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The Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) is an effort by the international marine carbon research community. It aims to improve access to carbon dioxide measurements in the surface oceans by regular releases of quality controlled and fully documented synthesis and gridded fCO2 (fugacity of carbon dioxide) products. SOCAT version 2 presented here extends the data set for the global oceans and coastal seas by four years and has 10.1 million surface water fCO2 values from 2660 cruises between 1968 and 2011. The procedures for creating version 2 have been comparable to those for version 1. The SOCAT website (http://www.socat.info/) provides access to the individual cruise data files, as well as to the synthesis and gridded data products. Interactive online tools allow visitors to explore the richness of the data. Scientific users can also retrieve the data as downloadable files or via Ocean Data View. Version 2 enables carbon specialists to expand their studies until 2011. Applications of SOCAT include process studies, quantification of the ocean carbon sink and its spatial, seasonal, year-to-year and longer-term variation, as well as initialisation or validation of ocean carbon models and coupled-climate carbon models.

The positron lifetimes of two organic superconductors, {kappa}-(ET){sub 2}Cu(NCS){sub 2} and {kappa}-(ET){sub 2}Cu[N(CN){sub 2}]Br, are measured as a function of temperature across {Tc}. A drop of positron lifetime below {Tc} is observed. Positron-electron momentum densities are measured by using 2D-ACAR to search for the Fermi surface in {kappa}-(ET){sub 2}Cu[N(CN){sub 2}]Br. Positron density distributions and positron-electron overlaps are calculated by using the orthogonalized linear combination atomic orbital (OLCAO) method to interprete the temperature dependence due to the local charge transfer which is inferred to relate to the superconducting transition. 2D-ACAR results in {kappa}-(ET){sub 2}Cu[N(CN){sub 2}]Br are compared with theoretical band calculations based on a first-principles local density approximation. Importance of performing accurate band calculations for the interpretation of positron annihilation data is emphasized.

We report the first precise measurement of the positron-electron momentum distribution in an organic superconducting single crystal κ-(BEDT-TTF) 2 Cu[N(CN) 2 ]Br by the 2D-ACAR method. The anisotropy in the raw spectrum has the appropriate symmetry and is consistent with the structure factors of the space group of the crystal. The LCW-folded k -space density is discussed and compared with the Fermi surface prediction of a HMO calculation. Substantial discrepancies between the experimental results and the existing theory are found.

Sibling influence on the learning and enactment of aggressive behavior has been consistently demonstrated in studies of sibling relationships. Available evidence suggests that, compared with nonaggressive children's sibling interactions, the sibling interactions of aggressive children are marked by more frequent, intense, and prolonged aggressive behaviors. Although research on normative and aggressive children's sibling interactions has increased recently, a number of limitations in this literature were addressed in this study by: (1) including both an aggressive and nonaggressive comparison group, (2) examining both positive and negative features of sibling relationships, (3) employing a multimethod/multiinformant approach to data collection, and (4) utilizing an improved self-report method. In support of our hypotheses and consistent with previous research, results showed that aggressive children's sibling relationships were marked by higher levels of observed conflict and lower levels of self-reported positive features. When gender was examined, results showed that older brother/younger sister dyads were characterized by higher levels of negative features and lower levels of positive features.

Eucaryotic cells contain at least two general classes of oxygen-regulated nuclear genes: aerobic genes and hypoxic genes. Hypoxic genes are induced upon exposure to anoxia while aerobic genes are down-regulated. Recently, it has been reported that induction of some hypoxic nuclear genes in mammals and yeast requires mitochondrial respiration and that cytochrome-c oxidase functions as an oxygen sensor during this process. In this study, we have examined the role of the mitochondrion and cytochrome-c oxidase in the expression of yeast aerobic nuclear COX genes. We have found that the down-regulation of these genes in anoxic cells is reflected in reduced levels of their subunit polypeptides and that cytochrome-c oxidase subunits I, II, III, Vb, VI, VII, and VIIa are present in promitochondria from anoxic cells. By using nuclear cox mutants and mitochondrial rho(0) and mit(-) mutants, we have found that neither respiration nor cytochrome-c oxidase is required for the down-regulation of these genes in cells exposed to anoxia but that a mitochondrial genome is required for their full expression under both normoxic and anoxic conditions. This requirement for a mitochondrial genome is unrelated to the presence or absence of a functional holocytochrome-c oxidase. We have also found that the down-regulation of these genes in cells exposed to anoxia and the down-regulation that results from the absence of a mitochondrial genome are independent of one another. These findings indicate that the mitochondrial genome, acting independently of respiration and oxidative phosphorylation, affects the expression of the aerobic nuclear COX genes and suggest the existence of a signaling pathway from the mitochondrial genome to the nucleus.

The stage of breast cancer at diagnosis in women who have undergone augmentation mammoplasty has been examined with conflicting results. Additional evaluation of this population is needed.A retrospective review of a large cancer center's breast cancer registry for a 116-month period was performed. Comparisons of patient age, method of detection, and pathologic stage of disease at presentation were performed for 33 patients with augmented breasts and 1735 patients with nonaugmented breasts who were treated.Twenty-four percent of the patients with augmented breasts and 42% of those with nonaugmented breasts had mammographically detected cancers (P = NS). The incidence of ductal carcinoma in situ in the two groups was similar (18% versus 15%). Sizes of the mammographically detected tumors in the two groups were comparable; however, palpable tumors in the augmented group were significantly smaller than were those in the nonaugmented group. Overall, a significant difference in axillary lymph node involvement was detected, with 19% of the augmented group and 41% of the nonaugmented group having positive lymph nodes. In patients with palpable tumors, axillary lymph node involvement also was significantly different, with 22% of the patients with augmented breasts and 58% of those with nonaugmented breasts having axillary lymph node metastases. In the mammographically detected tumors, there was no significant difference in axillary lymph node metastases between the patients with augmented (13%) and those with nonaugmented (15%) breasts.Early detection of breast cancer is possible in the patient who has undergone augumentation mammoplasty. Mammography was successful in detecting occult lesions, and palpation detected smaller tumors. In this cohort, there was no evidence to suggest that the patients with augmented breasts had more advanced disease at presentation.

To evaluate the potential of laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy for the detection of premalignant lesions of the gastrointestinal tract, the hypothesis that adenomatous transformation of colonic mucosa results in an alteration of laser-induced fluorescence that enables its differentiation from normal or hyperplastic tissue was tested. A fiberoptic catheter coupled to a helium-cadmium laser (325 nm) and an optical multichannel analyzer were used to obtain fluorescence spectra (350-600 nm) from 35 normal colonic specimens and 35 resected adenomatous polyps. A score based on six wavelengths was derived by stepwise multivariate linear regression analysis of the spectra. The mean score (+/- SEM) was + 0.86 +/- 0.06 for normal mucosa and -0.86 +/- 0.06 for adenomatous polyps (P less than 0.001). Spectra from an additional 34 normal specimens, 16 adenomatous polyps, and 16 hyperplastic polyps were prospectively classified with accuracies of 100%, 100%, and 94%, respectively. The mean score for hyperplastic polyps was significantly different from adenomatous (P less than 0.001) but not from normal tissue. Thus, quantitative analysis of fluorescence spectra enables the detection of adenomatous transformation in colonic mucosa.

Fluorescence lifetimes of coronary arteries with normal intima, white atherosclerotic plaque, and calcified atherosclerotic plaque were measured in the wavelength range beyond 360 nm and in the bandwidths centered on 390 nm, 450 nm, and 500 nm. The fluorescence profiles were fitted to a double exponential with a fast and a slow component. At wavelengths above 360 nm, arteries with white atherosclerotic plaque appear to have a fast component (113 31 ps) that is shorter than that of normal arteries (126 17 ps) or arteries with calcified plaque (133 35 ps). In the band centered at 390 nm, the fast components of normal arteries (148 41 ps) and arteries with white plaque (112 141 ps) are slower than that of calcified plaque arteries (81 56 ps). In the 450 nm band, both arteries with white plaque and calcified plaque arteries have fast components that are faster (x ps) than that of normal arteries. The slow component of arteries with white plaque in the 390 nm band is greater (3 0.4 ps) than that of normal arteries or arteries with calcified plaque (2.2 0.2 ps, 2.6 0.2 ps). These preliminary results indicate that arteries with white plaque, arteries with calcified plaque, and normal arteries may be distinguished from one another.

A retrospective study of 50 chronic home hemodialysis patients and 20 transplant recipients revealed: 1) sexual dysfunction occurs with the development of renal insufficiency and does not appear to improve during chronic hemodialysis; 2) recovery may follow successful renal transplantation, but not always; 3) drug therapy appears beneficial in the treatment of uremic hypogonadism and sexual dysfunction; 4) professional couselling is of paramount importance and recommended during all phases of treatment.