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In this article, an Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) antenna for the pipeline crack detection process is proposed. A UWB antenna has been designed with the dimension of 32 x 32 mm2 and it resonates from 3 GHz to 10.8 GHz. The designed antenna produces a peak gain of 4.36 dB. A pair of UWB antennas are employed in various pipeline scenarios and the received pulse from antenna 1 to antenna 2 is used for further processing and detection of pipeline cracks. Through the suitable machine learning data classifier algorithm the dimension of the crack has been detected. The various features such as mean, standard deviation (σ), mean average deviation (mad), skewness, and kurtosis have been extracted from the received pulse. Then the three different machine learning algorithms namely Support Vector Machine (SVM), k-Nearest Neighbor (kNN), and Naïve Bayse (NB) were trained and tested using extracted features, and the dimension of the void has been identified. Out of these three machine learning algorithms, kNN provides better accuracy and precision. It predicts the small cracks with 100% accuracy having a dimension as small as 1 mm width.

Introduction: Leaves of Tephrosia villosa belonging to the family fabaceae being used for the treatment of dropsy and diabetes. The present research work was under taken to investigate the in-vitro antioxidant activity of petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol, and water extracts. Methods: In vitro antioxidant activities were carried out for six solvent extracts such as T. villosa leaf petroleum ether extract, T. villosa leaf chloroform extract, T. villosa leaf ethylacetate extract, T. villosa leaf ethanol extract, T. villosa leaf methanol extract, and T. villosa leaf water extract by standard methods. Five various antioxidant methods such as DPPH radical scavenging ability, superoxide radical scavenging potential, ABTS scavenging capacity, metal chelating ability, and reducing power assay (FRAP) were estimated. Results: Further investigation was carried out for in-vitro antioxidant activity and radical scavenging assay by calculating its % inhibition by means of IC50 values, all the extracts concentration has been adjusted to come under the linearity range and here reference standards ascorbic acid has been taken for the method suitability. Conclusion: The results revealed that leaves of this plant have antioxidant potential. Among these results, methenolic and water extract has more potent than the other extract. T. villosa Linn. (Fabaceae) leaves possess the antioxidant substance which may be potential responsible for the treatment of oxidative stress related diseases.

Silver nanoparticles (SNPs) were synthesized by using an aqueous extract of the green seaweed Chaetomorpha antennina. Synthesized SNPs were characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, FESEM, EDAX, and DLS with Zeta potential techniques. The formation of SNPs is confirmed by the appearance signatory brown color of the solution and a characteristic peak at 452 nm in the UV-Vis spectrum. FTIR spectrum indicated 11 intense peaks with different functional groups in capping the nanoparticles. The SNP lattice is unaffected by other molecules in the algal extract, as revealed in the XRD pattern, and the average size was 21 nm according to the full width at half minimum. FESEM images revealed that the synthesized SNPs are spherical in morphology, with sizes ranging from 69.99 to 99.19 nm. The EDX result indicates that Ag-NPs display an absorption peak at 3 keV shows the presence of the silver element. The obtained zeta potential value of SNPs through the DLS method was –27.4 mV. The seedling growth was positively affected by a specific concentration of SNPs. In the antioxidant activity, the IC50 value was 384.13 μg/mL. The SNPs react with earthworm Lampito mauritii in the mortality rate of 25% and 100% for 3 min.

The power over fiber (PoF) scheme delivers simultaneous multiband data and feed power transmission via a double-clad fiber (DCF) for bidirectional radio over fiber (RoF) system. The 5G technology demands cell splitting resulting in an increasing number of remote antenna units (RAU). The RAU is conventionally powered by public power lines. The PoF system is the potential candidate to deliver the electrical power required to drive the RAU during the power outage due to natural calamities and disasters. The PoF system may ensure uninterrupted communication during the debacle. In the proposed scheme, the multiband data signals are generated and transmitted through the single-mode (SM) core of the DCF, whereas feed power from a high-power laser diode (HPLD) is transmitted through the inner cladding for which the core-effective area is larger than the SM core. To increase the electric power conversion efficiency, we use six customized photovoltaic converters (PVC) by introducing the back surface reflector beneath the active photovoltaic layer resulting in improved conversion efficiency of 68% at 858 nm operation wavelength. The power transmission loss can be reduced by using more PVC as it reduces the feed power leakage. As a result, the PoF system yields the power delivery of 12.33 W, sufficient to drive an RAU. The complexity of the system is reduced by using multiband signal over a single DCF and carrier reuse for uplink transmission enabling LD-free RAU. This work helps design the power delivery for the RoF system with DCF and achieve a good transmission performance with negligible power penalty.

Many developing countries are focusing on the plant-based drug for various human diseases for less or no side effects, low cost and are easily available. Hence, we need to find the new phytochemicals and their biological activities. For this reason, the present study was designed to screen the phytochemical constituents of various solvent-based leaf extracts of Mundulea sericea for antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. Through preliminary phytochemical qualitative screening, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) spectrum analysis with standard procedures, phytochemical analysis of M. sericea leaf hexane (MSLH), M. sericea leaf petroleum ether (MSLPE), M. sericea leaf chloroform (MSLC), M. sericea leaf ethyl acetate (MSLEA), M. sericea leaf ethanol (MSLE), M. sericea leaf methanol (MSLM) extracts was studied. Further, MSLE extract was examined for free radical scavenging of DPPH, ABTS, nitric oxide, and hydrogen peroxide antioxidant methods and also evaluated antidiabetic activity by α-amylase and α-glucosidase assays. As a result of the phytochemical analysis, several phytochemical compounds were identified. Among the extracts, MSLE and MSLM extracts contain more secondary metabolites than other extracts. Furthermore, those secondary metabolites chemical compound constituents were identified through FTIR and GC–MS spectrum analysis. At a higher concentration, MSLE extract showed good antioxidant activity which is similar to the one found in standard antioxidant tests. The maximum antioxidant activity was reported in nitric oxide (79.37%) at 250 μg/ml concentration. Furthermore, MSLE extracts were showed good antidiabetic activity in α-glucosidase (70.70%) at 500 μg/ml concentration. As per the study, MSLE extract has effective phytochemical constituents and also acts as a novel antioxidant and antidiabetic activity. Further, investigation is needed to confirm ethanol extract as a novel therapeutic drug.

In the current study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been synthesized from aqueous extracts of wild plants (WCJ) and tissue cultured plants (TCCJ) of Ceropegia juncea, which is an endangered medicinal plant. AgNPs were synthesized using this method and validated by UV–visible spectrophotometry, FTIR analysis, XRD measurements, EDX and SEM analysis. Visual observation of the UV/visible spectrum and UV–visible spectra of WCJ and TCCJ after they were treated with Ag precursors revealed the development of yellowish-brown and dark brown colors, respectively. FTIR analysis identified flavonoids and terpenoids as the compounds responsible for capping and stabilizing AgNPs. It is evident from the XRD results that the synthesized AgNPs are crystallized. The optical absorption peaks observed in the EDX samples of WCJ and TCCJ AgNPs were both approximately 3 keV indicating the presence of elemental silver. Furthermore, SEM analysis verified that WCJ and TCCJ AgNPs had sizes of approximately 3–32 μm and 8.28–13.82 μm, respectively. According to the results of anti-bacterial activity, both samples inhibited bacterial growth in a dose-dependent manner. WCJ and TCCJ AgNPs altered the vascular system, suppressing the creation of new blood vessels and causing distortions of existing vessels as detected in the angiogenesis study. AgNPs exhibited noteworthy cytotoxicity against HT-29 cells at 250 g/mL concentration, with 74.4 and 82.95% cell death against WCJ and TCCJ AgNPs with IC50 value of 92. 99 and 97.42 µg/mL, respectively.

The current study has been designed to synthesis silver nanoparticles (SNPs) and Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) using leaf aqueous extracts of Cadaba fruticosa an endangered medicinal plant as bioreducing agents. This method authorized the synthesis of SNPs, which was authenticated by Ultraviolet (UV)-visible Spectrophotometry, Fourier-transform infrared analysis, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) studies, Energy Dispersive X-ray, and Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) analysis. UV-visible spectra and visual observation exhibited the appearance of greenish brown and dark brown color indicates the synthesis of SNP and CuNP, after the treatment of Ag precursors. Further the, XRD report clearly shows that the synthesized SNPs were crystalline in nature. In addition, SEM analysis confirmed that AgNO3 solution produced SNPs and CuO2 solution produced CuNPs and their size was about 120–168 nm and 301–538 nm in SNPs and CuNPs, respectively. The leaf SNPs and CuNPs of C. fruticosa leaf aqueous extracts considerable antioxidant activities. The results antimicrobial activity exhibited that the bacterial and fungal growth was inhibited by both the samples in a dose-dependent manner.

Introduction: Plants produce various chemicals to protect themselves; but recent studies proved that many phytochemicals can also protect humans against infectious diseases. The present study was conducted to identify and characterize the phytoconstituents and gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GCMS) analysis of petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol, and aqueous extract of leaves of Tephrosia villosa (L.) Pers. of family Fabaceae. Materials and Method: The leaf extracts were subjected to qualitative screening for primary and secondary metabolites as per standard methods; further, GC–MS analysis was carried out for the identification of secondary metabolites. Result: Preliminary phytochemical screening of leaf extract of T. villosa showed positive result for alkaloids, flavonoids and triterpenoids, saponins, glycosides, gum and mucilages, and fixed oils in methanolic extract which is followed by aqueous extract. In quantitative analysis, the highest amount of phenolic content was obtained in aqueous extract, tannin in petroleum ether, and flavonoids and saponins in ethyl acetate. GC–MS analysis of leaf extract revealed the presence of 53 bioactive phytochemical compounds. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the species contain effective phytochemical compounds, need further research on toxicological aspects to develop a safe drug.

Purpose: Caralluma bicolor is a succulent perennial herb growing wild in dry hill regions. It belongs to the family Asclepiadaceae. This species is endemic to the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats of the Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu. The present study was carried out to assessment of its in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. Methods: In vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activities in wild C. bicolor (WCB) and micropropagated C. bicolor (MCB) aqueous extracts studied through 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil (DPPH), 2, 2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS+), reducing power assay, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, nitric oxide scavenging activity, and inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme assays. Results: The highest antioxidant activities were observed in C. bicolor against in all five assays, namely, DPPH (IC50 = WCB 54.65 μg/mL, MCB 52.76 μg/mL), ABTS+ (IC50 = WCB 71.04 μg/mL, MCB 69.10 μg/mL), reducing power assay (IC50 = WCB 62.25 μg/mL, MCB 53.90 μg/mL), hydroxyl radical scavenging assay (IC50 = WCB 60.93 μg/mL, 61.15 μg/mL), and nitric oxide scavenging assay (IC50 = WCB 70.20 μg/mL, MCB 74.75 μg/mL). Furthermore, in antidiabetic activity, the highest inhibition was observed in α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme activities and the IC50 values of WCB and MCB were 58.93, 60.55, 64.70, and 70.08 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: This study suggests that the aqueous extract of C. bicolor has great antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. The results revealed that the plant has rich in bioactive compounds, which serve as a novel therapeutic applications for drug discovery.

Antioxident and antiinflammatory activities of Mundulea sericea (Willd.) A. Chev. is a medicinally important species belong to the family Fabaceae. This species contains various phytocompounds of entire parts which act as antimicrobial activity, anti-inflammatory activity, anticancer activity, antidiabetic activity, etc. Hence, the present study was aimed to analysis of phytochemical constitutes through Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis by six various solvent extracts of hexane (MSBH), petroleum ether (MSBPE), chloroform (MSBC), ethyl acetate (MSBEA), ethanol (MSBE), and methanol (MSBM). The result of phytochemical analysis reported that the MSBE and MSBM extracts are contain more phytochemical constitutes than other extracts. In FTIR and GCMS study, MSBE and MSBM extracts are reported various phytochemical constitutes and out that many bioactive compounds are present of these extracts. Further, MSBE extract was subjected antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. In antioxidant activity, four different type assays such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate radical scavenging, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate), hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide (NO) were used. Among this antioxidant study, NO was reported 74.63 inhibition percentage of free radical than other assays. In anti-inflammatory activity, albumin denaturation and human red blood cell membrane stabilization assay were performed by MSBE extract which result reported that the MSBE extract has good anti-inflammatory activity with more than 60% inhibition capacity on both assays. From this study, M. sericea bark extracts contain highly therapeutic phytocompounds which compounds possess good antioxidant and inflammatory activities.

Oceans cover about 72 percent of the Earth’s atmosphere. Owing to distinct incredible aquatic activities the Oceans remain unclear and deep-seated to investigate. “Underwater wireless communication” (UWC) plays an important role in sea species tracking, water contamination, oil and gas production, natural hazard control, maritime security, naval military activities, and in detecting improvements in the aquatic environment. To achieve these applications in an efficient way, a new era name Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) is introduced. IoUT is a scientific development that could bring a new phase for research, business, and underwater military applications. It also severs as an important feature of 5G and 6G networking systems. The up-coming fifth (5G)- and sixth (6G)-generation connectivity networks are supposed to make tremendous improvement relative to the current fourth-generation systems with some essential and general problems about 5G coverage performance, 6G and high-ability networking networks, huge coverage, low latency, high protection, low power usage, strong knowledge, and stable networking. To encounter the obstacles in 5G networks, innovations like optical (OWC) communication by means of wireless means is utilized. Innovations such as optical wireless communication (OWC) are used to tackle the obstacles in 5G networks. OWC is a better employee for operation in 5G network specifications than other wireless technologies. This paper explains how the OWC strategy would be the best and most effective approach to effectively implement 5G, 6G, and IoUT networks.

Recent trends in the field of communication science show that most devices are built and governed by Visible Light Communication (VLC) and Light Emitting Diodes (LED). The communication process depends on source characteristics and bandwidth restriction, and effective methods of modulation and demodulation can enhance data rate. Attractive and practical Carrierless Amplitude-Phase (CAP) modulation is used for higher efficiency and easier implementation. However, the performance of the CAP-VLC system gets adversely affected by factors like jamming, scattering, and low sensitivity to receiver signal. Hence, this paper examines the mitigation of available system degrading factors, based on a high-speed, extreme learning machine algorithm (ELM). Prediction analysis and simulation are processed using trained raw dataset for CAP demodulation, to prove the level of performance in terms of accuracy as 92%, under various parametric conditions. This system that is proposed can achieve bit error rate (BER) of 40% to 50% of noise ratio and can be effectively used in sectors like medical health care, banking, and finance.

The performance of radio-over-fiber (ROF) optical transmission and wireless transmission of ultra-wideband (UWB) system administrations is described when operating in the underwater communication. In order to increase the coverage and enhance channel efficiency, ROF system which employs subcarrier multiplexing (SCM) and dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) is used. DWDM provides efficient channel with tapered channel spacing, whereas SCM’s unique commonality helps in achieving high mobility and large bitrates. The performance of dual-carrier modulation orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing is compared with other modulation techniques, and to indicate an exchange between bit error ration and throughput for the system, our work investigates the punctured turbo coding. For 6 dB Eb/No value, a maximum of 1120 Mbps throughput per band can be accomplished in comparison with 480 Mbps per band of the orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing UWB. To modulate and to develop code designs for a rational UWB-ROF and wireless system in underwater communication with VLC, the proposed study provides a reliable solution.

The current research has been designed to assess the phytochemical composition, antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of Hopea parviflora, sequentially extracted with petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol and methanol. All the five extracts were tested for qualitative and quantitative phytochemicals. DPPH, Superoxide, FRAP, ABTS and metal chelating antioxidant activities were evaluated. Antidiabetic potentials of all the five extracts were tested using standard in vitro α- amylase and α - glycosidase inhibition assays. Qualitative phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids in all the extracts except petroleum ether and ethyl acetate. Steroids were present in the petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts whereas glycosides were present in all the extracts, except ethanol. The total phenol, flavonoid, tannin and saponins contents varied from solvent to solvent, with the highest values being 18.9, 18.2, 0.98 and 39.9 mg/mL, respectively. Methanolic extract showed the highest antioxidant activities in DPPH, FRAP and superoxide assays. Moreover, effective results were observed for the ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts in the ABTS and metal chelating assays. The methanolic extract showed potential antidiabetic activities with the IC50 values of 230.2 and 308.2 μg/mL in α- amylase and α -glycosidase inhibition assays, respectively.

PolyVinyl Alcohol (PVA) based films with varying concentrations of Cellulose Nano Crystals (CNC) and Titanium dioxide (TiO2) have been prepared and characterised in this study to determine their applications in the biomedical field. Biophysical, microscopic and mechanical property characterization of the films - PVA/CNC/T0.5, PVA/CNC/T1.0 and PVA/CNC/T1.5 were performed. The CNC were extracted from pea peel waste fibres (PPWF) which are rich in cellulose macromolecule (Mol Wt > 5000 da) by adopting acid hydrolysis method. Through Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, uniform distribution and successful incorporation of CNC and TiO2 in the films have been confirmed. From the X-ray diffraction pattern of the films, it could be noted that the crystallinity increased in the films with the addition of CNC and rutile TiO2 in the PVA. The tensile strength of the films also greatly improved with the CNC reinforcement and increase in TiO2 content in the films. Overall, the results of this study suggest that the PVA/CNC/ TiO2 films have the potential to find their application in biomedical devices, especially to be used as a footprint of an ultrasound transducer.

A bidirectional radio over fiber (RoF) system for multi-band signal generation and transmission is proposed. Simultaneous bidirectional transmission of 5Gbps orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) based multi-band 16-QAM downlink signal and 5Gbps OFDM based 4-QAM uplink signal over a single fiber is demonstrated. The simultaneous copropagation over a single fiber reduces the infrastructure requirement by 50%, which also reduces the installation and maintenance cost. The multi-band signals for multi-serve applications are obtained at the user end by heterodyne beating of the downlink signal based on the requirement. The blank carrier for uplink transmission is extracted from the downlink signal with the tunable fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and modulated by the uplink signal. After 24km of bidirectional transmission, the error vector magnitude (EVM) has been estimated as 15.9% and 21.03% for downlink and uplink, respectively, below the FEC limit for transmission. The power penalty after transmission of 24km is 4.5dB and 2.3dB for downlink and uplink transmission, respectively.

We have proposed Twin Elliptical Core Photonic Crystal Fiber (TEC-PCF) sensor for the detection of blood glucose level under the influence of hemoglobin components. The main featuring of the proposed biosensor is to detect the wide range of blood glucose content with enhanced sensitivity, by utilizing small length of the fiber. In order to achieve this, we have constructed asymmetric TEC-PCF where the elliptical core is filled by blood sample. The numerical sensing characteristics are evaluated using Finite Element Method (FEM). By varying hemoglobin concentrations as 120 g/L, 140 g/L and 160 g/L, we realize enhanced blood glucose sensing with detection range from 0 g/L to 100 g/L. The sensing performance of the proposed biosensor is studied through the coupling length and transmission power spectrum by calculation of effective index of the coupling mode. The obtained maximum wavelength sensitivity under the influence of 160 g/L hemoglobin content is 2.4 nm/(g/L) and 2.42 nm/(g/L) with fiber length of 0.245 mm and 0.215 mm for X and Y polarization, respectively. Further, limit of detection (LOD) is calculated under the influence of 160 g/L hemoglobin content is 0.375 mg/L and 0.372 mg/L for X and Y polarization, respectively. The proposed miniaturized sensing device can be integrated with microfluidic systems for the development of next-generation biosensor applications as point of- care and lab-on-a-chip.

Visible light is considered one of the foremost exciting areas of communication science and industry, gaining prominence over data broadcast and radiance instantaneously using low-cost light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Though, the high speed characteristics of this network are restricted by the truncated bandwidth of the LED. Therefore, amazing efficient, advanced modulation and demodulation schemes are considered for establishing high data rates in VLC. Carrierless amplitude-phase (CAP) modulation is such an attractive and effective modulation that it is gaining a good position due to its high efficiency and practical implementation. But multi-path scattering factors, noise factors, vigorous jamming and low sensitivity can have a significant impact on the performance of CAP-VLC systems. To overcome this problem, this paper examines the implementation of the CAP-VLC system based on the High Speed Feed Forward Neural Network, which operates on the principle of Extreme Learning Machines. The experiment was carried out by new simulated datasets used to train cap demodulators and parameters such as accuracy, retrieval, accurate bit error ratio (BER), noise ratio (SNR). Also the proposed learning based CAP-VLC systems has shown better performance such as 92.4% accuracy at various conditions, increase in BER by 40% and 50% of reduction of noise respectively.

Platinum Diselenide, PtSe2 is becoming highly trending owing to its fascinating optoelectronic, thermoelectric and semiconductor properties. They are non-toxic, chemically inert and allow high biomolecule absorption which makes them highly applicable in sensors to boost the sensing performance. Here, we propose Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) based Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) sensor for enhanced refractive index sensing at mid infrared wavelengths. In order to achieve this, tri-path PCF coated with hybrid layer of gold/PtSe2 which allows light to travel freely through the cladding and interact with the plasmonic material to create strong coupling effect. Finite Element Method is used for numerical examination and investigation of the sensing performance for the designed tri-path sensor. The optimized proposed sensor exhibits maximum wavelength sensitivity of 42,000 nm/RIU and maximum wavelength resolution of 2.4 x 10-6 within the analyte range from 1.33 to 1.38, which almost covers the unknown analytes of chemical, bio and gas. Further, we achieve very low loss and unique design to accomplish high sensitivity which makes it applicable to be a future candidate in various sensing applications.

Analysis of crosstalk in multicore fiber using trench assisted technique. To reduce the crosstalk between the cores in the fiber the coupled mode theory and coupled power theory are adopted for crosstalk estimation and considering different design parameters such as core pitch, bending radius and wavelength to optimize the crosstalk performance. The homogeneous fiber which works under single mode operation has been considered. The study of performance by varying the trench width is also analysed. Crosstalk variation in outer cores and center core of the fiber is studied. And the study of variation of crosstalk with 5 different core radius has been done. The numerical simulation results of crosstalk behavior over bending radius, wavelength and trench width is obtained.

Communication in underwater is a growing research topic that plays a big role in forecasting accurate weather conditions. In which Acoustic communication is the upcoming technology well qualified for its long-distance underwater communication with certain restrictions like low data rate and high latency. To overcome this constrain wireless optical communication are preferred for high data transmission and less delay. The attempts are made to analyze the performance of the turbid and coastal water conditions.To improve the underwater communication model,a hybrid model is proposed for the applications like weather forecasts, military equipment, and missing debris.

Turnera subulata plant samples were exhaustively extracted through continuous hot percolation method by selective sequential soxhlet extraction using solvents of increasing polarity. All the extracts were subjected to qualitative analysis to identify, analyse and characterize the bioactive phytocompounds present in each extract, about which much information are unavailable. The qualitative preliminary phytochemical, FT-IR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) and GC–MS (Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry) analyses showed the presence of numerous novel pharmacologically important phytocompounds. Based on qualitative studies, chloroform, ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of T. subulata have chosen for LC–MS/MS analysis to identify polyphenols; the total 21 compounds included 6 flavonols, 1 dihydroflavonols, 4 flavonones, 2 flavones, 3 anthocyanins, 2 isoflavonoids, 2 phenolic acids, and 1 hydroxybenzaldehyde. The above mentioned extracts showed good antibacterial and antifungal effects against the pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) and fungi (Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans). In addition, the crude plant extracts showed significant physicochemical properties, which might be attributed to the significant quantity of compounds present in T. subulata. Current study revealed that T. subulata plant extracts possessed novel bioactive phytocompounds and thus, offered a varied platform for further use of the plant as herbal alternative for various ailments.

Mundulea sericea (Willd.) A. Chev. is a small tree belonging to the family Fabaceae, and various parts like bark, leaves, seeds, and roots of this plant are used for various medicinal purposes. This plant has been used as fish poison, insecticide, aphrodisiac, anti-microbial, analgesic, and anti-oxidant activities. Hence, the present study aims to analyze the anti-diabetic and cytotoxicity activities of the ethanol bark extract of Mundulea sericea. In vitro anti-diabetic activity by using α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and in vitro cytotoxicity assays through various cell lines viz. vero, cervical (HeLa), lung (A-549), liver (Hep-G2), and breast (MCF-7) carcinoma was evaluated using the MTT assay. Results showed that the extract exhibited significant activity of α-amylase, as well as α-glucosidase inhibitory activities, which inhibition was 59.22 and 65.27, respectively, at 500 µg/mL concentration. The standard acarbose inhibition value was 81.97. The extracts also have significant cytotoxicity in the HeLa cancer cell compared to other cytotoxicity cells and which the IC50 value was 76.11 μg/mL. Thus, the plant bark of Mundulea sericea could potentially be a rich source of natural anti-diabetic and anti-cancer medicine.

A novel bidirectional RoF link with compensated SBS and RB for 60 GHz OFDM-based 16-QAM downlink and uplink vector signal generation and co-propagation over a single fiber is proposed. At the central station (CS), 60 GHz optical mm-wave is generated and modulated in the optical single-sideband modulation (OSSB) technique by the 16-QAM OFDM downlink vector signal. At the base station (BS), the 60 GHz downlink signal is detected by a high-speed photodetector (PD). The 60 GHz electrical mm-wave signal is transmitted to the user end by an antenna. The uplink carrier is extracted from the unmodulated sideband of the mm-wave downlink vector signal. This reduces the complexity of BS and makes it free from the laser source. The 16-QAM OFDM-based mm-wave uplink signal is received from the user end through an antenna and down-converted to a 10 GHz uplink vector signal. The uplink signal modulates the extracted blank carrier in the OSSB technique. The uplink and downlink vector signals are co-propagated through the standard single bidirectional fiber. Although the carrier reuse over a single fiber reduces the fiber capacity by half, it generates non-linear backscattering such as Rayleigh Backscattering (RB) and Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS). A theoretical analysis is made on the backscattered power and its effect on the fiber transmission. The compensation of SBS by maintaining the SBS threshold and mitigation of RB is carried out by appropriate modulation technique. In addition, downlink and uplink signal with different data rate is transmitted through the compensated bidirectional RoF link, and the transmission performance is analyzed. Based on the analysis, the theoretical model for simultaneous downlink and uplink signal transmission over a single fiber is proposed and verified by the software simulation. The compensated bidirectional RoF link shows up a better performance up to 75 km with negligible power penalty.

Blockchain has recently become an essential tool which enables sensitive cloud services without the need for central confidence. For example, several different cryptocurrencies were permitted with public blockchains. Unfortunately, confidential details may be exposed on current public blockchain and smart contracts implemented there. Whilst some continuous work is under way to resolve these insecure knowledge leakage problems using advanced cryptography, they need major improvements on current and common Blockchain technology such as Ethereum and are typically costly in computing. On the other hand, blockchain applications were proposed to allow the data exchange among the pre accepted nodes/participants to be more efficient and privacy-preserving. While private blockchains respond to certain challenges of privacy by allowing only the particular community of participants to view sensitive data, they do not allow public transparency for communications because businesses are accepted by a known number of users also cannot be freely viewed. One natural problem is whether we should use public and private Blockchain networks in order to allow effective, improve privacy and accountable applications in view of these findings? In this work, we try in connection with digital auctions to face this challenge. In specific, we provide a newly designed blockchain architecture combined with private and open blockchains which enables sensitive offers to be opened up on a secluded blockchain so solitary the merchant can study the offers, and none of others. We also use shared blockchains to report the public sale winner and to make transfers responsible. Moreover, we demonstrate how we can promote sincere activity among auction participants by using intelligent contracts on public blockchains. Our detailed analytical findings suggest that it’s more cost effective compared to pure public auction implementations based on blockchain.

A 128-element color ultrasound transducer probe (Sonoray – DS50PLUS-C352UB) compatible with any machine is analyzed. Various coating methods were discussed; the footprint is coated with TiO2 by the dip coating method, and characterization is done simultaneously. Curvilinear ultrasound transducer probe is most used to scan the abdomen part of the human body. Its characteristics were analyzed to find an appropriate alternate nanomaterial to be coated over its footprint to make the device a cost-effective one with even better output. Before and after the nanomaterial is coated, Fesem, EDS, and XRD tests were done over the transducer footprint. The dip coating method is easier, quicker, and cheaper but less effective among various coating methods.