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Abstract It is the goal of this article to define and implement the strategic policies to avoid negative environmental impact by planning, implementing, monitoring, and controlling activities based on the environmental management. The forthcoming work does not involve experimental and characterization studies, and it does not even involve laboratory experiments. Environmental risks have been mitigated by a number of laws and regulations, including those that recognize, evaluate, and enforce environmental hazards. A sustainable policy is an innovative way of establishing policies and plans which are sustainable for the environment. This study provided metrics and indicators for measuring the environmental performance. As a result, the key priorities will be protecting the environment, growing the economy, and utilizing resources in the most effective manner without compromising the needs of the future. To ensure sustainable development, the environment and society will be managed to achieve their well-being because of implementing strategies. This report explores some of the practices and principles of sustainability that businesses, organizations, and individuals can employ to improve their sustainability.

In the title compound, C31H28O4, the phenyl rings of the chalcone unit subtend a dihedral angle of 26.43 (10)°. The phenyl rings of the pendant benzyloxy groups are orientated at 75.57 (13) and 75.70 (10)° with respect to their attached ring. In the crystal, weak C—H...O and C—H...π interactions link the molecules. The intermolecular interactions were quantified and analysed using Hirshfeld surface analysis, which showed a breakdown into H...H (49.8%), H...C/C...H (33.8%) and H...O/O...H (13.6%) interactions with other types making negligible contributions.

This study aims to develop scaffolds (CCS, CCS-SeNPs, CCS-SA-SeNPs, and CCS-PET-SeNPs) with enhanced mechanical strength, thermal stability, and antioxidant properties to improve cell attachment and proliferation of the C2C12 cell line for cardiac health applications. Collagen and chitosan are popular biopolymers in tissue engineering for their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and support for cell growth. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are incorporated into scaffolds for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, which enhance tissue regeneration. Sodium alginate and pectin, natural polysaccharides, further modify these scaffolds to improve structural and functional properties. Developing these composite scaffolds aims to optimize biomaterial performance in regenerative medicine. In the present study, various types of scaffolds (CCS, CCS-SeNPs, CCS-SA-SeNPs, and CCS-PET-SeNPs scaffolds) were prepared and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), and Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TGA). The XRD data revealed that all the scaffolds (CCS, CCS-SeNPs, CCS-SA-SeNPs, and CCS-PET-SeNPs) displayed an amorphous structure. SEM analysis demonstrated that the CCS and CCS-SA-SeNPs scaffolds exhibit solid-walled metrics and a smooth surface. EDX confirmed the homogeneous Se distribution within the scaffolds. The tensile strength of CCS, CCS-SeNPs, CCS-SA-SeNPs, and CCS-PET-SeNPs scaffolds was found to be 5.15 N, 4.77 N, 4.05 N, and 4.01 N, respectively. Thermal stability assessments showed that CCS-SeNPs, CCS-SA-SeNPs and CCS-PET-SeNPs scaffolds displayed good thermal stability, with maximum decomposition occurring at 250 °C. Furthermore, the CCS-SeNPs, CCS-SA-SeNPs, and CCS-PET-SeNPs scaffolds showed notable antioxidant activity of ∼ 57 %, compared to the CCS scaffold’s 42 %. Morphological studies of C2C12 cells on these scaffolds showed better proliferation on SeNPs-enhanced scaffolds. Nucleus morphology remained unchanged, indicating no adverse effects from SeNPs. The results indicate that the scaffolds (CCS, CCS-SeNPs, CCS-SA-SeNPs, and CCS-PET-SeNPs) demonstrate notable enhancements in mechanical strength, thermal stability, and antioxidant efficacy. These advancements are anticipated to promote enhanced cell adhesion and proliferation of the C2C12 cell line, thereby emphasizing their potential utility in cardiac health applications.

With the help of a hydrothermal process, we were able to prepare vertically layered MoS2 nanoflakes that were rooted to TiO2 modified. MoS2 nanoflakes and TiO2 contribute significantly to the strong XRD peaks and μ-Raman spectroscopy, and this phenomenon may also be explained by the unique structure of vertically stacked MoS2 nanoflakes on TiO2 that has many exposed edges and large surfaces as well as high electron transfer rates between TiO2 and MoS2. As can be clearly seen, there are no noticeable changes in the self-photodegradation of MB under visible light interaction (VLI), and the MoS2 doped TiO2 photocatalyst displays ∼ 90 % degradation efficiency. By, measuring photoelectrochemically, charge carriers are separated efficiently. These experiments illustrate the transient photocurrent response of the MoS2 doped TiO2 photocatalyst while cycling between three on/off cycles. As a result of a low recombination rate of the photoexcited charge carriers, the MoS2 doped TiO2 photocatalyst displays superior photocurrent response. In other words, a lower charge transfer resistance results in a faster transfer of charge between the surfaces.

Energy storing devices plays a major role in the development of technology. We synthesized carbon-based nanocomposites through a physical method and CuCo2O4 nanocomposites through a sol–gel technique calcined at 600 °C. From X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the formation of CuCo2O4 nanocomposites which also shows some impurity phase of CuO nanoparticle. The average crystalline size found to be 45 nm. According to optical absorption analysis, the particles show maximum absorption in 256 nm and 369 nm in the UV region, while copper cobaltite doped with activated carbon (AC) shows broad absorption compared with copper cobaltite alone. Morphology studies shows agglomerate image in AC composites and hexagonal structures was formed in CuCo2O4 nanoparticles with average particle size of 100 nm. Atomic and weight percentages were recorded using energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). A good specific capacitance can be found from CV analysis, using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), nanoparticles are shown to have different interface properties at the surface of electrodes. Using CuCo2O4 and its composite as positive and negative electrodes in cyclic voltammetry (CV) studies shows excellent electrochemical properties. In addition, CuCo2O4 with activated carbon is promising as a low-cost and good supercapacitor material.

Research applications in biology and the environment can benefit greatly from nanoscience and nanotechnology. Aqueous leaf extract of Adhatoda vesica (AV) mediated the formation of lead oxide (PbO) nanoparticles in this study. A XRD analysis confirmed that the lead oxide nanoparticles (PbO NPs) synthesized from leaves extract have a crystalline structure. UV–vis spectroscopy study of colloidal PbO nanoparticles absorption revealed the greatest absorption bands, and the photoluminescence (PL) emission spectrum revealed a broad nature of visible emission peaks with high surface defects. By analyzing PbO nanoparticles using the fourier transform infrared method (FTIR), the leaf extract demonstrated the presence of functional peaks. It was evident from the SEM images that most of the PbO NPs had a spherical, irregular sponge-like shape. Additionally, the PbO nanostructures were tested for their antibacterial activity against Escherichia Coli, and a high level of antibacterial activity was observed, indicating their suitability for antimicrobial applications. PbO NPs have been evaluated for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye (MB) under UV irradiation and have produced indications that the synthesized material is suitable for photocatalytic degradation. The Adhatoda vesica is used as medicine and enhances lead oxide nanomaterials' antibacterial properties. The research is focused on focusing on environmental pollution control and treatment of different diseases such as asthma, bronchitis, tuberculosis, and other diseases through applications of Ayurveda, Siddha, Homeopathy, and Unani. A study based on these findings revealed that Adhatoda vesica (Justicia adhatoda) leaves extract can be utilized as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative to producing lead oxide nanoparticles.

This review article portrays multi-component reactions of acenaphthoquinone. Quinones are basically heterocyclic compounds which are used as one of the precursors for the synthesis of compounds with extensive pharmacological activities. Quinones and their derivatives have biologically active components, which makes them a potent drug candidate. Quinones, acenaphthoquinone and their derivatives possess pharmacological activities, most probably because of the presence of the quinoline and they act as a promisable drug. There is a wide range of reactions that incorporate acenaphthoquinone in the synthesis of heterocyclic compound. This review also provides an outline of spiro cyclic compounds which possess prime pharmacological applications from the time period 2003 to 2023. Recently the interest in studies on applications of acenaphthoquinone and its derivatives have increased due to its diverse properties and activities in the pharmaceutical field.

The zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticle on a two - electron oxygen reduction reaction is a particularly promising candidate for in-situ application. Herein, we prepared the Cd doped ZnO nanocomposites through a simple hydrothermal method. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis has been carried out to confirm the structure and size of the nanomaterial. The optical absorption and energy gap of the prepared nanoparticles have been identified by UV–vis-NIR studies. Photoluminescence (PL) studies on the synthesized nanomaterials confirm the characteristic existence of blue and green emission bands. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy has been studied on the ZnO nanoparticles to analyze the -OH and CO-O vibrations. The structural and surface morphology analysis was inferred by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis. Cd doped ZnO nanocomposites are environmentally friendly and can be utilized to quickly remove contaminants from wastewater. The findings from the adsorption equilibrium fit the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) model very well, showing multi-layer adsorption. The photodegradation studies on Cd doped ZnO nanocomposites were carried out, which is an advanced oxidation process widely used for methylene blue removal. Therefore, the higher photocatalytic performance revealed that Cd doped ZnO nanocomposites could be a promising photocatalyst for environmental remediation applications.

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanostructures are well known for their excellency in photocatalytic activities. In this work, additive-free and Cd metal ion - incorporated titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles have been prepared to employ a facile route of synthesis using a hydrothermal method. Metal-metal nanocomposites have been synthesized by incorporating cadmium (Cd) with the appropriate amount of TiO2 nanoparticles. The properties of the derived materials had been investigated by employing various characteristic tools such as various techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV–visible absorbance spectroscopy (UV–vis), and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) are all examples of advanced imaging techniques, that may be used to study materials. Using a method known as a vibrating sample magnetometer, we measured the magnetic properties of bare and Cd-doped TiO2 nanoparticles. The investigations on crystalline nature of samples are agreed well with the standard crystalline features of TiO2 nanoparticles. Emerged grain sizes have been estimated for all samples of pure and additive incorporated TiO2 samples. Morphological characterization revealed that different particle features varied with the compositional changes. Spectral and optical absorption spectra of the prepared nanoparticles ensured the yield of derived TiO2 nanoparticles with the additive component. An evaluation of the photocatalytic activity of Cd doped TiO2 nanoparticles under UV irradiation was made using the methylene blue (MB) degradation method. The photodegradation efficiency were studied under visible light which confirms that the material is gifted one for water-treatment technologies to meet the rising clean water shortage.

Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HAp NPs) were synthesized with Muntingia calabura leaf extract as solvent and eggshell waste as a calcium source. The synthesized nanoparticles were irregular rod-like, as visualized by FESEM, while EDX and XPS studies confirmed the formation of hydroxyapatite. The synthesized HAp NPs were polycrystalline and highly thermostable as per XRD and TGA studies respectively. FTIR confirmed the stable coating of plant phytochemicals onto the HAp NPs. Congo red adsorption using HAp NPs nanoadsorbent was optimized by central composite design, wherein 89.96% of 33.18 mg/L dye was adsorbed in 137 min at 180 RPM. The adsorption process was in line with pseudo-second-order model and the Freundlich isotherm indicated chemical adsorption. The adsorption process was feasible, exothermic, and spontaneous as indicated by the thermodynamic studies. The adsorption capacity of HAp NPs stood at a maximum of 217 mg/g, indicating its superiority among other adsorbents reported earlier. It is evident from the convincing results that the HAp NPs synthesized in the present investigation may have a major role in developing novel adsorbents for dye removal out of wastewater streams.

The phyto nanotechnology strategy was executed for the genesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles by applying bark aqueous extract of Acacia nilotica (AN-ZnO NPs). The AN-ZnO NPs emergence was substantiated through a distinct peak at 350 nm in the ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. The fourier transform infrared spectroscopy exposed the phyto-organic moieties engaged as reduction and stabilization factors in fabricating nanoparticles. The crystalline trait, elemental proportions, spherical and hexagonal geometry of AN-ZnO NPs was witnessed by X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The high-resolution transmission electron microscopic technique provided the average size of 35 nm. AN-ZnO NPs presented larger inhibition zone against Candida albicans (22.7 ± 0.32 mm) at 40 µg/mL as an effectual fungicidal agent. Execution of in vitro antiradical scavenging assay of AN-ZnO NPs applying 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide (NO), hydroxyl radical (OH–), 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) displayed radical scavenging trait with the minimum inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 34.54 µg/mL, 38.0 µg/mL, 41.34 µg/mL, and 35.41 µg/mL, respectively. Cytotoxic feature against MCF-7 cell line was in a dose-manner with IC50 value of 37.15 µg/mL in addition to apoptotic proteins expressions were displayed by AN-ZnO NPs. An appreciable larvicidal role of AN-ZnO NPs was rendered against Anopheles stephensi with LD50 (0.31 ppm) and LD90 (0.59 ppm), besides acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Further, biofilm origination was remarkably ceased by the Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae, respectively. All our experimented reports on AN-ZnO NPs attested the credible applicability of ZnO NPs in biomedical care for health troubles.

Nickel vanadium oxide (NiV2O6) nanoparticles were effectively synthesized using hydrothermal technique by changing the surfactants. The variation in the properties of the NiV2O6 based on the surfactants like cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), polyethylene glycol (PEG) and Thio-glycolic acid (T-GA) was studied and reported. Methylene blue (MB) dye was utilized to investigate the photocatalytic activity of nickel vanadium oxide nanoparticles generated under the presence of CTAB as surfactant. The materials showed more than 80% degradation of methylene blue dye in 150 min. A putative photocatalytic process has been postulated in this paper. Nanoparticles were shown to have high photocatalytic activity and stability, according to the findings. Based on radical trapping experimental observations conducted with different scavengers such as 2-propanol, benzoquinone and EDTA, the major role played by OH− in the degradation process were reported in detail.

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Abstract This contribution reports for the first time the possibility of using radiolysis to engineer stable efficient nanofluids which exhibit an enhanced thermal conductivity. The validation was confirmed on Ag-H2O and Ag-C2H6O2 nanofluids fabricated via g-radiolysis within the mild dose range of 0.95 × 103–2.45 × 103 Gray. The enhanced thermal conductivity of Ag-H2O and Ag-C2H6O2 nanofluids, was found to be g-radiations dose dependent. In the latter case of Ag-C2H6O2 nanofluid, the relative enhancement in the temperature range of 25–50 °C was found to be 8.89%, 11.54%, 18.69%, 23.57% and 18.45% for D1 = 0.95 × 103 Gray, D2 = 1.2 × 103 Gray, D3 = 1.54 × 103 Gray, D4 = 1.80 × 103 Gray and D5 = 2.45 × 103 Gray respectively. Yet not optimized, an enhancement of the effective thermal conductivity as much as 23.57% relatively to pure C2H6O2 was observed in stable Ag-C2H6O2 nanofluids. Equivalent results were obtained with Ag-H2O.

Abstract In line with the renewed interest in developing novel Non Linear Optical (NLO) materials, natural Lycopene’s NLO Properties are reported for the first time within the scientific literature. Correlated to its 1-D conjugated π-electrons linear conformation, it is shown that natural Lycopene exhibits a significantly elevated 3rd order nonlinearity χ(3) as high as 2.65 10−6 esu, the largest value of any investigated natural phyto-compound so far, including β-carotene. In addition to a saturable absorption, the corresponding observed self-defocusing effect in Lycopene seems to be the result of a thermal nonlinearity. The nonlinear response coupled to the observed fluorescence in the Visible spectral range points to a potential photodynamic therapy application as well as the possibility of engineering of novel hybrid Lycopene based NLO nano-materials.

The purpose of this research is to explore into the impacts of H+ ion implantation on Al/ LiCo3O4/ITO (MIS) thin films employing the sprayed pyrolysis method. The discharged and recharged specimens were characterized using XRD, EDAX, and SEM techniques. Using LiCo3O4 CV curves in KOH solution at various scan speeds, the electrochemical behavior was investigated. Li+ and H+ ions from a KOH solution underwent a reversible insertion into the diffusion coefficient values of LiCo3O4 particles. Increased protonic conductivity and a higher diffusion coefficient value of 3.55x10−8 cm2/S with a scan rate of 100 mV/S are the results of the intercalation of lithium with the cobalt oxide LiCo3O4 and this implantation affects the possible causes of the observed changes in the properties of lithium cobalt oxides. The spray pyrolysis method's process parameters have a major impact on the H+ implantation film's characteristics. As a result, they have been enhanced to produce high-quality LiCo3O4 films with excellent electrical conductivity and transparency.

Binary CeO2/ZnO nanocomposite was synthesized by combined co-precipitation and hydrothermal method. The dielectric property of the CeO2/ZnO was investigated. The grain boundaries were responsible for the increase and decrease of dielectric constant and AC conductivity which is discussed in the dielectric study. The prepared sample was carried out for the thermogravimetric, structural, optical, morphological investigations. The thermal stability of the sample was examined using the thermogravimetric analysis. Both the CeO2 and ZnO phases were confirmed from the Powder X-ray diffraction analysis (PXRD). The fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) study further affirmed the presence of ceria and ZnO metal oxides in the nanocomposite is reported in detail. The particle size distribution graph was plotted from the high resolution-scanning electron microscopic image. CeO2/ZnO nanocomposite exhibited the spherical like structures which was confirmed from the high resolution transmission microscopy (HRTEM) images.

Recently, numerous plant-based synthesis techniques have been used to develop metal nanoparticles. The current study uses the medicinal plant extract of couroupita guianensis (CG) petals to create biogenic silver nanoparticles in an environmentally friendly manner. Different techniques, including ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), Fourier Transformation Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) analysis, are used to evaluate synthesized silver nanoparticles. From the XRD results confirm the emergence of nanosilver crystalline arrangement with the characteristic peaks at the glancing angles of 38.04°, 44.22°, 64.40°, and 77.37°. UV–vis spectroscopy displays the spectral absorption at λmax = 282 nm and shows the formation of silver nanoparticles. Images of produced Ag NPs taken with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) show the creation of flower-shaped particles. The functional behavior of flavones, triterpenoids, and polyphenols belonging to couroupita guianensis has been observed by ensuring their selective absorptions in FTIR spectral analysis silver nanoparticles had a substantial antibacterial effect on Gram-positive (B. subtilis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria in general. It is found to become effective when symbiotic with the extract of couroupita guianensis flower petals for enhancing their antibacterial properties. This composite product gives a new and cost-effective formulation with more therapeutic possibilities. The observed results wide open the avenues of research possibilities with a lot of future scopes. The photocatalytic degradation efficiency of CG-Ag NPs on methylene blue (MB) dye was evaluated under visible light irradiation and produced indications of the synthesized material for photocatalytic applications.

Heterojunction photocatalysts have gained much attraction in pollutant degradation applications due to their unique good adsorption and photocatalytic decomposition capacity and more cycle durability. Tin oxide (SnO2) doped with copper oxide (CuO) heterostructured photocatalyst was synthesized by a simple solution processes technique. X-ray diffraction and fluorescence spectroscopy were used to examine the structural properties of the SnO2 - CuO heterostructure. Analyses of FE-SEM and TEM were performed on the samples to determine their surface morphology. The photodegradation property of SnO2 - CuO heterostructure was studied using methylene blue (MB) model pollutant, where SnO2 - CuO heterostructure (90.3 % at 180 min) was shown better than the SnO2. Therefore, the n-p-junction (SnO2 - CuO) heterostructure catalysis boosted the photodegradation of MB detailed studies on the electron-hole pair recombination were conducted on n-p-junctions to observe the effect of the interface on the recombination have been published.

Background: In recent decades focus of research has been toward an alternative antibacterial agent because of growing bacterial resistance and side effects of antibacterial agents. In the current study, the antibacterial activity of gold nanoparticles has been evaluated on selected human pathogens. Methods: In this study, we used panchagavya (PG) to synthesize gold nanoparticles, and the resulting nanoparticles (PG-AuNPs) were characterized by several spectroscopic techniques. In addition, antibacterial activity of PG-AuNPs against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae were studied by well diffusion method. Results: The synthesis of AuNPs was affirmed by a colour change, which was further validated by UV–vis spectra with a maximum absorption peak at 527 nm. Bandgap energy was calculated as 2.13 eV by Tauc method from the UV result. The presence of amino acids and proteins in PG was responsible for the conversion of gold ions to AuNPs, according to FTIR analysis. (111), (200), (220), and (311) crystallographic planes were observed by XRD; further crystalline nature was validated by SAED analysis. The size and zeta value were found to be 53.29 nm and -9.8 mV respectively. Spherical shaped nanoparticles and elemental structure of PG-AuNPs were confirmed by HRTEM and EDS analysis. The antibacterial activity of PG-AuNPs showed the maximum and minimum zone of inhibition against K. pneumoniae (17.12 ± 0.14 mm) and B. subtilis (11.42 ± 0.58 mm). Conclusion: Antibacterial activity of PG-AuNPs was found to be strong against gram negative bacteria and moderate against gram positive bacteria. Based on the result, it was concluded that PG-AuNPs could be used to combat antibiotic drug resistance. Besides, in vitro and in vivo toxicity studies of PG-AuNPs should be conducted.

Background: In this work biologically active CuO nanoparticle were discussed. The literature suggests that CuO shows very good antibacterial activity on both Gram positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. Further, it is used in antibacterial coatings on various substrates to prevent various kinds of medical equipment’s. Here CuO NPs was prepared via greener approach and almond gum is used as a reducing agent. Almond gum is nontoxic and contains huge amount of polysaccharides. Hence, the gum mediated CuO NPs can be used to treat urinary tract infection (UTI). Method: The CuO NPs were characterized using UV, FTIR, XRD and HESEM with EDX analysis. The antibacterial (both Gram positive and Gram negative) effects of CuO NPs were determined with agar well diffusion method. Results: The CuO NPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction pattern result indicates that the monoclinic structure with average crystallite size about 12.91 nm. Straight line model in Scherrer method results found to be crystallite size. The crystallite size and microstrain were estimated in W–H analysis. Lorentz polarization factor, size-strain plot (SSP), morphological index (M-I) and dislocation density were calculated based on x-ray diffraction data. The FTIR analysis confirms presence of Cu and O band. From the absorption spectrum of CuO NPs, it was found to be cutoff wavelength of 230 nm and direct bandgap was found to be 4.97 eV. Morphology analysis shows that the synthesized of CuO NPs reveals agglomerated and spherical in shape. It was found to be 16 nm–25 nm. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) result indicates percentages of Cu and O element present in the sample. Antimicrobial studies reveal zone of inhibition of CuO NPs. This was used in different pathogens such as gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This study shows exhibit excellent antimicrobial effects of CuO NPs. Conclusion: Hence, in this article the novel and cost-effective method to prepare CuO NPs was discussed. The prepared CuO NPs can be used as an antifungal and antibacterial reagent.

Cancer is considered as one of the relatively high mortality diseases to humankind and the search for newer strategies to combat the disease is a never-ending process. In view of the same the present study was designed to biosynthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) from the aqueous leaf extract (ALE) of medicinally important plant Sphagneticola trilobata L. for the first time and to evaluate its efficacy in inducing cancer against HT-29 cells apart from identifying their biocompatible potential. The as-prepared StZnO-NPs were characterized by different techniques that signified the properties of the nanoparticles, which included an absorption peak at 298 nm, bandgap energy of 3.43 eV with a size of ∼ 29.83 nm. The scanning electron microscopic images confirmed the particles were agglomerated and the energy dispersive spectroscopic analysis confirmed the particles were of 98.23% purity. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that the metabolites of the ALE act as reducing/ stabilizing agents during the synthesis process which was confirmed by the presence of absorbance peak between 400 cm−1 to 600 cm−1. The StZnO-NPs also offered potential antioxidant and genotoxic potential with an IC50 value of 0.7 mg mL−1. In addition, the cytotoxic ability of the StZnO-NPs against the HT-29 colon cancer cells and human erythrocytes revealed that the particles were cytotoxic towards HT-29 cells, while insignificant effect against the human erythrocytes. Further, a detailed investigation on the interaction with cells and their inherent toxicity may be enhanced through in vivo methods before their therapeutic usage as the StZnO-NPs evaluated during the study offered antioxidant, genotoxic and cytotoxic properties is biocompatible.

Objectives: The current study looks towards reporting the chemical compounds present in the panchagavya (PG), free radicals scavenging and mosquitocidal activity of PG in the laboratory condition. Methods: The existence of chemical compounds in the PG were studied by GC–MS analysis. Free radicals scavenging activity of PG was studied by using various invitro assays. Mosquitocidal efficacy of PG was studied by the experiment on larvicidal, pupicidal, adulticidal, fecundity, longevity, and ovicidal activity against An. stephensi, Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus. Results: GC–MS analysis revealed fifteen chemical compounds present in the PG. Free radical scavenging was done by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), hydroxyl, and superoxide assays, and the IC50 was calculated as 37, 37.5, 35, and 38 μg/mL respectively. PG exhibited better larvae and pupae mortality against I-IV instar of Cx. quinquefasciatus (LC50: 148.765, 162.534, 187.619, 210.835 and 234.624 ppm, LC90: 286.636, 306.390, 350.276, 390.735 and 419.195 ppm). The highest adult mortality was found against An. stephensi (91.10 ± 1.74%) with the IC50 and IC90 values of 128.114 and 260.609 ppm. An. stephensi showed highly decreased fecundity and longevity even at a low concentration of PG. Inhibition of 100% egg hatchability of An. stephensi was obtained at 250 ppm followed by Ae. aegypti, and Cx. quinquefasciatus at 300 ppm respectively. On comparing with other mosquito vectors An. stephensi was effectively inhibited by PG at each stage of their life cycle. Conclusion: The results provide the first proof that PG could be a successful natural agent for controlling different mosquito vectors. Furthermore, our findings pave the way for more research into the efficacy of natural materials' mosquitocidal activities.

Binary metal oxide heterojunctions possibly will exclude the recombination of photogenerated charge carriers via interfacial charge transfer in assessment among the single-component photocatalytic material. Highly ordered samarium doped titania nanosphere have paid more attention to the exclusion of toxic organic pollutants. Tuning the shape, size, morphology, bandgap and defect optimization of titanium oxides (Sm2Ti2O7) improved as an enhanced catalyst which was synthesized by using the capping agent also acts as a reducing agent. Herein, we examine an environmentally pleasant Sm2Ti2O7 nanosphere with its various properties via assorted characterization techniques and wrapping of nanosphere makes them appropriate catalysts for the degradation of toxic dyes and show the highest efficiency via irradiation of visible light by declining the option of the exciton-recombination process. Therefore, the photocatalyst was found to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) both in the presence and absence of light, which is responsible for the decomposition of dyes into small fractions. In addition, HRTEM study reveals that the nanospheres are highly porous nature with high active surface area and small grain size are reported in detail. Keywords: Sm2Ti2O7 nanosphere, Optical properties, Electron spectroscopy, Rhodamine-B dye, Photocatalytic activity

The hard and soft magnetic nanocomposites (BaFe12O19/NiFe2O4) at the ratio 1:1 were prepared by simple mixing and heat treatment. XRD peak indicates the formation of good crystalline quality of the prepared sample. The FTIR spectra reveals the bands for metal oxygen stretching which ranges from 584 cm−1 to 540 cm−1 forms the tetrahedral shape in nature. However, the hexaferrite site ranges from 580 cm−1 to 440 cm−1 and this bands assign to Ba-O and Fe-O bonds respectively. Furthermore, the UV–visible range, the observed absorption peak indicates that the prepared sample color is congo red, the characteristic absorption peaks at ~739 nm for BaFe12O19, 698 nm for NiFe2O4 and 780 nm for BaFe12O19/NiFe2O4. Overall, the ferrite powder seems agglomerated, but the microstructure shows its respective structure. The particle size of BaFe12O19 (hexagonal) is 150 nm, again the particle size of NiFe2O4 (cubic) is 89 nm apparently. Finally, the structure of composite (BaFe12O19/NiFe2O4) material seems to achieve intermediate and its particle size is 120 nm correspondingly. Keywords: Magnetic properties, Electron microscopy, Ferrite materials, UV–vis absorbance spectroscopy, XRD phase transition

Crystalline hydroxyapatite were synthesized from synthetic/human urine through precipitation which were further doped with silver nanoparticle for effective biomedical application. The aim were to improve overall biological compatibility of the synthesized bone-graft material even in oncogenesis cases. The thermal calcinated material was characterized by several techniques including UV–vis, Laser Raman, Fourier transmittance infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, Transmission Eelectron microscopy and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. The quantitative and qualitative analysis revealed that the synthesized material was highly crystalline and nanosized with majority of silver and phosphate components. The antibacterial, anticancer and invitro cytotoxicity of the synthesized material was evaluated with Escherichia coli, Hela cells and brine shrimp assay, respectively. The brine shrimp assay revealed that the synthesized material is compatible with biological system, whereas anticancer activity showed the application of the synthesized biomaterial in cancer treatment in which antibacterial activity adds more advantage on preventing the bone-graft from microbial attack.

We report the new synthesis route of hierarchical yttria (Y2O3) nanosphere decorated ceria (CeO2) nanorods from the precursor cerium nitrate and yttrium nitrate under hydrothermal method (HM). Synthesized nanorods (NRs) were analyzed by different techniques to investigate their textural morphology, size and shape of nanorods and crystalline structures, morphology growth, optical activity and sizes of the samples. The luminescence blue peaks were observed in the range of 450–490 nm and green emission appeared at 533 nm at the room temperature (RT), the presence of oxygen vacancies was confirmed. The photodecomposition nature of the prepared nanosamples was investigated by using the industrial effluent Rhodamine-B (RhB) dye in aqueous medium by the illumination of solar light. The photocatalytic degradation efficiency showed 95.8% for RhB after 240 min. On illumination of visible light, the catalyst was found to tend to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), which might account for the decay of dyes into small fractions. The enhanced photocatalytic effect of the synthesized NRs was primarily ascribed to the rising in the separation efficiency of electrons and holes. Keywords: Photocatalytic effect, Ceria, Yttria, Electron microscopy, Rhodamine-B (RhB)

A low energy bandgap between Ce3+ and Ce4+ states in cerium oxides, high oxygen mobility and high oxygen storage capacity are the properties that qualify them to be the most widely used heterogeneous catalysts. This present work is an account of studies that were carried out on the synthesis and catalytic properties of pure CeO2, CeO2/La2O3 based binary metal oxide nanostructures prepared by the hydrothermal method. Our results revealed that the synthesis temperature and pressure during hydrothermal reactions played a critical role in controlling the shape, size, oxygen vacancy, and low temperature reducibility in CeO2 based nanostructures. In addition, OH− ion concentration was found to play an important role in engineering the lattice constants and oxygen vacancy defects. The present report demonstrated that the hydrothermal synthesis is a facile one step approach for the preparation of compositionally homogeneous cerium based binary metal oxide nanostructures, in which CeO2/La2O3 mixed oxides have a superior low-temperature oxygen release capability compared to pure CeO2. We have also demonstrated that the nanomaterials are proved to have higher catalytic performance at low temperatures as compared to pure ceria nanoparticles. Keywords: CeO2:La2O3, Heterogeneous catalysts, Electron microscopy, Photocatalytic activity, RhB dye

Since its high toxicity and mobility, hexavalent chromium is considered to be a high priority pollutant. This study was performed to carry out a remediation test along with toxicity assessment in a water sample collected from the saturated zone of a historically Cr (VI)-contaminated site known as a Puliyanthangal lake (Tamilnadu, India) using nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI). The water samples were examined before and after the nZVI application by means of microbial cultivation tests, phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA) and toxicological tests. The present experimental results revealed that Cr (VI) is considerably adsorbed on nZVI nanoparticles and it could be a cost-effective method for the in situ remediations of Cr (VI). In addition, standard plate count assay showed the dose-dependent decrease in the bacterial cell viability in lake water sample after the addition of nZVI. Keywords: Iron nanoparticles, Green synthesis, Heavy metal degradation, E. coli, Groundwater remediation, Toxicity

NiO is one of the most important candidates for semiconductors metal oxide nanocrystals by the arrangement of photocatalytic application. However, the photocatalytic performance of biosynthesized nanocrystals using Aspalathus linearis (Burm.f.) R. Dahlgren has not been investigated yet. In this contribution, we synthesize α-Ni(OH)2 using an A. linearis. A heat treatment of the α-Ni(OH)2 is carried out at 300–400°C for 2 h at normal air yields. Furthermore, we have characterized the structural, optical and photocatalytic activity of the samples. The optical results indicate that biosynthesized nanocrystals exhibit UV–visible light absorption and a narrow range distribution of intense green light (518.95 nm) emission, which decreases significantly as annealing temperature increases. The bandgap energies of the sample annealed at 300–400°C shift to lower photon energy, compared to bulk NiO (∼ 4 eV). Moreover, the photocatalytic experimental results reveal that NiO nanocrystals enable color switching of methylene blue.

In this work, Jet nebulizer technique was used to prepare thin films of CuO (1%) doped with ZnO-carbon nanotubes (CuO/ZnO/CNTs). The morphology, surface roughness, surface pattern, and elemental composition of the thin films were examined by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, Raman analysis, PL emission and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. The photocatalytic activity of pure CuO/ZnO/CNTs was examined using the rate of degradation of Rhodamine-B (RhB) under the effect of UV-B irradiation. UV–Vis analysis revealed that the average crystal sizes were uniform with values of 24.89, 24.412, and 23.711 nm. The maximum absorptive energy of RhB was found to be at 551 nm. Keywords: Jet nebulizer, CuO/ZnO/CNTs, Morphology, Surface roughness, Surface pattern photocatalytic, Uv-b irradiation, Rhb degradation and crystal size

Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes both superficial and systemic infection and an important candidate that contribute to high morbidity and mortality rates in immunocompromised patients. The ability of C. albicans to switch from yeast to filamentous form and thereby forming biofilms make them resistant to most of the antifungal drugs available today. Thus the development of more effective antifungal drugs are essential and crucial at this point of time. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy is an alternative modality to treat such biofilm forming resistant strains. This study aims to investigate the enhanced efficiency of newly synthesized MSN-RB conjugate as an antimicrobial photosensitizer for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy against C. albicans. Functionalization of MSN with amino groups was performed to increase the dye loading capacity. Conjugation process of MSN-RB was confirmed using different techniques including UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fluorescent spectroscopy and FTIR analysis. A low power green laser 50 mW irradiation was applied (5 min) for activation of MSN-RB conjugate and RB against C. albicans biofilm and planktonic cell. The comparative study of MSN-RB conjugate and free RB on aPDT was evaluated using standard experimental procedures. Antibiofilm efficacy was determined using biofilm inhibition assay, cell viability, EPS quantification and CLSM studies. The results revealed that MSN-RB conjugate has a significant antimicrobial activity (88.62 ± 3.4%) and antibiofilm effect on C. albicans when compared to free dye after light irradiation. The MSN-RB conjugate based aPDT can be employed effectively in treatment of C. albicans infections. Keywords: Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy, Mesoporus silica nanoparticles, Amino functionalization, Conjugation, Lipid peroxidation, Anti-biofilm activity

The application of nanotechnology in medicine is gaining popularity due to its ability to increase the bioavailability and biosorption of numerous drugs. Chrysin, a flavone constituent of Orocylumineicum vent is well-reported for its biological properties. However, its therapeutic potential has not been fully exploited due to its poor solubility and bioavailability. In the present study, chrysin was encapsulated into chitosan nanoparticles using TPP as a linker. The nanoparticles were characterized and investigated for their anti-biofilm activity against Staphylococcus aureus. At sub-Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, the nanoparticles exhibited enhanced anti-biofilm efficacy against S. aureus as compared to its bulk counterparts, chrysin and chitosan. The decrease in the cell surface hydrophobicity and exopolysaccharide production indicated the inhibitory effect of the nanoparticles on the initial stages of biofilm development. The growth curve analysis revealed that at a sub-MIC, the nanoparticles did not exert a bactericidal effect against S. aureus. The findings indicated the anti-biofilm activity of the chrysin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles and their potential application in combating infections associated with S. aureus.

The theme of this work is to highlight the significance of green plant extracts in the synthesis of nanostructures. In asserting this statement, herein, we report our obtained results on the synthesis of hexagonal CdSe nanorods preferably oriented along (0002) plane through henna leaf extract-mediated reaction along with a discussion about the structural, morphological and optical properties of the synthesized nanorods. The possible mechanism for the synthesis of CdSe nanorods was explored. The formation of nanorods along (0002) plane was confirmed by the relatively high intensity of the (0002) peak in X-ray diffraction pattern. To account for the experimentally realistic condition, we have calculated the surface energies of hexagonal CdSe surface slabs along the low indexed (0002), (101¯0) and (112¯0) plane surfaces using density functional theory approach and the calculated surface energy value for (0002) surface is 802.7 mJ m−2, which is higher than (112¯0) and (101¯0) surfaces. On realizing the calculated surface energies of these slabs, we determined that the combination of (112¯0) and (101¯0) planes with lower surface energies will lead to the formation of CdSe nanorods growth along (0002) orientation. Finally, we argue that the design of new greener route for the synthesis of novel functional nanomaterials is highly desired.

English is used as a first language, foreign language and second language. In India teaching English as a Second Language has always been a challenging and interesting area of research. Today, learning English as a Second Language is rather chaotic because of the disorder in the LSRW learning sequence. Listening is the primary tool in language acquisition. When listening is enhanced, all the other three skills can be acquired naturally. Also, Creativity is an important aspect in an ESL classroom. So, in connection with this, a good language teacher should also act as a researcher. Action Research is a self-reflective, critical, and systematic approach to exploring one's own teaching context. The main aim of conducting action research is to identify a significant problem among the language learners. The steps involved in Action Research are - Planning, Action, Observation and Reflection. There are three categories in teacher-research orientation, and they are Descriptive, Interactive and Ideological. Action Research is used to create knowledge and implement change, which will thereby improve practice and performance. Thus, Action Research is conducted by teachers and for teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]