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Even plants classified as 'nonaccumulators' can sequester concentrations of sodium selenate, sodium selenite, selenocystine and selenomethionine that can strongly influence insect development and survival. These forms of selenium (Se), tested in diet-incorporation bioassays, proved toxic to larvae of a generalist insect herbivore at relatively low levels. Sodium selenite was the most toxic form tested against Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), with an LC(50) of 9.14 microg g(-1) wet wt (21.11 microg g(-1) dry wt). Selenocystine was intermediate with an LC(50) of 15.2 microg g(-1) wet wt. The least toxic forms, sodium selenate and selenomethionine, had LC(50)s below 50 microg g(-1) dry wt, the upper level for tissues of plants classified as nonaccumulators. Ingestion of some forms of Se also affected growth and development. Increasing concentrations of sodium selenate and sodium selenite decreased pupal weight and added significantly to the time needed for development to the pupal and adult stages. The time required to complete the larval stage increased by over 25% and the time from egg to adult emergence was extended by 22% to nearly 30%. Selenocystine and selenomethionine did not significantly increase developmental times, even at concentrations that killed 90% or more of the test populations. Analyses of relative growth rate, relative growth index, and an analysis of covariance technique for measuring growth indicated that the form of Se affected growth rates, growth inhibition responses of the larvae, and toxicological effects. Thus, quantity and the form of Se accumulating in plants grown on Se-contaminated sites are likely to influence the population dynamics of insect herbivores. The implications of these results for the ecology of contaminated sites are discussed.

We conducted choice tests and behavioral observations of Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) larvae to study the effect of linear furanocoumarins (bergapten, xanthotoxin, and psoralen) individually or in combination at concentrations commonly found in Apium graveolens L. and UV-A light on larval preference and feeding behavior. Linear furanocoumarins had a negative and concentration-dependent effect on diet preference by S. exigua larvae. Behavioral observations showed that preference of control diet is the result of feeding deterrence by these compounds. The larvae leave the furanocoumarin-containing diet more frequently by becoming more mobile after ingestion of the treated diet, as measured by time spent questing (in which larvae walk or lift their thoraxes, and move from side to side in a searching motion) and number of questing occurrences. The UV-A effect was not significant. We conclude that linear furanocoumarins (at the concentrations found in A. graveolens ) can play an important role as behavioral modifiers rather than as toxic defenses against larvae of the generalist herbivore S. exigua .

The somaclonal celery lines ‘K-26[1]’, ‘K-I08[3]2’, ‘K-I28’, ‘F-128[3]1’, and ‘F- 128[4]’, developed for resistance to the Fusarium yellows caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. apii, were investigated for susceptibility to Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), and for hazardous concentrations of linear furanocoumarins, a group of compounds toxic to humans and animals, and found in Apium spp. The somacional lines K-26[1], K-I08[3]2, and K-128 were all significantly more resistant to S. exigua than the commercial standard celery ‘Tall Utah 52-70R’. None of the somaclonal lines had total leaf contents of linear furanocoumarins significantly different from levels found in 52- 70R. Petiole contents of furanocoumarins in the different celeries were variable, but below levels reported to cause acute dermatitis (18 µg/g fresh weight) or even chronic dermatitis (7 µg/g)in humans. Because the new somaclonal lines have resistance to a major celery disease, Fusarium yellows, the K-26[1], K-108[3]2, and K-128 lines represent good potential components for integration into breeding programs for integrated pest management for celery.

Three accessions of Lycopersicon hirsutum f. typicum Humb. and Bonpl. were highly resistant to beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), as indicated by reduced survival and growth on excised leaflets, compared with leaflets of a susceptible tomato variety. Removal of trichome exudates from LA 1777 and LA 2329 eliminated resistance affecting early instars ; but this treatment had no effect on the resistance of PI 126445. Primarily, lamellar factors must condition resistance in PI 126445 and contribute to resistance to later instars in LA 1777 and LA 2329. Type-VI trichome exudates of all 3 accessions were topically toxic to 1st-instar S. exigua, and this toxicity differed among the accessions (LA 1777 > LA 2329 > PI 126445). The lower toxicity of trichome exudates on PI 126445 apparently accounts for their minimal role in resistance in this accession. During feeding, 1st instars ruptured sufficient numbers of type-VI trichome glands to account for the observed mortality on both LA 1777 and LA 2329. Toxicities of trichome exudates from the accessions were not correlated with their sesquiterpene and total phenolic contents ; the most toxic trichomes (LA 1777) had the lowest concentrations of volatiles detectable by gas chromatography, and total phenolic compounds. The important toxins remain unidentified. Identification of the lamellar factors from the accessions, and the toxins in the trichome exudates of LA 1777 and LA 2329, will facilitate the use of these accessions in breeding programs for resistance to S. exigua and possibly other pests of tomatoes.

Economic analyses were conducted on fresh-market tomato plantings in 1992 and 1993 that compared the benefit of an integrated pest-management (IPM) program based on a registered Bacillus thuringiensis preparation with the current chemical-standard pesticide practices and an untreated control. The IPM program used three or four applications of B. thuringiensis as needed. The chemical-standard treatment consisted of seven to nine applications of methomyl and permethrin. The effect of each pesticide-use program on insect populations, fruit damage, yield, crop value, cost of control, and net profit was determined. The chemical-standard and IPM treatments reduced pest populations and damage, resulting in better yield and net profits as compared with the control treatment. In 1992, net profits were higher by ≈ $500-1,000/ha in the IPM program as compared with the chemical-standard treatment. In 1993, the chemical-standard program performed slightly better by ≈ $300/ha. However, given shipping prices over the past 5-yr period, the IPM approach would outperform the chemical-standard treatment in terms of net profit > 80% of the time. In addition, the economic results from the IPM program are conservative because some significant benefits, such as a potential reduction in development of pesticide resistance, reduced soil compaction, less potential for damage to the environment, and less possibility of human health concerns, were not included.

Plant physiological growth stage and growing environment significantly interacted with celery ( Apium graveolens L.) genotypes to influence the expression of genetic resistance of celery to the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner). Plant vegetative growth, as measured by plastochron index, was primarily linear with physiological time and showed no major season-related variations. Insect developmental times from egg to pupa and from egg to adult showed the largest variations during this study, with significant genotype-by-season, genotype-by-plant growth stage, and season-by-stage interactions. Overall, all four celery genotypes tested, ‘Tall Utah 52-70R’, ‘UC-08’, ‘UC-10’, and UC-26, were more resistant to beet armyworm during the warm season and as plants matured. Because both plant age and growing environment proved to interact significantly with plant genotype to magnify or suppress expression of genetic plant resistance to pests, it is important to study test plant genotypes under various growing conditions and at different stages of plant growth to determine the potential genotype-by-environment and genotype-by-stage interactions before characterization and utilization of the resistance in breeding for pest resistance and integrated pest management programs.

The linear furanocoumarins psoralen, bergapten, and xanthotoxin were tested for toxicity to the beet armywormSpodoptera exigua (Hübner) under short ultraviolet (UVB) radiation. Increased dietary concentrations of each furanocoumarin significantly decreased insect larval weight, extended generation time, and induced higher mortality. Xanthotoxin was the most toxic, followed by psoralen and bergapten. Combining psoralen with bergapten, xanthotoxin, or both resulted in significantly antagonistic effects on insect mortality. The combination of bergapten and xanthotoxin, however, produced additive effects. The implications of these observations forS. exigua resistance in the wild plant accession ofApium prostratum and the enigma the findings represent for plant-insect relationships are discussed.

Celery was transplanted in a sandy loam soil on 30-31 Aug at the University of California’s South Coast Field Station. The plants were sprinkler irrigated for three weeks and drip irrigated (water pH 7.2-7.5) thereafter. Experimental plots were four beds wide (two rows per bed on 40-inch centers) by 40 ft and separated by a 5 ft buffer with four replicates of each treatment in a randomized complete block design. Applications were weekly from 6 Oct through 21 Nov (total of 8 applications for all chemicals except Avid and Avid + Xentari). Actual dates of applications were: 6, 13, 20, 27 Oct, and 3, 10, 17, 21 Nov. Avid was applied on the first two dates and again for dates 5-6. The Avid + Xentari treatment was the same except that Xentari was applied on dates Avid was not. All chemicals were applied by a tractor-mounted boom sprayer operated at 125 psi. Nozzles were 4 per bed and carrier (H2O) was at 100 gal/ac. Disc-type cone nozzles incorporated D3 orifice discs, #25 cores and 50-mesh screens. All treatments received spreader-sticker. Antifoam (No-Foam®) was used with all treatments. Leafminer populations were evaluated by weekly counts of leafminer prepupae and pupae in four 5 ½ X 11 inch trays/replicate when the plants reached a suitable height. Actual sampling dates were 15, 25 Oct and 1, 8, 15, 21, 28 Nov. The number of dead adult parasites of1 Liriomyza species was recorded in the same manner and on the same dates listed for pupal counts. Evaluation of Lepidoptera populations was based on number of damaged plants found in 25 plants per replicate (100/treatment) from the center two rows of each replicate at harvest (29-30 Nov). Beet armyworm and black cutworm damage were recorded separately.

To determine effect of 3 half-limb casts on bone strains recorded from the proximal phalanx (P-1) and third metacarpal bone (MCIII) of equine cadaver limbs, using a mechanical testing machine.12 equine cadaver limbs and 4 live horses.Bone strains were recorded at middorsal P-1 and the dorsal cortical aspect of the distal third of MCIII while limbs were variably loaded with 100 to 1,000 lb of force. To determine ability of the cast to protect the distal portion of the limb from weight-bearing loads, strains were recorded with the limb in 1 of the 3 casts and with it unsupported. To determine cast-induced discomfort, weight-supporting and transfixation pin casts were evaluated on 2 live horsesAll 3 casts significantly reduced bone strain at P-1. Significant differences were observed: mean 61% reduction for the standard half-limb cast, 84% for the transfixation pin cast, and 97% for the weight-supporting cast at weight-bearing force of 500 lb. Only the weight-supporting cast significantly reduced strains recorded from MCIII. The weight-supporting cast was not well tolerated by 2 live horses.The 3 casts significantly reduced transfer of weight-bearing forces to the distal portion of the limb. The weight-supporting cast effectively reduced strain on the P-1 to near 0, but was well tolerated by live horses. The transfixation pin cast reduced strain on the P-1 by80% at weight-bearing loads of 500 lb, and live horses were comfortable. Standard half-limb casts significantly reduced strains on the P-1, but to a lesser degree than did other casts.

To determine the ability of a full-limb transfixation pin cast to protect the distal portion of the equine forelimb from weight-bearing forces by measuring bone strain in vitro on cadaver limbs loaded in a mechanical testing machine.6 forelimbs from 6 horses.Each limb was instrumented with 3 unidirectional metal foil electrical resistant strain gauges. Gauges were placed on the dorsal aspect of the distal portion of the radius and the mid-dorsal portion of the cortex of the third metacarpal bone and the first phalanx. Each limb was tested 3 times, once supported with a transfixation pin cast, once supported by a standard full-limb cast, and finally, uncast. The limbs were tested in a mechanical testing machine under axial loads ranging from 100 to 1,000 lb, and bone strains were recorded at each load.Compared with values for the uncast limb, the transfixation pin cast and the standard full-limb cast significantly (P0.001) reduced bone strain on the distal portion of the radius, third metacarpal bone, and first phalanx. Compared with the standard full-limb cast, the transfixation pin cast significantly (P0.001) reduced bone strain on the first phalanx.Compared with the standard full limb cast, the full-limb transfixation pin cast is more protective of the first phalanx.

To determine the effect of pin hole size and number on the breaking strength of the adult equine radius when loaded in torsion to failure.54 pairs of equine radii from adult horses.For test one, 12 pairs of radii were used to determine the effect of pin hole size on torsional breaking strength. A 6.35-mm hole was drilled in 1 radius, and a 9.5-mm hole was drilled in the contralateral radius. For test two, 36 pairs of radii were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups (n = 12) to determine the effect of pin hole number on the torsional breaking strength of the equine radius. One radius of each pair served as a control, and one, three, or six 6.35-mm transcortical holes were drilled in the contralateral radius. For test three, 6 pairs of radii had torsional forces applied directly to the transfixation pins, as opposed to the bone itself. One radius of a pair served as a control, and three 6.35-mm smooth Steinman pins were placed in the contralateral radius. All radii were loaded in torsion to failure, and the breaking strengths were recorded.Compared with the 6.35-mm hole, the 9.5-mm hole significantly decreased torsional strength of the radius. There was no significant difference in mean torsional strength between the control radii and the radii with 1, 3, or 6 transcortical holes or when the transfixation pins were loaded.Use of up to three 6.35-mm transfixation pins can be used in a full-limb transfixation pin cast to optimize stiffness without a significant decrease (12%) in bone strength.

A complete search of the literature concerning Lyme borreliosis as it relates to horses and cattle was done. The epidemiology, pathogenesis, immunological response to the disease, diagnosis and treatment are discussed. A review of clinical cases in horses and cattle is presented. Clinical signs of Lyme borreliosis in horses include: chronic weight loss, sporadic lameness, laminitis, low grade fever, swollen joints, muscle tenderness, and anterior uveitis. In addition to those clinical signs, neurological signs such as depression, behavioral changes, dysphagia, head tilt and encephalitis can be seen in chronic cases. Borreliosis occurs in cattle, usually as a herd problem. In acute Lyme borreliosis, cattle often will show a fever, stiffness, swollen joints, and decreased milk production. Chronic weight loss, laminitis and abortion are also possible outcomes of borreliosis in cattle. Diagnosis of clinical Lyme borreliosis is difficult and depends upon recognition of clinical signs, a history of possible exposure, and identification of the spirochete in the affected animal. Since the spirochete is very difficult to culture, confirmation of B. burgdorferi infection often relies on serologic testing. Subclinical seropositive animals do occur, thus confusing the diagnosis. An approach to treatment of cattle and horses with Lyme borreliosis is outlined.

Seedlings were transplanted in a sandy loam type soil on 21 June at the University of California’s South Coast Field Station in Santa Ana, California. Experimental plots were 4 rows wide (5-ft centers) by 40 ft long and separated by a 5-ft buffer. The tomato transplants were drip irrigated (water pH 7.2-7.5). Treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Weekly applications were initiated at first fruiting. Application dates were 27 Jul, 3, 10, 16, 24, 30 Aug, and 7, 14 Sep. (except Agrimek which was applied on 27 Jul 3, 24, 30 Aug, and Agrimek + Lannate in which Lannate was applied every wk). A tractor-mounted boom sprayer with 6 nozzles per row incorporated D-3 orifice disks, #25 cores, and 50 mesh screens. Operating pressure was 100 psi delivering 100 gal/acre. Spreader sticker (Leaf Act 80) at 0.04% was included for all treatments. Leafminer populations were evaluated by weekly counts of leafminer prepupae and pupae in four 9 by 11 inch trays/replicate from 1 Aug through 12 Sep., inclusive. On 18-21 Sep., 200 mature-green to ripe fruit were harvested from the center 2 rows of each replicate (800 per treatment) and examined for internal damage (primarily H. zea) and external damage (primarily S. exigua and K. lycopersicella). Leafminer populations were low early, then moderate late in this test. Some treatments increased leafminer density as compared to the control. Beet armyworm and tomato pinworm populations were moderate as were tomato fruitworm populations. No phytotoxicity was observed in any treatment.

Seedlings were transplanted in a sandy loam type soil on 16 June at the University of California‘s South Coast Field Station in Santa Ana, California. Experimental plots were 4 rows wide (5-ft centers) by 40 ft long and separated by a 5-ft buffer. The tomato transplants were sprinkle irrigated for 1 week, and drip irrigated thereafter (water pH 7.2-7.5). Treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Weekly applications were initiated at first fruiting. Application dates were 21, 28 Jul, 4, 10, 17, 25 Aug, 1 and 8 Sep. (except Avid which was applied on 21, 28 Jul and 17 and 25 Aug.) A tractor-mounted boom sprayer with 6 nozzles per row incorporated D-3 orifice disks, #25 cores, and 50 mesh screens. Operating pressure was 100 psi delivering 100 gal/acre. Spreader sticker (Leaf Act 80) at 0.04% was included for all treatments. Leafminer populations were evaluated by weekly counts of leafminer prepupae and pupae in four 9 by 11 inch trays/replicate from 26 Jul through 6 Sep., inclusive. On 12-13 Sep., 200 mature-green to ripe fruit were harvested from the center 2 rows of each replicate (800 per treatment) and examined for internal damage (primarily H. zea) and external damage (primarily S. exigua and K. lycopersicella). Leafminer populations were moderate early, then high late in this test. Some treatments increased leafminer density as compared to the control. Beet armyworm and tomato pinworm populations were moderate and tomato fruitworm populations were high. No phytotoxicity was observed in any treatment.

Celery was transplanted in a sandy loam soil on 17 Aug at the University of California’s South Coast Field Station. The plants were sprinkler irrigated for three weeks and drip irrigated (water pH 7.2-7.5) thereafter. Experimental plots were four beds wide (two rows per bed on 40-inch centers) by 40 ft and separated by a 5 ft buffer with four replicates of each treatment in a randomized complete block design. Applications were weekly from 30 Sep through 24 Nov (total of 9 applications for all chemicals except Avid and Avid + Lannate). Actual dates of application were: 30 Sep, 6, 14, 20, 27 Oct, and 3, 10, 17, 24 Nov. Avid was applied on the first two dates and again for dates 6-9 in Nov. The Avid + Lannate treatment was the same except that Lannate was applied on dates 3-5. All chemicals were applied by a tractor-mounted boom sprayer operated at 125 psi. Nozzles were 4 per bed and carrier (H20) was at 100 gal/acre. Disc-type cone nozzles incorporated D3 orifice discs, #25 cores and 50-mesh screens. All treatments received spreader-sticker. Antifoam (No-Foam®) was used with all treatments. Leafminer populations were evaluated by weekly counts of leafminer prepupae and pupae in four SVi × 11 inch trays/replicate when the plants reached a suitable height. Actual sampling dates were 5, 13, 19, 27 Oct and 2, 9, 16 Nov. The number of dead adult parasites of Liriomyza species were recorded in the same manner and on the same dates listed for pupal counts. Evaluation of Lepidoptera populations was based on number of damaged plants found in 25 plants per replicate (100/treatment) from the center two rows of each replicate at harvest (30 Nov). Beet army worm and black cutworm damage were recorded separately.

Ten fresh-market tomato varieties and one processing variety (‘Nova’) were transplanted at the South Coast Research and Education Center of the University of California, in Santa Ana, on 14 Jul. Plants were grown with standard cultural practices, drip irrigated, poled, in a completely randomized design of four replicates, with a replicate plot consisting of 7 plants. Natural infestations of pest insects were permitted to develop. On 25-27 Oct, 100 fruit were harvested from each plot and scored for damage to fruit by insects. Fruit with any detectable damage was scored as damaged. Data were converted to percentage of fruit damaged. Damage by different species of pentatomids could not be distinguished and was pooled.

Celery was transplanted in a sandy loam soil on 15 Aug at the University of California’s South Coast Field Station. The plants were sprinkler irrigated for three weeks and drip irrigated (water pH 7.2-7.5) thereafter. Experimental plots were four beds wide (two rows per bed on 40-inch centers) by 40 ft and separated by a 5 ft buffer with four replicates of each treatment in a randomized complete block design. Weekly application dates included 26 Sep, 3, 10, 17, 24, 30 Oct and 7, 14 Nov. All chemicals were applied by a tractor-mounted boom sprayer operated at 100 psi. Nozzles were 4 per bed and carrier (H20) was at 100 gal/acre. Disc-type cone nozzles incorporated D3 orifice discs, #25 cores and 50-mesh screens. All treatments received spreader-sticker. Antifoam (No-Foam®) was used with all treatments. Leafminer populations were evaluated by weekly counts of leafminer prepupae and pupae in four 5.5 × 11 inch trays/replicate when the plants reached a suitable height. Actual sampling dates were 2, 9, 16, 23, 30 Oct and 5,13 Nov. The number of dead adult parasites of Liriomyza species were recorded in the same manner and on the same dates listed for pupal counts. Evaluation of Lepidoptera populations was based on number of damaged plants found in 25 plants per replicate (100/treatment) from the center two rows of each replicate at harvest (20 Nov). Beet armyworm, and black cutworm damage were recorded separately.

Seedlings were transplanted in a sandy loam type soil on 14, 15 Jun at the University of California’s South Coast Field Station in Santa Ana, California. Experimental plots were 4 rows wide (5-ft centers) by 35 ft long and separated by a 5-ft buffer. The tomato transplants were sprinkle irrigated for 1 week, and drip irrigated thereafter (water pH 7.2-7.5). Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Weekly applications were initiated at first fruiting. Application dates were 27 Jul, 3, 10, 19, 26 Aug and 2, 9 Sep and 1 Oct. A tractor-mounted boom sprayer with 6 nozzles per row incorporated D-3 orifice disks. #25 cores, and 50 mesh screens. Operating pressure was 100 psi delivering 100 gal/acre. Spreader sticker (Leaf Act 80) was included for all treatments at 0.04%. Except for the two Rohm Haas treatments, which used Latron at .06%. Leafminer populations were evaluated by weekly counts of leafminer prepupae and pupae in four 9 by 11 inch trays/replicate from 2 Aug through 8 Sep, inclusive. On 13-14 Sep, 200 mature-green to ripe fruit were harvested from the center 2 rows of each replicate (800 per treatment) and examined for internal damage (primarily H. zea) and external damage (primarily S. exigua and K. lycopersicon).

Celery was transplanted in a sandy loam soil on 3 Sep at the University of California’s South Coast Field Station. The plants were sprinkler irrigated for three weeks and drip irrigated (water pH 7.2-7.5) thereafter. Experimental plots were four beds wide (two rows per bed on 40-inch centers) by 40 ft and separated by a 5 ft buffer with four replicates of each treatment in a randomized complete block design. Weekly application dates included 15, 22, 29 Oct, 5, 12, 19, 25 Nov and 3, 10 Dec. All chemicals were applied by a tractor-mounted boom sprayer operated at 100 psi. Nozzles were 4 per bed and carrier (H20) was at 100 gal/acre. Disc-type cone nozzles incorporated D3 orifice discs, #25 cores and 50-mesh screens. All treatments received spreader-sticker. Antifoam (No-Foam®) was used with all treatments. Leafminer populations were evaluated by weekly counts of leafminer prepupae and pupae in four 5.5 × 11 inch trays/replicate when the plants reached a suitable height. Actual sampling dates were 20, 28 Oct, 4, 11, 18, 23 Nov and 2, 9 Dec. The number of dead adult parasites of Liriomyza species were recorded in the same manner and on the same dates listed for pupal counts. Evaluation of Lepidoptera populations was based on number of damaged plants found in 25 plants per replicate (100/treatment) from the center two rows of each replicate at harvest (14 Dec). Beet armyworm and black cutworm damage was recorded separately.

Seedlings were transplanted in a sandy loam type soil on 17 Jun at the University of California South Coast Field Station in Santa Ana, California. Experimental plots were 4 rows wide (5 ft centers) by 40 ft long and separated by a 5 ft buffer. The tomato transplants were sprinkle irrigated for 1 week, and drip irrigated thereafter (water pH 7.2-7.5). Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Weekly applications were initiated at first fruiting. Application dates were 1, 7, 15, 22, 29 Aug and 5, 7 Sep. A tractor-mounted boom sprayer with 6 nozzles per row incorporated D-3 orifice disks, #25 cores, and 50 mesh screens. Operating pressure was 100 psi delivering 100 gal/acre. Spreader sticker (Leaf Act 80) was included for all treatments at 0.04%. Leafminer populations were evaluated by weekly counts of leafminer prepupae and pupae in four 9 by 11 inch trays/replicate from 30 Jul through 16 Sep, inclusive. On 16-18 Sep, 200 mature-green to ripe fruit were harvested from the center 2 rows of each replicate (800 per treatment) and examined for internal damage (primarily H. zea) and external damage (primarily S. exigua and K. lycopersicon).

Seedlings were transplanted in a sandy loam type soil on 30 Jun at the University of California South Coast Field Station in Santa Ana, California. Experimental plots were 4 rows wide (5 ft centers) by 40 ft long and separated by a 5 ft buffer. The tomato transplants were sprinkle irrigated for 1 week, and drip irrigated thereafter (water pH 7.2-7.5). Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Weekly applications were initiated at first fruiting. Application dates were 6, 13, 20, 27 Aug and 3, 10, 17, 24 Sep and 1 Oct. A tractor-mounted boom sprayer with 6 nozzles per row incorporated D-3 orifice disks, #25 cores, and 50 mesh screens. Operating pressure was 100 psi delivering 100 gal/acre. Spreader sticker (Leaf Act 80) was included for all treatments at 0.04%. Except for the AC 303630 without oil treatment. Leafminer populations were evaluated by weekly counts of leafminer prepupae and pupae in four 9 by 11 inch trays/ replicate from 12 Aug through 30 Sep, inclusive. On 7-9 Oct, 200 mature-green to ripe fruit were harvested from the center 2 rows of each replicate (800 per treatment) and examined for internal damage (primarily H. zea) and external damage (primarily S. exigua and K. lycopersicon).

Seedlings were transplanted in a sandy loam type soil on 17 Jun at the University of California's South Coast Field Station in Santa Ana, CA. Experimental plots were 4 rows wide (5-ft centers) by 40 ft long and separated by a 5-ft buffer. The tomato transplants were sprinkle irrigated for 1 week, and drip irrigated thereafter (water pH 7.2- 7.5). Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Weekly applications were initiated at first fruiting. Application dates were 1, 7, 15, 22, 29 Aug, 5, and 7 Sep. A tractor-mounted boom sprayer with 6 nozzles per row incorporated D-3 orifice disks, #25 cores, and 50 mesh screens. Operating pressure was 100 psi delivering 100 gal/acre. Spreader sticker (Leaf Act 80) was included for all treatments at 0.04%. Leafminer populations were evaluated by weekly counts of leafminer prepupae and pupae in four 9 by 11 inch trays/replicate from 30 Jul through 16 Sep, inclusive. On 16-18 Sep, 200 mature-green to ripe fruit were harvested from the center 2 rows of each replicate (800 per treatment) and examined for internal damage (primarily H. zea) and external damage (primarily S. exigua and K. lycopersicella).

Six cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the stomach in horses seen at the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine are compared with 15 similar cases reported previously. Clinical signs included anorexia in all cases, emaciation, fever, anaemia and/or palpable abdominal masses in 3, colic in 2 and dysphagia in one case. Haematological studies revealed normochromic, normocytic anaemia in 3 and absolute neutrophilia in 5 cases. Peritoneal fluid analysis was performed in 4 cases and revealed slightly to moderately elevated total protein concentrations in 3 and a markedly elevated number of white blood cells in 2 cases. Exploratory laparotomy, performed in 3 cases, was essential for a definitive diagnosis. The data presented here suggest that squamous cell carcinoma of the equine stomach may be increasing in frequency and demonstrate the need for prospective epidemiological studies.

SUMMARY Albendazole was an effective larvicidal anthelmintic against the fourth stage Strongylus vulgaris larvae as late as one month post-infection. The drug was administered at a dose rate of 25 mg/kg three times daily for 5 days. Diarrhoea occurred in 3 of 4 foals treated and of these one died during belated intravenous therapy for dehydration. Arteriography allowed for an in vivo assessment of the development and regression of lesions in infected-treated foals compared to the continued development of lesions in infected-untreated foals. The arteriographic findings were confirmed at necropsy. RESUME L'albendazole s'est montreětre un vermicide efficace contre les larves de Strongylus vulgaris au stade IV, jusqu'a un mois suivant l'infestation. Le medicament fut administrea une posologie de 25 mg/kilo durant 5 jours. Des diarrhees se produisirent sur 3 des 4 foals traites et l'un d'entre eux mourut durant un traitement intraveineux rehydratant. L'arteriographie permit le controle in vivo du developpement et de la regression des lesions chez les animaux infectes, tandis que ces lesions se developpaient regulierement chez les animaux non traites. Les constatations arteriographiques furent confirmees a l'autopsie. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Albendazol erwies sich als wirksames, larvizides Anthelmintikum gegen das vierte Larvenstadium von Strongylus vulgaris bis zu einem Monat post infectionem. Das Medikament wurde in einer Dosis von 25 mg/kg Korpergewicht wahrend 5 Tagen verabreicht. 3 der 4 behandelten Fohlen zeigten Diarrhoe, eines davon starb wahrend einer zu spaten intravenosen Behandlung der Dehydrierung. Die arteriographische Untersuchung erlaubte eine in vivo Beurteilung von Entwicklung und Regression der Lasionen bei infizierten und anschliessend behandelten Fohlen, verglichen mit der fortschreitenden Schadigung bei infizierten, unbehandelten Fohlen. Die arteriographischen Befunde wurden bei der Autopsie bestatigt.

The purpose of this note is to outline a system of celestial navigation which is both decimal and coherent. In a decimal system there can only be one unit, with its decimal multiples and submultiples, for measuring any quantity. It follows that a decimal system of celestial navigation requires one unit for measuring time and one unit for measuring arc. In a coherent system these units must be related by a factor of one.

Degenerative arthrosis is perhaps the most common debilitating disease of performance horses. Treatment should be based upon a knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of normal joints and upon an understanding of the processes of degeneration and repair. These topics are briefly reviewed. Although rest is probably, the most beneficial therapy, physical and pharmaceutical treatments are often employed in an effort to speed recovery. The effects and relative benefits of intrasynovial injections of corticosteroids, hyaluronica cid, and Arteparon are considered in detail. Although local corticosteroid therapy is inexpensive and is effective in reducing lameness caused by degenerative joint disease, it is rarely indicated. Septic arthritis and "steroid arthropathy" are two serious sequelae. Whereas the incidence of the former may be avoided through careful technique, the latter effect is inherent in the action of the drug. The accelerated rate of joint destruction observed in steroid arthropathy is due to suppression of chondrocyte metabolism and thus the processes of cartilage maintenance and repair. Hyaluronic acid is present in the synovial fluid and within the matrix of cartilage. The commercial preparation is no approved for use in the United States, but it is commonly obtained from other countries. Although hyaluronate apparently does not function in the lubrication of cartilage surfaces, it may improve lubrication of soft tissues thus decreasing resistance to joint movement and lessening pain. Reports substantiate the effectiveness of hyaluronic acid in treating early cases of degenerative arthrosis despite the fact that the drug does not significantly promote cartilage healing. Arteparon, a polysulfated glycosaminoglycan, has been used in Europe for two decades in the treatment of degeneration joint disease and is currently being tested in this country. The drug is deposited within diseased cartilage and improves the functional properties of the cartilage as well as stimulates cartilage metabolism.

Depression of the cardiopulmonary system of the horse during anesthesia is not an uncommon event. In many situations simple approaches for improving the function of the horse are necessary to avoid loss of life. This study has been completed utilizing an anesthetic approach frequently used in horses and a cardioresuscitative technique which can be utilized by the practicing veterinarian. Severe depression to arrest were produced experimentally and each animal was resuscitated through support of ventilation and circulation.

In discussing quality assurance in the blood bank, where many of the standard statistical techniques of measuring accuracy simply do not apply, three questions come to mind: How much? How often? Who says? Because of severe changes in the prospective payment plan and a new interest in cost effectiveness, many transfusion services are re-examining blood banking methodologies and their relative usefulness in promoting patient well-being. Many serologists are beginning to say that "less is better." This concern for simplification and reduction of workload is reflected in the quality control.

Angular limb deformities in 3 foals were found to originate in the diaphyseal region of the 3rd metacarpal (2) and metatarsal (1) bones. In each case, treatment consisted of wedge ostectomy followed by compression plating. Two foals survived for useful performance; the 3rd was euthanatized because of ischemia of the operated limb. The condition appeared to resemble a similar syndrome in man involving tibial curvature.

During development of a closed impact-trauma model, using the canine femoropatellar articulation, animal weight or other readily measured physical characters were correlated with surface area, location, and shape of femoropatellar contact at various femorotibial angulations. The information allows making reasonable predictions regarding femoropatellar contact just before delivery of calibrated closed impact-trauma to the patella. Femoropatellar contact area location, shape, and size were determined in the left pelvic limbs of 10 dogs, ranging in weight from 20.0 to 40.9 kg (mean 27.2 kg). Determinations were made at 90, 110, and 130 degrees femorotibial angulations, using a new casting technique and at 70, 90, 110, 130, and 150 degrees, using a previously described dye technique. Location and shape of the contact areas were relatively constant for a given femorotibial angulation. Bipartite areas of contact were seen on 3 specimens. Using data from the dye technique, a definitive correlation was established between antemortem animal weight and contact area size. Patellar dimensions also correlated well with contact surface area. An inverse relationship between contact area per unit body weight and total body weight was observed. Contact area size did not vary significantly with increasing compressive force resulting from changes in femorotibial angulation. These determinations allow making reasonable predictions of both location and size of articular contact area immediately preceding delivery of closed impact to the joint.

Nineteen cases of villonodular synovitis as identified in 14 horses are presented. Physical and radiographic findings are discussed and the surgical correction described. Case histories indicate that surgical extirpation of the lesion is corrective and that rest without surgical intervention is ineffective. Radiation therapy following surgery does not appear to be necessary.

The effects of repeated arthrocentesis and injection of local anesthetic agents, lidocaine HCl or mepivacaine HCl on the equine middle carpal joint were investigated. Synovial fluid samples were evaluated before, and 12, 24 and 48 hours following, treatment. The greatest changes from pretreatment values occurred in synovial fluid cellularity. Repeated arthrocentesis caused a moderate increase in cell counts, while injection of local anesthetics caused a greater increase. Alterations in mucin clot quality, hyaluronic acid content, fluid viscosity, total protein and immunoglobulin G were generally of no significance. The most sensitive sampling time to detect changes caused by a given treatment was 24 hours following treatment while the 12 hour sampling period appeared to be the best at detecting differences between treatments. Repeated arthrocentesis has a definite effect on synovial fluid composition but the effects appear to decrease with repeated centesis. Lidocaine HCl and mepivacaine HCl are irritating to the synovial environment. Clear differences between responses to the drugs could not be identified.