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Many evidences witnessed that the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) by countries promotes transparency and attracts international capitals. However, whether it may have a positive spillover effect beyond accounting practices in reducing corruption receives scant attention and is worth studying. Using a sample of unbalanced panel of 37 African countries from the WGI- World bank over the period 2002-2016, we found that IFRS adoption from the samples in Africa has a positive impact on corruption. We further found out that the corruption curbing effect of IFRS adoption was stronger in British colonization countries and better law enforcement countries in Africa. The findings of the study will enlighten the countries which have adopted IFRS to strengthen their law enforcement to maximize the positive effect of IFRS, and will give inspirations and guidance to the countries which are yet to adopt IFRS as a tool of financial protection and management to consider adopting it.

We present a rare case of a giant intra-parotid calculus in a 64-year-old man with recurrent parotitis. The literature is also reviewed.

Early conflicting reports and the lack of sensitive anatomical methods have led to an oversimplified view of adrenal gland innervation. It was not until the introduction of nerve fibre tracing techniques in the mid-1970s that the true complexity of adrenal innervation began to emerge. The first part of this article comprises a brief review of these and other relevant reports dealing with both medullary and cortical innervation. In the second part a detailed account is given of the work undertaken in Rex Coupland's Department relating to the innervation of the rodent and primate adrenal medulla using a retrograde fluorescent tracer technique. It was concluded that, in all 3 species studied, the adrenal medulla receives a sympathetic and parasympathetic efferent and an afferent innervation. The possible interrelationship between neural control of cortical and medullar secretions is discussed briefly.

Ultrastructural studies, including apreliminary morphometric analysis, of the right ventricular myocardium in the West African bat Eidolon helvum show that the myocytes contain a wider T-tubule system and a higher proportion of mitochondria and lipid droplets than in typical terrestrial mammals such as the rat; these features in the bat are even more pronounced than in hibernating species such as the golden hamster. In addition to having coupling arrangements with T-tubules and surface sarcolemma, cisterns of junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum are closely apposed to mitochondria and lipid droplets.

Ultrastructural studies, including a preliminary morphometric analysis, of the right ventricular myocardium in the West African bat Eidolon helvum show that the myocytes contain a wider T-tubule system and a higher proportion of mitochondria and lipid droplets than in typical terrestrial mammals such as the rat; these features in the bat are even mor pronounced than in hibernating species such as the golden hamster. In addition to having coupling arrangements with T-tubules and surface sarcolemma, cisterns of junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum are closely apposed to mitochondria and lipid droplets.