und reflektieren“. Fur diese verhaltensbezogenen Techniken wird das didaktisch-methodische Vorgehen prazisiert, werden Vorschlage fur die grafische und inhaltliche Gestaltung von Teilnehmer- und Therapeutenmedien unterbreitet sowie erganzendes Hintergrundwissen beschrieben.

Background Along with diet and medication, exercise is the third cornerstone of type 2 diabetes treatment. However, current guidelines do not provide detailed information for designing effective exercise interventions. Objective Based on a review of the health-enhancing effects of endurance and resistance training, recommendations for exercise interventions for persons with type 2 diabetes and different comorbidities are derived to optimize the benefits of exercise. Method A hierarchic, systematic literature analysis was conducted. The evidence is summarized, and evidence-based recommendations are given. Results Aerobic training, resistance training, and combined training programmes hold equal potential to reduce the HbA1c by about 0.5-0.8. Endurance training improves cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiovascular risk factors. Compared to resistance training it will lead to superior effects on hypertension and blood lipids. Combined training is generally a little superior to aerobic and resistance training showing greater improvements for body weight, HDL-cholesterol and blood pressure. Health-enhancing effects are found for a broad range of exercise types, intensities and scope. Persons with type 2 diabetes should perform at least 90 min per week of vigorous (> 65% of VO (2)max) aerobic exercise or 150 min per week of moderate-intensity (40-65% of VO (2)max) aerobic physical activity. Performing at least 240 min of physical activity per week is associated with greater cardiovascular disease risk reductions as well as with less cardioÂ-vascular events compared with lower volumes of activity. Optimizing therapeutic benefits with different types and doses of exercise in combination with dietary and drug treatments needs further research.

CO adsorption and oxidation studies have been performed on model Pt catalysts using multilayer enhanced infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (MEIRAS) technique demonstrated in our laboratory. The multilayer model catalysts prepared for this study consist of semitransparent thin Pt films or Pt nanowires over SiO 2 or TiO 2 dielectric films of varying thicknesses with reflecting gold films underneath. CO adsorption results show that different types of oxidation and reduction pretreatments on Pt/SiO 2 /Au thin film catalysts lead to changes in the CO stretch region of the spectra and in morphology of Pt films. Ignition behavior of CO oxidation reaction was studied on these catalysts and a change in the baseline of the spectra was observed as an indication of change in surface oxygen coverage with change in reaction conditions. CO adsorption studies on Pt/TiO 2 /Au nanowires catalysts show a shift in the peak position towards lower wavenumbers with a decrease nanowire width. The results indicate that these spectral changes might be related to the boundary adsorption sites near the edges of Pt particles and nanowires. Further, experiments involving modification of boundary sites at Pt/TiO 2 junctions by applying external voltage to a catalytic nanodiode with Pt nanowires on TiO 2 are in progress.

Bewegungstherapeutische Interventionen sind ein zentraler Bestandteil in der Behandlung von Ruckenschmerzen. Sowohl international als auch national werden darunter sehr heterogene Ubungsformen und Bewegungsprogramme verstanden. Auch unterscheiden sich bewegungstherapeutische Interventionen mit einem funktionsorientierten Ansatz stark von jenen mit einem biopsychosozialen Ansatz. Der folgende Beitrag vermittelt zunachst einen kurzen Uberblick uber internationale und nationale Begrifflichkeiten von Bewegungstherapie. Darauf aufbauend erfolgt die Darstellung potenzieller Wirkmechanismen zwischen Ruckenschmerz und Bewegung sowie der Wirksamkeit bewegungstherapeutischer Interventionen bei Ruckenschmerz anhand systematischer Reviews. Abschliesend werden Konsequenzen fur die Gestaltung bewegungstherapeutischer Interventionen in der Behandlung von Ruckenschmerzen und offene Forschungsfragen beschrieben.

Functional dynamic tests are increasingly used in rehabilitation after injuries of the lower extremities. In these tests quantitative measures (e.g. time, height, distance) are mainly used as parameters, whereas the quality of the neuromuscular performance is poorly evaluated. In the present study the neuromuscular performance of leg muscles in different motor tasks was investigated 10-16 months after ACL-reconstruction. In 39 subjects with arthroscopically assisted ACL-reconstruction and 20 controls, isometric knee extensor strength, thigh circumference, knee stability, subjective knee function and the neuromuscular performance (by kinematic data and EMG) during three dynamic tests (stair descending, one-legged drop jump, one-legged cyclic hops) were measured. During the strength measurements a superimposed twitch technique was used for the detection of neuromuscular inhibition. The results demonstrate a significantly reduced Lysholm-Score and a distinct strength deficit, but no neuromuscular inhibition and no differences in knee stability in the operated leg. Besides reduced motor abilities of the injured leg, significant differences of the neuromuscular performance could be detected. It was evident that different test conditions revealed different persisting changes of the neuromuscular performance, which could not be detected by kinematic parameters alone.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of 2 implementation interventions - train-the-trainer workshops (TTT) and written implementation guideline (GL) - in terms of implementation fidelity of a back-training school within inpatient orthopedic rehabilitation.An implementation trial was conducted using a mixed-methods approach for outcome evaluation in 10 rehabilitation clinics randomly assigned to the interventions. Data were assessed by questionnaires and observation forms.Trainers in the TTT condition, as compared to trainers in the GL condition, rated both their patient-oriented back school practice (d=1.37) and achievement of manual-based educational goals (W=0.18) significantly higher. Patients in the TTT condition showed significantly higher treatment satisfaction compared to patients in the GL condition (d=0.44). There were no significant group effects regarding the observed fidelity.An interactive TTT showed several benefits with regard to subjective outcomes compared to a written guideline.

Lateral ankle sprains are among the most common sports injuries, with a prevalence of 25 to 30 % of all injuries. At least one-third of individuals develop long-term complaints and chronic instabilities at the ankle, which in many cases cannot be attributed to mechanical insufficiencies of the joint. This condition is referred to as functional ankle instability (FAI). Impairments of the sensorimotor control system, such as disturbed proprioception and postural control, as well as reduced muscle strength and reflex activity, have been suggested to contribute to the aetiology of FAI. This review summarises the current body of literature regarding sensorimotor control in individuals with FAI. We discuss the results in the context of current neurophysiological models of the development of functional joint instabilities.

With the aim of developing optomechanical inorganic materials, boron nitride-coated Nextel™ 440 fibers and tin oxide-coated ZenTron™ glass fibers were used for manufacturing continuous and short fiber reinforced borosilicate glass matrix composites. No evident loss in tensile strength occurred for the BN-coated Nextel™ fibers whereas coating the ZenTron™ fiber with tin oxide caused a significant strength decrease. Composites with ≤12 vol% of short or continuous fibers were fabricated by a standard slurry infiltration and hot-pressing process. The mechanical properties of the composites were investigated by uni- and biaxial flexural strength tests. Nextel™ 440 short fiber reinforced composites with boron nitride interfaces demonstrated “quasi”-ductile fracture behaviour under biaxial stress loading with biaxial fracture strength values of up to 88 MPa. The boron nitride layers caused fiber pull-out during fracture of long fiber reinforced composites, leading to a fracture toughness ( K ic ) value of 3.3 MPa m 1/2 . In contrast to this, the ZenTron™ glass fiber reinforced glass matrix composites with SnO 2 interface exhibited brittle fracture behaviour.

The prevention of breast cancer is increasingly of focus in health-politics policies and has gained a valid position in the area of medical intervention. Data from a current meta-analysis of all four randomised Tamoxifen prevention studies illustrate a reduction of 38 % (Odds ratio 0.62; 95 % CI 0.42-0.89) in the incidence of breast cancer. This observation lead to registration of this drug in the USA for the prevention of breast cancer in women with a calculated 5-year risk of> 1.66 %. In addition to Tamoxifen, further substances are currently being tested with the aim of improving the therapeutic index whilst reducing incidence and mortality rates. These are primarily substances which have proven efficacy in the treatment of breast cancer (other antioestrogens, aromatase inhibitors and GnRH-analogues) or those whose mechanism of action predict a preventative effect (retinoids, phytooestrogens, substitution preparations e. g. Tibolone). In Germany, chemoprevention is currently only to be recommended within study protocols, as to date no substance is approved in the indication'prevention of breast cancer'. A essential contribution to the accrual of valid data is the conduct of breast cancer prevention trials. The participation of women with high risk of breast cancer in Germany is, in contrast to comparable international studies, problematic. Data on the current knowledge and attitude of the female population towards such trials (gathered via a questionnaire of the DACH in 7 000 women) show that only 19.5 % of the women questioned during a consultation with a gynaecologist were aware of the possibility of active chemoprevention. However, 55.3 % stated that they would be prepared to take such a substance, were chemoprevention possible. Studies for both pre- and post-menopausal women with increased risk of breast cancer are currently active in Germany (GISS and IBIS-II of the study group GABG - German Adjuvant Breast cancer Group). An intensive information campaign to raise public awareness of breast cancer risk amongst women and their physicians is planned in conjunction with the IBIS-II study (www.brustkrebsvorbeugen.de). Latest literature recommendations for prevention of breast cancer (Chlebowski et al.) have been assessed.

Numerous techniques are available for evaluating the efficacy of barrier materials at preventing the diffusion of copper into dielectric materials. In this study, the capability of triangular voltage sweep (TVS) as a means of determining barrier integrity is investigated. Also in the study, a new test structure is introduced for performing capacitance voltage bias temperature stress (CV-BTS) tests. This test structure, which is designed to mimic barrier performance at the bottom of vias where step coverage is a challenge, was used to determine the diffusion barrier properties of PVD deposited tantalum as a function of Ta thickness in 0.25-µm vias.

AIM: The present paper validates the use of two-dimensional pelvis and thorax translation data for the assessment of gait disturbances and evaluates the effects of a real-time visual feedback system based on thoracic spine kinematics for gait rehabilitation. METHODS: To validate the use of two-dimensional gait kinematics, vertical and horizontal displacements of pelvis (S1) and thorax (T12) markers of the twelve healthy individuals (25.9 +/- 2.7 years) were recorded during two gait perturbations: a brace constraining the knee to 30 degrees of flexure and a shoe lift of 3 cm. To investigate the effects of verbal instructions and additional real-time visual feedback on vertical and medial-lateral pelvis and trunk movements, gait kinematics were recorded during three randomized trials (verbal instruction, real-time visual kinematic feedback, free walking). RESULTS: Gait deviations did result in significant (p < 0.05) increases of horizontal and vertical trunk pelvis movements. Significant (p < 0.05) reductions in oscillation amplitudes were noted when verbal cues and visual information were received. However, the major decrease occurred during real-time visual feedback. CONCLUSION: Asymmetric limping, similar to gait disorders of individuals with hip pathologies, could be detected and described by two-dimensional thorax and pelvis translation data. It could be speculated that gait disorders may be addressed by real-time kinematic feedback training.

The adhesion of copper and various dielectric materials to tungsten carbide was studied using interfacial critical debond energies obtained by the four-point flexure method. Tungsten carbide (W2C), films 33.3 nm thick, were vapor deposited onto SiO2, spin-on carbon polymer resin (CPR), chemically vapor deposited organosilicate glass (OSG), and spin-on siloxane-organic polymer (SOP) surfaces using direct-current magnetron sputtering of a W metal target and a methane substrate plasma. Thick copper films (42.5 nm) were vapor deposited onto W2C. Some interfaces were modified by an Ar plasma, 1-nm W deposition, or O2 plasma treatment prior to Cu deposition. A W2C film deposited onto a CPR substrate was annealed for 2 h at 673 K in a 99% N2/1% H2gas mixture. For the untreated dielectric surfaces, the debond energy ranged from 39.9 to 3.95 J/m2. In order of descending adhesion energy, the substrates are ranked CPR, SiO2, SOP, and OSG. Ar plasma treatment of the SiO2 surface increased the debond energy from 20.3 to 41.3 J/m2. The Cu/W2C debond energy was 20.4 J/m2. Ar plasma or 1-nm W deposition treatment to the carbide surface moved the point of delamination from the Cu/W2C interface to the W2C/CPR interface for a Cu/W2C/CPR multilayer structure.

Objective. To determine the differences between angular oscillation curves of the lumbar spine and pelvis during walkway and treadmill ambulation. Design. An in vivo observation of walking in overground and treadmill conditions. Background. Angular movements of the lumbar spine and pelvis have been obtained during overground and treadmill walking. No data are available to indicate whether lumbar spine treadmill findings may be compared or generalized to overground readings. Methods. Nine male subjects walked at their natural cadence along an 8 m walkway positioned over a motorized treadmill. During each of 20 walking trials, kinematic data of one full gait cycle were collected in the middle segment of the walkway. Following the overground readings the walkway was removed and treadmill recordings were taken at the subjects' preferred walking speed and at an imposed speed of 1.25 m/s. Movement patterns and maximum oscillation angles were calculated in each plane. Results. Cross-correlation values of pairwise comparisons demonstrated almost comparable movement patterns between walking conditions (r⩾0.891; p

The transfer of standardised patient education programmes into practice is a complex process with a multitude of influencing factors. Determinants relate among others to the organisation and individuals (e. g., practitioner, patient). Knowledge about individual factors regarding the trainers of patient education programmes in the German rehabilitation system is scarce. The aim of this study is to explore the acceptance of trainers concerning the implementation of a standardised back school and to derive facilitators and barriers to the implementation of patient education programmes.Semi-structured guideline-based interviews were conducted in 10 rehabilitation clinics. The sample consisted of 46 trainers (25 women): 11 physicians, 11 psychologists, 21 physio-/exercise therapists and 3 occupational therapists with a mean age of 41. The opinions of the trainers regarding the central components of back schools in general, their opinions about the new curriculum, their expectations on its implementation, anticipated difficulties with implementation and requests to the project team were explored as indicators for acceptance. The data were analysed with a multi-step qualitative content analysis.6 main categories comprising 136 subcategories were created and 729 quotations coded. Regarding the central components that should be covered by back schools, back-friendly behaviour was addressed most often. Opinions regarding the new curriculum were mostly positive. Trainers' approval of content and methods was highlighted and the similarity with existing offers in the clinics as well as the structure of the programme were rated positively. The trainers expected an increased patient orientation and personal development as well as a common, coherent language and interdisciplinarity. Difficulties were anticipated regarding time and personnel as well as therapy and appointment planning and also regarding the motivation/acceptance of patients. A wish for communication, education of trainers and feedback was directed at the project team.The study demonstrates high acceptance of programme implementation and central components of modern patient education programmes among trainers. The basis of individual facilitators and barriers has been investigated and might contribute to further development of implementation interventions. Communication and education considering those factors play a central role.

AIM Flexible lumbar corsets should contribute to an improved active and passive stabilisation of the lumbar spine. In the present study, the effects of flexible corsets on sensory-motor abilities have been investigated. METHODS 24 healthy subjects (m = 10, f = 14, 26.7 years) performed angle- and force-reproduction tasks with and without wearing a flexible corset. The subjects tried to reproduce trunk flexion angles of 20 degrees und 40 degrees as well as forces of 33% and 66% of the maximum strength of the back extensor muscles. Additionally, muscular reactions were measured during destabilizing stimuli. RESULTS No significant differences were found for the reproduction tasks. When wearing the corset, the left erector spinae muscles showed a delayed onset (+15 ms, p < 0.05), and the obliquus abdominis reached maximal activity more rapidly (-18 ms, p < 0.05). In the preinnervation phase the obliquus abdominis (-33%, p < 0.01), in the eccentric phase the erector spinae (-27%, p < 0.05) and the right obliquus abdominis (-46%, p < 0.05) and in the concentric phase the right obliquus abdominis (-35%, p < 0.01) and the rectus abdominis (-32%, p < 0.05) showed lower activities. CONCLUSION The reduced muscle activities with destabilizing stimuli can be interpreted as the result of an improved passive stabilisation of the lumbar region by wearing a flexible corset.

Tungsten carbide films were grown by chemical vapor deposition using W(CO) 6 and C 2 H 4 between 250 and 450°C. Pyrolysis studies indicate W(CO) 6 thermally decomposes over the 150–200°C temperature range with or without ethylene. Carbon incorporation increased from 13 to ∼33% when C 2 H 4 was co-fed with W(CO) 6 . The W/C carbon ratio, as established by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), remained approximately 2:1 regardless of the C 2 H 4 to W(CO) 6 flow ratio for temperatures between 250° and 450°C. Films (50 nm thick) grown at 290°C have a resistivity of 250 μΩ-cm. Above 500°C, the W/C ratio decreased to ∼1:1.25 and the resistivity increased to 535 μΩ-cm. The tungsten and carbon are present in the tungsten carbide chemical state. X-Ray diffraction, XPS, selected area electron diffraction and transmission electron microscopy analysis reveal the films are a mixture of 5–6 nm W 2 C crystallites in an amorphous matrix, whose stoichiometry is ∼2:1 W/C. Copper was not found to diffuse through 7-nm-thick tungsten carbide films in Cu/WC/SiO 2 stacks that were annealed at 400°C for 8–9 h.

Introduction Children are motivated by new activities in physical education. Inline Skating (ILS) is one of the trend activities of the last years. For the establishment of ILS in school injury risks and the possible preventive transfer in leisure time activities are of interest. The aim of this study was to compare the incidence of injuries in an ILS-program in school with traditional activities of exercise lessons. Furthermore inline skate specific injury incidence in leisure time was evaluated. Method A sample of 47 schools was evaluated by a standardized questionnaire asking for: injury incidence in traditional sports and ILS and the incidence of ILS-injuries in leisure time. Results The relative injury risk of ILS (% per 100 teaching units) is 14.3%. Basketball e.g. has an injury risk of 16.1%, handball 14.6%, gymnastics 13.9% and other games 9.5%. After the end of the ILS-program 37.3% of the students reported the incidence of an injury due to ILS in leisure time. Conclusion Compared to other activities in physical education ILS shows a moderate risk of injury and may improve the acceptance of active and passive prophylaxis.

The objective measurement of functional lumbopelvical movements enables the evaluation of the quantity and quality of movements referring to functional disorders in dynamic test-situations. The goal of the present study is the determination of the reproducibility of time-continuous movement analysis of the pelvic region during walking and the determination of possible errors. The movements of the thoracic (Th12), lumbar and sacrum-region (S1) of 17 healthy subjects (age: 32.1 +/- 2.3 years) during walking on a treadmill (4.5 km/h) were investigated twice in an interval of 24 hours by means of a 3D ultrasonic movement analysis system. The ensemble averages of the low-pass filtered and time-normalized angle-time sequences of all anatomical planes and regions showed high test-retest correlations (r > or = 0.92, p < 0.01) except fo the lumbar movement in the sagittal plane (r = 0.79, p < 0.01). A paired t-test showed no significant differences for the amplitudes of test and retest measurements except for the thoracolumbar movement in the sagittal plane (p < .05). The results show that the evaluation of lumbar movement patterns can be regarded as admissible and desirable for clinical movement analysis. The data can be used as a diagnostic tool for the planning and control of therapeutic interventions.

Cytokines are important regulators of reproductive functions. Significant amounts of interleukin-6 (IL-6) have been detected in the serum and ascites of patients with ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). These findings suggest the involvement of IL-6 as a mediator in the pathogenesis of OHSS. This study was performed to analyse IL-6 and IL-6 receptor (IL-6-R) expression in human granulosa lutein cells (GC). GC were cultured after isolation from follicular fluid. IL-6 concentrations in follicular fluid and serum from individual patients and GC supernatants were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We found detectable concentrations of IL-6 in serum and follicular fluid of all patients. Expression of IL-6 in GC was shown immunocytochemically. IL-6 mRNA was detected in GC by in-situ hybridization. Gene expression for IL-6 and IL-6-R in GC was demonstrated using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. IL-6 significantly inhibited human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG)-induced progesterone secretion of GC. The results of our study suggest that IL-6 is expressed in HGC and that this cytokine is able to modulate GC function via its specific receptor. This is the first report that describes the precence of IL-6-R in human granulosa lutein cells.

Uncertainties concerning the pathology of multiple sclerosis have in the past led to numerous theories about the cause and therapy of the disease. In the last 40 years technological progress and the use of scientific research methods have contributed to a considerably enlarged body of medical and scientific knowledge, a process that has not yet come to an end. The attitude towards physical activity has also changed tremendously over time. There was a paradigm shift from the fear of triggering and aggravating the disease towards therapeutic benefits of physical activity and exercise. The first evidence for beneficial effects of exercise on symptoms and the course of the disease originated in the 1960s; however, a growing scientific interest in the topic was not recognizable until the 1990s when the number of exercise studies finally started to increase. Nowadays, the positive effects of physical activity and exercise are well established; nevertheless, high-quality research reports are still lacking. As a consequence there are still many unresolved questions concerning specific training effects and recommendations.

Physical activities are particularly health effective when they are structured and systematically organized, for example, with respect to a dose-response relationship or to psychosocial aspects. Which insights can be gained from scientific knowledge on the structure of physical activities? Which health-related goals can be sought with different physical activities in the field of sport? Which target groups can be reached with these kinds of sport? These questions are addressed in this article on the basis of current scientific knowledge-to promote the development of health-enhancing physical activities especially in sport federations, but also to create a communication platform between the sport and the health sector. The work of researchers in this field is focused mainly on health-enhancing physical activity, but they are also engaged in health-related scientific organizations and in sport federations.

Internet-based interventions open a chance to improve the sustainability of rehabilitation in general and of exercise therapy in particular. The internet can be the sole intervention component on the one hand as well as a supportive tool for a traditional "Face-to-Face" intervention on the other hand. In this article, 2 studies in the setting of health promotion are outlined. Those studies evaluated an e-Training program in different administration forms.Study 1: 90 adults with a sedentary lifestyle were randomized into 3 treatment groups: Group fitness ("Face-to-Face"), individually supervised training ("Face-to-Face") and e-Training (internet-based). The respective intervention took place across 3 months and each continued for a maintenance phase of 4 months. Muscular fitness, sports activities and health-related quality of life were assessed at 3 points in time: right before the intervention, after the first 3 months, and finally, after the maintenance -phase. Study 2: 509 adults with a high self-rated risk of recurrent back pain participated in the intervention "Rückengesundheit ERlangen", which lasted for 6 months: a combined program with its content delivered "Face-to-Face" and via e-Training. The analysis was conducted in a pre-post design without control group. Several psychosocial outcome variables were assessed (e.g., fear-avoidance beliefs/FABQ-D) and the cardio-pulmonary endurance capacity.In study 1 and in study 2, significant improvements over time in all intervention groups were measured in nearly all of the dependent variables, with the exception of the physical component summary of health-related quality of life (HRQL) (SF-36) in study 1, as well as its mental component summary (SF-36) and the endurance capacity in study 2. In study 1, the graphical comparison (confidence interval) of e-Training with the "Face-to-Face" interventions shows a similar efficacy of both of them. A gender-specific evaluation reveals that the mental component of HRQL in women is significantly more improved by the group fitness intervention than by e-Training. Study 2 shows significant positive changes in the pre-post comparison regarding psychosocial risk factors of the chronification of back pain and for men significant improvements of the endurance capacity. However, no causal link could be established because of the -limitation of the study design.

The positive health enhancing effects of exercise, physical activity (PA), and sport for the general population as well as for persons with musculoskeletal diseases like osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis are indisputable. High potential lies in activating biopsychosocial exercise interventions that target long-term changes of physical activity behavior, and thus think beyond short intervention periods with mostly short-term effects on physical functions. Those behavioral interventions are related to the framework of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) of the World Health Organization (WHO) and consider – in addition to the classical target area of restoration of body functions and structures – relevant activities and aspects of participation as well as personal context factors. Based upon recent psychological health behavior change (HBC) theories and using the principles of intervention mapping we identified 28 exercise-related techniques that impact relevant modifiable personal factors of PA. Together with classical exercise components these techniques were integrated into an ICF-based concept of a “Behavioral Exercise Therapy” (BET). This concept serves as a theory-driven “tool box” for designing complex BET programs to promote PA and to build and strengthen individual movement-related health competence. In BET relevant contents and methods are didactically arranged on three intervention levels to enable the development of movement-related health competence: 1) physical exercise and training, 2) learning/education, and 3) experience. Movement-related health competence is composed of the three components movement competence, control competence and self-regulation competence. It is regarded as a personal resource for the movement and mobility demands in daily life, for autonomous health enhancing physical activity and sport, and for coping with or adjustment to health disorders and diseases. Disclosure of Interest None declared

Common health problems are increasing due to the combination of decreased physical activity demands in everyday life and demographic changes; thus, the importance of exercise therapy is increasing. The incidence and prevalence of today's predominant chronic diseases are directly related to physical activity. However, daily clinical routine does not stay abreast with these changes. The education of physicians, and thus their scope of action, is dominated by biomedical therapy concepts, predominantly drug therapy concepts. Differential and consolidated findings of modern exercise and sport science are astonishingly rare in the counselling and treatment portfolio of medical care. The present disease management program for persons with diabetes mellitus type 2 is a good example. Referring to this background, the authors address the new approach of "ICF-oriented exercise programs and biopsychosocial status." They present resource-related interventional strategies and health care concepts for chronic health disorders like the metabolic syndrome or diabetes mellitus type 2. The relevance and use of active health promotion and care - due to lifestyle- and age-related health problems of the population - will increase in importance and be more commonly recommended.