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Edward L. Greenstein, who has recently published a most accomplished translation of the biblical book of Job, gives an indication of the extent of the labor required to produce such a translation: “I have been deeply engaged by the challenges of the book of Job—its themes, literary affiliations, language, and poetics—for over four decades” (xvii). That Greenstein has more than endured what he rightly characterizes as “this intimate endeavor” (xvii), including especially “the painstaking work of original philological investigation” (xviii), demonstrates that he is not only a long-suffering “scholar of difficult language” but indeed a “lover of words,” and of the work of words (ix). Further proof of his love lies in the stated altruism of his goals (xvii). He has aimed “to make good sense of the text of Job” and “to convey something of the text’s poetics” (x, xxxvi). That is, he has tried to recreate in English something of the theological and literary genius of the ancient Joban writers, better than others have done previously. And fellow students of Job and lovers of words, including the present author, owe a debt of gratitude to Greenstein for his labor of love and this work of translation. For, true to his goals, the still enigmatic biblical book begins to make (stunning) good sense and, here and there, lays bare more of its (sinuous) literary genius in Greenstein’s new translation.1

The facile and rapid microwave-assisted method has been demonstrated to be effective in synthesizing manganese fluoride (MnF2) nanoparticles in binary mixtures of ethylene glycol and imidazolium-ba...

We report the temperature dependence of the Yb valence in the geometrically frustrated compoundYbB4from 12 to 300 K using resonant x-ray emission spectroscopy at the YbLα1transition. We find that the Yb valence

Job compares himself time and again to defeated and trapped animals in the poetic core of the Book of Job. God, in responding to Job, describes in loving detail, as would a proud parent her children, the animals that populate creation. This paper argues that the Joban Poet uses animal imagery to allow Job to express an evolving sense of his traumatized self and the world and God to affirm the beauty and vitality of creation and, indirectly, also of Job who has come to think of himself as a trapped and hunted animal.

AlFe2B2 produced by using a conventional arc melter has a ferromagnetic material with a Curie temperature (TC) of around 300 K, but the arc-melt generates paramagnetic Al13Fe4 impurities during the synthesis of AlFe2B2. Impurities are brought to cause a decrease in magnetocaloric effects (MCEs). To investigate the effects of Al13Fe4 impurities on MCEs, we prepared and compared ascast and acid-treated samples, where the acid treatment was performed to remove the Al13Fe4 impurities. For the structural analysis, powder X-ray diffraction was carried out, and the measured data were subjected to a Rietveld refinement. The presence of Al13Fe4 impurities in the as-cast sample was observed in the phase analysis measurements. Magnetic properties were investigated by using Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) measurements for the as-cast and the acid-treated AlFe2B2 samples. From isothermal magnetization measurements, Arrott plots were obtained showing that the transition of AlFe2B2 has a second-order magnetic phase transition (SOMT). The TC and the saturation magnetization increased for the acid-treated sample due to removal of the paramagnetic impurities. As a consequence, the magnetic entropy change (−ΔS) increased in the pure AlFe2B2 samples, but the full width at half maximum in the plot of −ΔS vs. T decreased due to the absence of impurities.

The interplay of charge, spin, orbital and lattice degrees of freedom has recently received great interest due to its potential to improve the magnetocaloric effect (MCE) for the purpose of magnetic cooling applications. Here, a new mechanism for a large entropy change with low magnetic fields in rare-earth tetraborides, especially for Ho1-xDyxB4 (x = 0.0, 0.5, and 1.0), is proposed. For x = 0.0, 0.5, and 1.0, the maximum entropy changes of the giant inverse MCE are found to be 22.7 J/kgK, 19.6 J/kgK, and 19.0 J/kgK with critical fields of 25 kOe, 40 kOe, and 50 kOe, respectively. For all compounds, systematic study on how the entropy changes as a function of the field and temperature is performed to investigate their correlation with consecutive double transitions, i.e., the magnetic dipolar order at T = TN and the quadrupolar order at T = TQ (TQ

The interplay of charge, spin, orbital and lattice degrees of freedom has recently received great interest due to its potential to improve the magnetocaloric effect (MCE) for the purpose of magnetic cooling applications. Here we propose a new mechanism for a giant inverse MCE in rare-earth tetraborides, especially for Ho1-xDyxB4 (x = 0.0, 0.5, and 1.0). For x = 0.0, 0.5, and 1.0, the maximum entropy changes of the giant inverse MCE are found to be 22.7 J/kgK, 19.6 J/kgK, and 19.0 J/kgK with critical fields of 25 kOe, 40 kOe, and 50 kOe, respectively. It is remarkable that such a giant MCE is realized, even when applying a low magnetic field, which enables a field-tuned entropy change and brings about a significant advantage for several applications. For all compounds, we have systematically studied how the entropy changes as a function of the field and temperature and investigated their correlation with consecutive double transitions, i.e., the magnetic dipolar order at T = TN and the quadrupolar order at T = TQ (TQ < TN). We found that the maximum entropy change occurs at T = TQ and the critical field associated with the meta-magnetic transition, which is in good agreement with the experimental data. Thus, we elucidate that this unique behaviour is attributed to the strong coupling between magnetic dipoles and quadrupoles in the presence of strong spin-orbit coupling and geometric frustration. Our work offers new insights into both the academic interest of multipolar degrees of freedom in magnetic materials and the discovery of giant MCE with various applications for magnetic cooling systems., 25 pages, 12 figures

Emergence of anomalous weak ferromagnetism in geometrically frustrated magnetic system of R 1− x Y x B 4 ( R = Tb and Dy) is quite interesting [Phys. Rev. B 91 , 024414 (2015)]. In order to study the weak ferromagnetism in other compounds, the magnetic properties of R 1− x Y x B 4 ( R = Sm, Gd, and Er) were investigated. The anomalous weak ferromagnetism was also found to occur in all compounds, R 1− x Y x B 4 ( R = Sm, Gd, and Er). The weak ferromagnetism is revealed in the magnetic easy plane, (001), for R 1− x Y x B 4 ( R = Sm and Gd) and along the magnetic easy axis, [001], for R 1− x Y x B 4 ( R = Er). The magnitude of saturated magnetic moment at T = 2 K shows a strong dependence on Y-concentration, i.e., the maximum magnitude occurs at x ≈ 0.3 for all compounds. The general magnetic properties of weak ferromagnetism is quite similar to the weak ferromagnetism in R 1− x Y x B 4 ( R = Tb, Dy). Therefore, it is experimentally demonstrated that the emergence of weak ferromagnetism, induced by non-magnetic substitution in a magnetically frustrated system, is the universal feature in R B 4 compounds.

The coupled system of multi-degrees of freedom, such as charge, spin, orbital and lattice, has recently received much attention due to its potential to improve the magnetocaloric effect (MCE). The exotic inverse MCE was observed in rare-earth tetraborides of Ho1-xDyxB4 (x = 0.0, 0.5, and 1.0), associated with a strong coupling between magnetic dipoles and orbital quadrupoles in the strong spin-orbit coupling and geometric frustration. Here, the magnetism and magnetocaloric effects of ErB4 and TmB4 are investigated. It shows the maximum entropy changes of 11.4 J/kgK, and 12.6 J/kgK with the field of ΔH ≈ 40 kOe (H∥c) in ErB4 and TmB4, respectively. The field- and temperature-dependence of the entropy change is found to be quite different from those of the conventional MCE. And the entropy change is also found to have strong correlation with the field induced meta-magnetic transition. Because the field induced transition is due to magnetic moment reorientation, which is strongly coupled with quadrupole moment, the abnormal MCE of ErB4 and TmB4 is attributed to the dipole-quadrupole interaction and magnetic frustration. Thus, it supports the fact that the strong coupling between quadrupole and magnetic dipole moments plays important role in the exotic inverse MCE in rare-earth tetraboride system.

Kondo insulator $\mathrm{Sm}{\mathrm{B}}_{6}$ has attracted attention because it can realize new topological phenomena driven by the interplay between strong correlation effect and topology. However, its topological nature is still under debate. To examine the topological aspect, we demonstrate the nonmagnetic La and magnetic Ce doping dependence of the resistance of $\mathrm{Sm}{\mathrm{B}}_{6}$. Moreover, the resistance ratios of different thicknesses are analyzed to confirm the surface contribution. Lightly doped La samples show a purely conducting surface region at low temperature, whereas the lightly doped Ce samples do not have any conducting region at low temperature. Furthermore, based on the analysis of the electrical transport data of $\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{m}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{a}}_{x}{\mathrm{B}}_{6}$ $(0.0\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}1.0)$, an electronic phase diagram was found, composed of four regions: region I $(0.0\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}0.06)$, II $(0.1\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}0.15)$, III $(x\ensuremath{\approx}0.2)$, and IV $(0.25\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}1.0)$. Region I is characterized by the presence of conducting surface states, region II is characterized by the insulating phase due to the $d\ensuremath{-}f$ hybridization gap without the conducting surface state, region III is characterized by the disappearance of the $d\ensuremath{-}f$ hybridization gap and the existence of valence fluctuation, and region IV is a typical metallic state.

Silicon oxide nanowires may have many applications due to their electrical, mechanical and optical properties. Many methods have been reported for the synthesis of SiOx nanowires. In this paper, previously, we made Ni/SiO2/Si substrates by dry oxidation and nickel sputtering. Then, we successfully fabricated SiOx nanowires on Ni/SiO2/Si substrates with hydrogen gas using simple heating process. We figured out the best temperature and best time duration for SiOx nanowire fabrication on Ni/SiO2/Si substrate. Field emission scanning electron microscopy, field emission transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction were performed to analyse these nanowires.

In this paper, Ni–5at.%W alloy substrate for YBCO coated conductor was fabricated by a dry powder metallurgy process including powder compaction, cold isostatic pressing (CIP), cold rolling and annealing for recrystallization. Ni and W powders were ball-milled at this process for various times of 10, 30, 50 and 100 h in argon atmosphere. The rod-like Ni–W alloy compacts were sintered at 1150 °C for 1 h in 96%Ar–4%H 2 atmosphere. The sintered rods were cold rolling into thin tape of 70–90 μm thickness with 5% reduction at each path. The Ni–W alloy tapes were annealed at 800–1200 °C in an atmosphere of 96%Ar–4%H 2 mixing gas for the development of cube texture. The tape with the best properties of low surface roughness, small grain size and strong cube texture was obtained at the condition annealed at 1200 °C using ball-milled powder for 30 min. The W addition to Ni improved the mechanical properties by solid solution hardening and inhibited grain growth for annealing heat treatment. The tapes were characterized by X-ray pole-figure, optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and scanning probe microscopy (SPM).

To understand the molecular mechanisms that regulate intramuscular fat deposition and its release, cDNA clones expressed in adipose tissues of Korean cattle were identified by differential screening from adipose tissue cDNA library. By partial nucleotide sequencing of 486 clones and a search for sequence similarity in NCBI nucleotide databases, 245 clones revealed unique clones. By a functional grouping of the clones, 14% of the clones were categorized to metabolism and enzyme-related group (stearoyl CoA desaturase, lactate dehydrogenase, fatty acid synthase, ATP citrate lyase, lipoprotein lipase, acetyl CoA synthetase, etc), and 6% to signal transduction/cell cycle-related group (C/EBP, cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein, calmodulin, cyclin G1, cyclin H, etc), and 4% to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix components (vimentin, ankyrin 2, gelosin, syntenin, talin, prefoldin 5). The obtained 245 clones will be useful to study lipid metabolism and signal transduction pathway in adipose tissues and to study obesity in human. Some clones were subjected to full-sequencing containing open reading frame. The cDNA clone of bovine homolog of human prefoldin 5 gene had a total length of 959 nucleotides coding for 139 amino acids. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of bovine prefoldin 5 with those of human and mouse showed over 95% identity. The cDNA clone of bovine homolog of human ubiquitin-like/S30 ribosomal fusion protein gene had a total length of 484 nucleotides coding for 133 amino acids. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of bovine ubiquitin-like/S30 ribosomal fusion protein gene with those of human, rat and mouse showed over 97% identity. The cDNA clone of bovine homolog of human proteolipid protein 2 mRNA had a total length of 928 nucleotides coding for 152 amino acids. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of bovine proteolipid protein 2 with those of human and mouse showed 87.5% similarity. The cDNA clone of bovine homolog of rat thymosin beta 4 had a total length of 602 nucleotides coding for 44 amino acids. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of bovine thymosin beta 4 gene with those of human, mouse and rat showed 93.1% similarity. The cDNA clone of bovine homolog of human myotrophin mRNA had a total length of 790 nucleotides coding for 118 amino acids. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of bovine myotrophin gene with those of human, mouse and rat showed 83.9% similarity. The functional role of these clones in adipose tissues needs to be established.

An attempt was made to improve the efficiency of growth and lactation performance of dairy heifers subjected to a stair-step growth scheme using rice straw as the sole roughage source. Twenty-four young Holstein heifers were randomly assigned to either control or test group. The control diet met the National Research Council (NRC) requirement, with heifers calving at 24 to 26 mo of age. The test group was individually fed according to a schedule of 3, 2, 4, 2, 5 and 2 mo in which feed intake was alternately 20% below or 25% above the NRC requirements. Heifers on the stair-step growth pattern gained more body weight and consumed less dry matter (10.80 and 11.22%, respectively), resulting an increasing growth efficiency compared with the control. Body condition, first estrus, first conception, services per conception and calving difficulty (data not shown) were not affected. Milk yield of the test group was 8.5% higher than that of the control group. During the early lactation period, the milk yield was significantly higher in the stair-step group than in that of the control group (p

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the value of total mixed fermentation feeds(TMFF) as completely mixed ration and to observe the effect of various kinds of TMFF on the palatability, feed intake, and milk performance in Holstein cows. The dry matter (DM) content of TMFF used in the experiment was 23.98-28.42% range, and CP, TDN, ADF and NDF were 16.219.2%, 58.3-65.1%, 34.4-39.6% and 46.949.9% levels, respectively. The relative feed value (RFV) in rape-, alfalfa-, grass-, oat-, corn-TMFF groups were 138.6, 133.9, 116.5, 111.8, 111.4 and 108.1, respectively. Among these groups, RFV of rye-TMFF group was lowest. Dry matter disappearance(DMD) showed 0.8.9% to the all kinds of TMFF groups. The pH was 3.89.87 and -N concentration was 6.93-8.66 mg/. The acetic acid concentration in the raw material of TMFF showed low level of 0.190.57%, lactic acid showed high level of 1.173.21% and butyric acid was very high as 0.030.32%. Therefore, these results provide evidence that the quality of TMFF was not so bad. In the daily fresh matter intake on the alfalfa-, grass-, rape-, corn-, oats- and rye-TMFF were showed 62.85, 60.48, 58.04, 57.11, 54.61 and 45.74 kg respectively. All TMFF showed high palatability as daily dry matter intake of 1.95 to 2.90% by body weight of experimental cows. Body condition score(BCS) was gradually increased in during 60 days of the experiment term. Average daily gain(ADG) showed about 140.0326.7g. In alfalfa-TMFF group, the ADG was higher than in the other groups (p18.95 kg in all groups. Among these groups, alfalfa-TMFF group was highest(P4.79% and the level was high in order of rape-, grass-, corn-, alfalfa-, rye- and oats-TMFF. Milk protein was highest in forage-TMFF and level of lactose in milk was approximately 4.56% in overall groups. Solid non fat(SNF) and total solid(TS) contents were 8.75% and 12.8%, respectively. However, milk composition was not significantly affected by TMFF.

Non-conductive substrates, such as silicon wafers, have usually been used to synthesise carbon nanotubes (CNTs). However, in applications such as electrodes, it is desirable to have CNTs grown on conductive buffer layer and conductive substrates. Vertically aligned multiwall CNTs were grown on Ni/TiO2/Ti substrates by thermal chemical vapour deposition. The experimental parameters are synthesis temperature, time and buffer layer thickness. The synthesised multiwall CNTs have an outer diameter of ∼100 nm and length of about 5–10 μm. Li/multiwall CNT cell with multiwall CNTs on Ti substrate exhibited good charge/discharge behaviour and slow capacity fading. The samples were characterised by means of field emission scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy analysis, transmission electron microscopy and electrochemical test.

The effect of Fe addition on the cycle performance of FeS2 cathode for Li/FeS2 cell was investigated. In Li/FeS2 cell without Fe addition, a large voltage drop was observed in the initial discharge process, and the cell showed poor cycle performance during 40 charge/discharge cycles. On the other hand, the Li/FeS2 cell with 10 wt-%Fe delivered a higher discharge capacity of ∼670 mAh g−1 FeS2 in the first discharge and exhibited better cycle performance than the cell without Fe addition. The rate capability of the cell was also greatly improved by the addition of Fe in the FeS2 cathode.

TiO2 nanotube arrays were fabricated by anodic oxidation at different applied voltages, and the electrochemical properties of the TiO2 nanotube arrays were investigated. At higher applied voltage, the average pore size and the length of the tubes were increased due to an increase in the rate of TiO2 formation and dissolution during the anodic oxidation. The TiO2 nanotube electrodes fabricated at an applied voltage of 30 V delivered a first discharge capacity of ∼235 μAh cm−2. Although the electrode showed a large irreversible capacity during the initial charge/discharge process, it exhibited excellent cycle performance until the fortieth cycle because the larger pore size allowed homogeneous contact between the tubes and the liquid electrolyte by easy penetration of the liquid electrolyte into the tubes.

ZnO nanorod arrays were successfully prepared on indium doped tin oxide by electrochemical deposition in a solution of 0·0015M Zn nitrate [Zn(NO3)2.6H2O] and 0·028M methenamine (C6H12N4). The morphology of ZnO nanorods was affected by growth condition to control the current density. The fabricated ZnO nanorods were characterised by field emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The photovoltaic properties of the ZnO nanorods, as potential materials for dye sensitised solar cells, were evaluated using a 1·5 solar simulator.

Nanostructured nickel sulphide as a cathode material for lithium ion batteries was fabricated. The large surface area of the reaction between electrodes and electrolyte offers high energy density and capacity. In addition, metal sulphides have high theoretical capacity. Nickel nanowires were fabricated by electrochemical deposition using an anodic aluminium oxide template with a diameter of 200 nm. The fabricated nickel nanowires were carried out with sulphuration treatment. The morphology and microstructure of the nanowires were characterised with field emission SEM, X-ray diffraction, TEM and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Nickel sulphide nanowires were applied for lithium ion batteries, and charge/discharge tests were carried out with the galvanostatic method.

Adequate forage amounts in ruminant animal are necessary for proper ruminal function in dairy cow. This study was carried out to determine the effect of total mixed fermentation feeds made by different green forage crops and grain processings on chemical compositions, RFV (relative feed value) and ruminal characteristics in sheep. The experiment was arranged in a split plot design with 4 replications. The main plot consisted of 6 kinds of green forages (corn, grass, rye, rape, alfalfa and oat) and the sub plots three different grain processings such as non-milling, half milling (7mm mesh over), and regular milling (7mm mesh below). And the different TMFFs (total mixed fermentation feeds) were analyzed for chemical composition and fed to 8 ruminally fistulated sheep for ruminal charactics and palatability. RFV, daily feed intake, acetate/propionate ratio of the rape-TMFFs were higher compared with the other treatment. Ruminal content of VFA (volatile fatty acid) of corn-TMFF was highest as 90.19 mmol% and pH of the feed was lowest as 3.82. But, acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid were no difference among treatments. In conclusion, the effect of grain proceeding was not appeared but if consider of only RFV, palatability and dry matter disappearance, grade of TMFF was improved in order of rape-, corn-, alfalfa-, grass-, oat- and rye-TMFF.

The activity of freshwater algae in drinking water supply at various ozone contact times was investigated to evaluate ozonation processes used for sterilization of algae. O production rates of algae just after ozonation were severely retarded even by short ozone contact. The algal growth rate was also declined with increase of ozone contact time and completely inhibited by ozonation for 60 min. These results implied that the usual treatment time applied in conventional ozonation processes is not sufficient but at least 60 min of ozonation is required for a complete sterilization of freshwater algae in drinking water source.