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Abstract The first borehole 5071_1_B of the ICDP‐Drilling the Ivrea‐Verbano zonE (DIVE) project in Italy, which intersects the Massone antiform, provides a unique opportunity to integrate downhole geophysical measurements with observations from 100% recovered drill core in rarely drilled lithologies. The objective of this study is to petrophysically and structurally characterize the rock mass and constrain factors influencing the seismic velocity in the lower continental crust. A comprehensive data set, comprising core, well log and vertical seismic profiling data, was collected. The structural analysis indicates that the axial plane of the intersected tightly folded antiform is slightly tilted at the borehole location and thus the borehole intersects the hinge zone at the top and its limb in the lower part of 5071_1_B. Numerous open natural fractures with variable dips and two dominant dip azimuthal orientations are identified along the borehole, which affect the electrical and acoustic properties. The velocities at the core, well log and seismic scale are consistent but lower than intrinsic seismic velocities of the lower continental crust, since they are not only affected by fractures but also by micro cracks at the 5071_1_B in situ conditions. A systematic lithology correlation is not evident for these properties. However, a cluster analysis of gamma ray and magnetic susceptibility logs shows an excellent agreement with the logged core lithologies in the presence of remarkable spatial variability. Furthermore, the main lithologies are grouped into three distinct clusters, suggesting two types of kinzigites with distinct magnetic and radiogenic properties.

Abstract The progression of cancer cell migration, invasion and subsequent metastasis is the main cause of mortality in cancer patients. Through creating more accurate cancer models, we can achieve more precise results, which will lead to a better understanding of the invasion process. This holds promise for more effective prevention and treatment strategies. Although numerous 2D and 3D cell culture systems have been developed, they poorly reflect the in vivo situation and many questions have remained unanswered. This work describes a novel dynamic 3D cell culture system aimed at advancing our comprehension of cancer cell migration. With the newly designed cultivation chamber, 3D tumor spheroids were cultivated within a collagen I matrix in the presence of fluid flow to study the migration of cancer cells from spheroids in the matrix. Using light sheet microscopy and histology, we demonstrated that the morphology of spheroids is influenced by dynamic culture and that, in contrast to static culture, spheroids in dynamic culture are characterized by the absence of a large necrotic core. Additionally, this influence extends to an increase in the size of migration area, coupled with an increase in expression of some genes related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The results here highlight the importance of dynamic culture in cancer research. Although the dynamic 3D cell culture system in this study was used to investigate migration of one cell type into a matrix, it has the potential to be further developed and used for more complex models consisting of different cell types or to analyze other steps of metastasis development such as transendothelial migration or extravasation.

Introduction: Pharmacogenetics (PGx) has the potential to improve health outcomes but cost of testing is a barrier for equitable access. Reimbursement by insurance providers may lessen the financial burden for patients, but the extent to which PGx claims are covered in clinical practice has not been well-characterized in the literature.Methods: A retrospective analysis of outpatient claims submitted to payers for PGx tests from 1/1/2019 through 12/31/2021 was performed. A reimbursement rate was calculated and compared across specific test types (e.g., single genes, panel), payers, indication, and the year the claim was submitted.Results: A total of 1,039 outpatient claims for PGx testing were analyzed. The overall reimbursement rate was 46% and ranged from 36%–48% across payers. PGx panels were reimbursed at a significantly higher rate than single gene tests (74% vs. 43%, p < 0.001).Discussion: Reimbursement of claims for PGx testing is variable based on the test type, indication, year the claim was submitted, number of diagnosis codes submitted, and number of unique diagnosis codes submitted. Due to the highly variable nature of reimbursement, cost and affordability should be discussed with each patient.