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The article provides an overview of the studies focused on Slavic proper names (specifically, anthroponyms and names of settlements) attested in Germany, in the area between the Baltic Sea and Northern Bavaria. This research tradition has a rather long history that can be broken down in three stages: from the beginning of the 20th century to the 1940s (represented mainly by the works of émigré scholars from Slavic countries, of which Aleksander Brückner, Max Vasmer, Reinhold Trautmann are the most famous), from the 1950s to the 1980s (the stage characterized by the upspring of research centers for the study of Slavic onomastics throughout Germany), and from the turn of the 20th–21st century until present days. The peak of productivity was reached during the second period, as after World War II the German Slavic scholars achieved a qualitative leap in the historical linguistic studies, as well as the substantial quantitative increase. The renowned centres for Slavic onomastic studies have established in Berlin, Leipzig, and Kiel, added by Regensburg in the beginning of the 21st century. In universities, the scholars interested in Slavic languages teamed up and worked in close collaboration with specialists in German linguistics and history. Several series of monographs, dictionaries, a large number of articles in linguistic journals in Germany and Europe have been published. The present paper makes particular note of a brief overview of the monograph by Walter Wenzel (Atlas niedersorbischer Zunamen. Nach Quellen des 14. bis 18. Jahrhunderts. Bautzen, 2015), devoted to the interpretation of Old Sorbian anthroponyms and place names (names of settlements and water bodies), as well as the names of ancient Slavic tribes. A significant part of the publication is a bibliography, which provides information on the results of studies of Slavic names in Germany. The list includes the most important works in this field of research and falls into the following sections: Slavic Anthroponymics, Old Polabian Toponymy, Old Sorbian Toponymy, Bavarian-Slavic Toponymy, and Slavic Toponymy in Germany: General Works.

Summary Background & aims Weight loss and malnutrition are frequent problems in oncology patients. The aim of this study was to get a perspective of the current practice of parenteral nutrition (PN) care in an outpatient setting and to improve patient-centered nutritional care. Methods Fifty-three outpatient oncology centers participated in this observational study performed between July 2010 and March 2011. All participating centers entered data online into a web-based documentation form, containing a number of oncology patients, diagnoses, and detailed data about oncology patients receiving PN. Results Two cohorts were analyzed. First cohort consisted of all oncology patients in quarter 04/2010. Second cohort consisted of patients with PN during the whole studying period. In the first cohort 2.46% ( n = 626) of 25,424 oncology patients received PN. Most frequent diagnoses of patients receiving PN were gastric cancer ( n = 119) and colorectal cancer ( n = 104), however most stated diagnosis was "other" ( n = 163). In the second cohort ( n = 1137), a common indication for PN was impaired gastrointestinal passage ( n = 177), although here again most stated reason was "other" ( n = 924). In the course of the PN treatment, patients ( n = 1137) showed a stable or slowly increasing body mass index (from 21.6 ± 3.8 kg/m 2 to 21.8 ± 3.5 kg/m 2 ). Conclusion This is the largest study outlining the characteristics of oncology patients in the context of PN in German ambulatory centers. They confirm the important role of PN in the care of gastrointestinal cancer. Further studies have to be performed to identify if other indications than those mentioned in relevant guidelines can trigger initiation of PN.

Often long-term low-dosage glucocorticoid therapy cannot be terminated. This is due to the fact that even low doses which are within the physiological replacement range can cause a detectable, though clinically insignificant suppression of the adrenal gland function, resulting in "corticosteroid withdrawal syndrome". Another reason is the fact that it is necessary to be able to suppress undesirable inflammatory reactions caused by the underlying disease. ACTH testing of the adrenal capacity is widespread, but repeated testing may lead to undesirable side effects, such as allergic reactions. This study investigates the usefulness of testing the function of the pituitary-adrenal axis in predicting withdrawal problems. In 21 patients with chronic inflammatory disease who were treated with glucocorticoid doses of 5 to 10 mg prednisolone equivalent daily for a period of 2 to 131 months, stimulation with 100 microg hCRH (human corticotrophin-releasing hormone) was performed prior to the gradual withdrawal of medication. Blood samples were taken at baseline and after 45 minutes to measure ACTH and cortisol levels. Four weeks after steroid withdrawal the patients were reevaluated for signs of a relapse of the underlying disease in order to establish the necessity of reintroducing steroid therapy. This reevalution comprised clinical criteria, laboratory tests and the patients' own assessment of his/her well-being. In sixteen patients who later successfully withdrew from glucocorticoid therapy, a significant increase in cortisal levels was noticed after stimulation with CRH (p < 0.05). In five patients, with whom steroid withdrawal was not successful, baseline levels of cortisol were significantly lower than in the others (p < 0.05) and no sufficient increase was achieved after stimulation with CRH. These results show that successful withdrawal of a long-term low-dosage glucocorticoid therapy depends on the integrity of the pituitary-adrenal axis. Therefore CRH testing for evaluation of the pituitary-adrenal axis can be helpful in identifying patients in whom glucocorticoid withdrawal would be troublesome.

Dtsch med Wochenschr 1981; 106: 579-583 DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1070359 © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York Therapie der blanden Struma: Erfahrungen mit einer Kombination von 100 µg L-Thyroxin und 10 µg L-Trijodthyronin Treatment of non-toxic goitre: results of combined treatment with 100 µg L-thyroxine and 10 µg L-triiodothyronine C. R. Pickardt, R. Gartner, J. Habermann, K. Horn, P. C. Scriba, F. A. Horster, H. Wagner, K. Hengst Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt der Universitat Munchen, Klinik fur Innere Medizin, Medizinische Hochschule Lubeck, Medizinische Klinik C und Poliklinik der Universitat Dusseldorf sowie Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik der Universitat Munster Zusammenfassung Bei 96 Patienten mit blander Struma wurde eine offene Prufung mit einem neuen Schilddrusenhormonpraparat durchgefuhrt, das 100 µg L-Thyroxin (T4) und 10 µg L-Trijodthyronin (T3) pro Tablette enthalt. Als Parameter fur die therapeutisch wirksame Tagesdosis wurde die Suppression des TRH-stimulierten Thyreotropinspiegels im Serum gewahlt. Hierbei war eine Tagesdosis von 50 µg T4 und 5 µg T3 bei 16 Patienten unwirksam; 75 µg T4 und 7,5 µg T3waren bei nur 4 von 12 Patienten suppressiv wirksam, wahrend 100 µg T4 und 10 µg T3 bei allen Dusseldorfer und Munsteraner Patienten, aber nur bei 17 von 31 Patienten in Munchen den TRH-stimulierten TSH-Anstieg supprimierte. Wahrend der gesamten Therapiedauer blieben Thyroxin- und Trijodthyroninspiegel im Serum im Normbereich; bei einigen Patienten erhohte sich der Quotient aus Thyroxin und thyroxinbindendem Globulin uber die Norm. Zeichen einer Uberdosierung oder Unvertraglichkeit wurden nicht beobachtet. In pharmakokinetischen Untersuchungen an acht freiwilligen schilddrusengesunden Probanden erreichte der mittlere Thyroxin- und Trijodthyroninspiegel etwa 2 Stunden nach Applikation sein Maximum und naherte sich nach sechs Stunden wieder der Norm. Es zeigten sich deutliche individuelle Schwankungen in den ersten Stunden nach Applikation. Wir empfehlen deshalb, Schilddrusenhormonspiegel erst 12 oder 24 Stunden nach Applikation eines Schilddrusenhormonpraparates zu bestimmen; zu dieser Zeit sollte auch der TRH-Test durchgefuhrt werden. Die Untersuchungen bestatigen die Notwendigkeit, bei der Strumatherapie mit einem Schilddrusenhormonpraparat die suppressiv wirksame Dosis individuell zu ermitteln; diese Dosis betragt vorzugsweise 100 µg Thyroxin und 10 µg Trijodthyronin oder 150 µg Thyroxin oder 100 µg Thyroxin und 20 µg Trijodthyronin pro Tag.

Contrasting soil conditions caused by different inundation frequenciesrequire different root growth strategies along the elevational gradient ofcoastal salt marshes. The objective of this study was to examine (1) if rootlifespan was shorter in Elymus pycnanthus, a relativelyfast-growing competitive species dominating high marshes, than inSpartina anglica, a relatively slow-growingstress-tolerating species dominating low marshes, and (2) if the species withlonger lifespan had higher tissue density (g cm−3) and lowerspecific root length (m g−1) than the species with shorterlifespan. Root production and mortality rates were established by samplingrootsin in-growth cores, and using triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining todistinguish vital from dead roots. Root lifespan was estimated by dividing theliving root biomass (Elymus: 36 gm−2, Spartina: 100 gm−2) by root production (Elymus:0.28 g day−1 m−2,Spartina: 0.25 g day−1m−2) or root mortality rates(Elymus: 0.42–0.53 g day−1m−2). Spartina did not exhibitsubstantial mortality. Despite the present method only yielding rough estimatesof average root lifespan, it is evident that root longevity is much shorter inElymus than in Spartina. Rootlifespanranged between 10–19 weeks for Elymus but was closeto 1 year in Spartina, indicating thatElymus replaces it's roots continuously throughout thegrowing season, whereas Spartina maintains its roots overthe growing season. Fine roots of Elymus had slightlylowertissue density (0.094) than those of Spartina (0.139),whereas coarse roots of Elymus andSpartina had similar tissue density (0.100 gcm−3). Fine roots of Elymus andSpartina had similar specific root length (195 mg−1). However, coarse roots ofElymus (50 m g−1) had higherspecific root length than those of Spartina (20 mg−1) due to having smaller root diameter(Elymus: 548 μm,Spartina: 961 μm). We conclude thatpresentobservations on Elymus and Spartinasupport our first hypothesis that the ‘competitive’ species fromthehigh marsh had short-lived roots compared to the'stress-tolerating'species from the low marsh. However, our result provide only weak support forthe existence of a positive correlation between root longevity and tissuedensity and a negative correlation between root longevity and specific rootlength.

BACKGROUND: Nitric oxide (NO) is an unstable vasodilator formed by NO synthetase (NOS) from L-arginine (L-Arg) in various cells but its role in the control of pancreatic secretion in humans has not been examined. AIMS: This study was designed to determine the role of endogenous NO in the control of exocrine and endocrine pancreas using NOS inhibitor, NG-monomethyl-L-Arg (L-NMMA). METHODS: Pancreatic secretion was stimulated by intravenous infusion of secretin (80 pmol/kg/h) plus caerulein (50 pmol/kg/h) and duodenal content was aspirated by gastroduodenal tube. Two series of tests with secretagogue infusion were performed, one, with addition of graded doses of L-NMMA and, another, with addition of a constant dose of L-Arg alone followed by L-NMMA alone and finally by a combination of L-Arg and L-NMMA. RESULTS: Addition of L-NMMA in graded doses (2-8 mumol/kg/h) reduced dose dependently the secretin-caerulein stimulated pancreatic enzyme secretion without alterations in the volume flow and bicarbonate outputs. The addition of L-Arg to L-NMMA reversed the inhibitory action of L-NMMA on protein enzyme response to secretin-caerulein in these subjects. Secretin-caerulein infusion caused significant increase in plasma insulin and pancreatic polypeptide levels but without changes in plasma glucagon or somatostatin levels. L-NMMA alone resulted in a significant fall in plasma insulin and pancreatic polypeptide levels, while L-Arg added to pancreatic secretagogue infusion caused a significant increase of plasma insulin and pancreatic polypeptide levels above those attained with secretagogues alone. After the addition of L-Arg to L-NMMA, both plasma insulin and pancreatic polypeptide levels rose significantly above the levels observed with L-NMMA plus secretin-CCK stimulation. CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence that the suppression of NOS reduces pancreatic enzyme secretion and the plasma insulin and pancreatic polypeptide levels suggesting that endogenous NO affects both exocrine and endocrine pancreatic secretion in humans.

A thirty-year-old male patient suffered subarachnoidal haemorrhage from an angioma positioned in the cranio-cervical transition. After rebleeding twice the patient developed a hydrocephalus internus malresorptivus and excessive natriuresis and polyuria, accompanied by depressed renin activity and extremely low aldosterone plasma levels. Neither fluid restriction and sodium substitution, nor administration of hydro-chlorothiazide/indomethacin affected natriuresis and polyuria. It was only after treatment with fludrocortisone-acetate/hydrocortisone that hyponatraemia and polyuria were resolved. At the same time a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt was applied. Differential diagnosis excluded the syndromes of inadequate antidiuretic hormone secretion, renal and cerebral diabetes insipidus, osmotic receptor hypofunction, chronic renal dysfunction and tubular necrosis. Natriuresis and polyuria developed under dexamethasone therapy. Since patient history, physical examination and laboratory criteria could not explain the electrolyte and fluid imbalance, this might be attributed to the hydrocephalus. Similar disturbances have been reported from other patients with intracranial disorders. Mechanical pressure exercised on the hypothalamus might cause the disturbance of fluid and sodium balance. Assuming a cerebral salt wasting syndrome, a putative natriuretic factor coming from the brain or an imbalance in the cerebral renin-angiotensin-system, as described in rats and dogs, must be discussed.

The causes of Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) comprise several diseases leading to thrombophilia. One of the most common thrombophilic disorders is resistance against activated protein C, caused by a single point mutation of the factor V gene. In December 1993, a 22-year-old patient was given a diagnosis of subacute BCS with occlusion of all major hepatic veins. Placement of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunt led to rapid disappearance of ascites and hepatic encephalopathy. During the following two years, recurrent partial occlusions of the shunt were treated by balloon angioplasty. The cause of the BCS still being unknown, in October 1996 we performed extensive laboratory investigations concerning states of thrombophilia and found moderately elevated IgG anticardiolipin antibodies (19.7 U/ml) and a resistance against activated protein C caused by heterozygosity for a point mutation of the factor V gene (1691G--A; factor V Leiden). As a consequence, oral anticoagulation with coumarin was initiated. In October 1997, elective liver transplantation was performed which led to disappearance of APC resistance. Moreover, IgG anticardiolipin antibodies have been negative since then. If BCS is caused by APC resistance, liver transplantation not only treats the chronic liver disease but also cures the state of thrombophilia since factor V is mainly synthesized in the liver.

The influence of glucose metabolism and postprandial release of glucagon on gastric emptying in diabetes mellitus is still unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between glucose, insulin and glucagon and alterations of gastric motility in symptomatic diabetic subjects with delayed gastric emptying.Scintigraphy for solids and liquids, 13C-acetate breath test, electrogastrography and antral manometry were assessed in 20 symptomatic subjects with diabetes mellitus type II and in 20 healthy controls. Simultaneously, serum glucose, glucagon and insulin levels were determined during the functional studies.Postprandial increase in antral motility and myoelectrical activity were seen in controls, but were missing in the group with diabetes mellitus. Moreover, in the fasting state the dominant frequency instability coefficient observed in healthy individuals and in subjects with diabetes of short (5 years) duration was significantly reduced in subjects with longer duration of diabetes while the postprandial increase in dominant frequency instability coefficient was missing in all diabetics. Following the standard test meal, serum glucose and plasma glucagon in the diabetics increased to a significantly higher degree when compared to controls.Symptomatic subjects with delayed gastric emptying present abnormal patterns of gastric motor and electrical activity. Higher than normal postprandial plasma levels of glucagon may, at least in part, be responsible for disturbed gastric motility in non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects.

Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors are slowly growing and metastases are often limited to the liver. As a result of their favorable biological behavior these tumors have a relatively good prognosis even in metastatic stage. Due to a variety of therapeutic options patients with malignant neuroendocrine tumors may survive for extended periods of time up to ten years. Often a combination of different treatments and also alternation between the different therapeutic regimes is needed. A patient with excessive WDHA-syndrome and severe metabolic disturbances due to a pancreatic VIPoma with metastatic spread into the liver and abundant hormonal secretion is presented. Cytotoxic agents (streptozocin, 5-fluorouracil and adriamycin) were able to alleviate clinical symptoms and to control tumor growth for six years. Analogues of somatostatin (octreotide) and interferon alpha had been very useful in controlling clinical symptoms and tumor progress for 18 months. Cytotoxic agents or octreotide were not able, however, to achieve any permanent cure. Eventually, treatment failure occurred with dramatic progression of symptoms and tumor growth, unresponsive to any medical therapy. Consequently, total hepatectomy and liver transplantation together with extirpation of the pancreatic primary tumor was performed and succeeded in providing a normal life to the patient. In our opinion the overall outcome of patients with metastatic VIPoma may be improved best by maintaining the patients on medical therapy until treatment failure occurs. In case of extended hepatic metastases orthotopic liver transplantation might be considered for patients with symptomatic disease who no longer respond to conventional treatment modalities.

The gastroprotective and ulcer-healing properties of prostaglandins, especially in gastric ulcers induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, are well established. Ulcer healing is an active process of filling the mucosal defect with migrating and proliferating epithelial cells combined with angiogenesis in granulation tissue at the ulcer bed. Growth factors, especially epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha) are crucial in the regulation of the reconstruction of damaged mucosal structures.In this double-blind, randomized, prospective study 40 patients with gastric ulcer were treated with nocloprost, a stable prostaglandin E2 derivative, or with ranitidine. All subjects underwent endoscopy before and after 4 and 8 weeks of anti-ulcer therapy. During endoscopy mucosal biopsies were performed for determination of EGF content in gastric mucosa at the ulcer margin and in the intact mucosa. Additionally, EGF output in saliva and its plasma concentrations were determined in all subjects before and during the treatment.The gastric ulcer healing rate after 4 weeks was significantly higher in patients treated with nocloprost than in those treated with ranitidine (63% versus 39%, respectively). At initial examination the EGF content in the gastric mucosa obtained from the ulcer edge was significantly higher than that in the intact mucosa. There was a significant increase in the EGF content in both the ulcer margin and the intact mucosa in subjects treated with nocloprost but not in patients under treatment with ranitidine. Similarly, patients treated with nocloprost had significantly higher EGF output in saliva and higher EGF concentration in plasma throughout the anti-ulcer therapy.Nocloprost is superior to ranitidine in the treatment of chronic gastric ulcers, and these effects could be due, at least in part, to higher expression and mucosal content of EGF in the ulcer area.

A thirty-year-old male patient suffered subarachnoidal haemorrhage from an angioma positioned in the cranio-cervical transition. After rebleeding twice the patient developed a hydrocephalus internus malresorptivus and excessive natriuresis and polyuria, accompanied by depressed renin activity and extremely low aldosterone plasma levels. Neither fluid restriction and sodium substitution, nor administration of hydro-chlorothiazide/indomethacin affected natriuresis and polyuria. It was only after treatment with fludrocortisone-acetate/hydrocortisone that hyponatraemia and polyuria were resolved. At the same time a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt was applied. Differential diagnosis excluded the syndromes of inadequate antidiuretic hormone secretion, renal and cerebral diabetes insipidus, osmotic receptor hypofunction, chronic renal dysfunction and tubular necrosis. Natriuresis and polyuria developed under dexamethasone therapy. Since patient history, physical examination and laboratory criteria could not explain the electrolyte and fluid imbalance, this might be attributed to the hydrocephalus. Similar disturbances have been reported from other patients with intracranial disorders. Mechanical pressure exercised on the hypothalamus might cause the disturbance of fluid and sodium balance. Assuming a cerebral salt wasting syndrome, a putative natriuretic factor coming from the brain or an imbalance in the cerebral renin-angiotensin-system, as described in rats and dogs, must be discussed.

Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and thyroglobulin (TG) represent two major glycoproteins of thyroid follicular cells performing biological functions such as iodination, transcytosis of thyroglobulin, and formation of thyroid hormones. They are involved in thyroid autoimmunity and thyroid inborn metabolic disorders. Studying these processes at a molecular level includes the determination of their precise intracellular distribution. An evaluation of the relative concentrations of TG and TPO in different subcellular compartments was carried out in stimulated human follicular cells using thin-frozen sections and the immunogold technique. It is documented that TG is transported from the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus to the follicular lumen by transport vesicles; most of it being present in the expanded endoplasmic reticulum throughout the cytoplasm. On the other hand, gold particles indicating TPO are adjacent to the membranes of the exocytotic pathway. They do not label the basolateral membrane but show the strongest density in the nuclear envelope and the apical membrane. The labeling density of TPO is about four times higher in the nuclear envelope than in the endoplasmic reticulum throughout the cytoplasm. In contrast, TG is concentrated three times higher in the rough endoplasmic reticulum throughout the cytoplasm than in the nuclear cisternae. Our results give the first quantitative evidence that TPO and TG are concentrated in different subcompartments of the endoplasmic reticulum. Because previous studies demonstrated the nuclear envelope as the site where the synthesis of endogenous peroxidase (Brökelmann, J., D. W. Fawcett, Biol. Reprod. 1, 59-71 (1969)) begins, we suggest that synthesis of these functionally related proteins happens in specialized parts of the endoplasmic reticulum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

To assess possible side effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on the release of anterior pituitary gland hormones three different examinations on 10 males were performed following a standardized protocol. Plasma levels of prolactin, FSH, LH, hGH and cortisol were determined before and after stimulation. Cortical stimulation had no specific influence on the plasma levels of the hormones examined.

Bei 100 Patienten und 300 Ratten wurde in 4 Altersgruppen perioperativ bei 2 Operationsarten an 7 Zeitpunkten Blut entnommen. Praoperativ waren die Konzentrationen von T3 und T4 in den jungeren Gruppen hoher, die Werte fur ACTH, Cortisol und Noradrenahn niedriger als in den alteren. Postoperativ fielen T3- und T4-Werte bei den jungeren ab und stiegen bei den altesten. ACTH, Cortisol, Noradrenahn und Aldosteron waren bei den jungeren erhoht, bei den altesten erniedrigt mit nur masigem Anstieg. Die Reservekapazitat der Nebennieren ist im Alter reduziert, eine Substitution ist perioperativ angezeigt.

Subcutaneous injection of synthetic protamin-zink-somatostatin completely prevents endotoxin-induced leucocytosis in normal rats. Piromen-induced elevated stab neutrophil, neutrophil and monocyte counts remain within the normal range during somatostatin administration. There is an inhibiting effect of synthetic protamin-zink-somatostatin on the wet weights of granulation tissue of cotton pellet granulomata, too. Incorporation of 35S-sulfate in sulfated mucopolysaccharides of granulation tissue in cotton pellet granulomata is not inhibited. Intravenous administration of synthetic linear somatostatin decreases stab neutrophil and neutrophil blood count in patients with acute bacterial leucocytosis. After the termination of somatostatin infusion a rebound phenomenon occurs. In healthy subjects lymphocyte count increases during somatostatin infusion. This effect can not be demonstrated in patients with bacterial leucocytosis.

The clinical course of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by general symptoms such as fatigue, loss of weight, and fever, by cutaneous lesions such as facial erythema, by hematologic abnormalities such as leuko- and thrombocytopenia, and by organ involvement, e.g. of kidney and heart. Values of circulating immune complexes (CIC), complement consumption, and anti-ds-DNA antibody titer are generally used for monitoring disease activity (1-5). One single serological test by which disease activity can be reliable monitored is not yet available.

Das Ziel des vorliegenden Beitrages ist es, allgemeine Richtlinien aufzustellen, die es gestatten, eine grose Anzahl praktisch vorkommender Regelaufgaben an Destillationskolonnen nach einem einheitlichen Schema zu losen. Da mehrere freie Parameter den Betriebszustand einer Kolonne bestimmen, gibt es eine Reihe von moglichen Kombinationen fur die Regelung, und es ist dann oft schwer zu entscheiden, welche Anordnung das Problem am besten zu losen vermag und dabei gleichzeitig am wirtschaftlichsten ist. Am Beispiel einer einfachen Ausgasung wird diese Problemstellung veranschaulicht.

Prophylactitc effect of somatostatin (Growth hormone inhibiting hormone) on restraint stress ulcer formation was studied in rats. Rats treated with somatostatin before and during stress had only the fifth part of the ulcers of the untreated animals after 9 hours of immobilisation. Pathophysiologic mechanism for stress ulcer production is as well discussed as the prohibiting effect of somatostatin on ulcer formation. Prophylactic clinical use has to be considered.

In normals and patients with acute bakterial leukocytosis synthetic somatostatin decreases cell count of stab neutrophils, neutrophils and eosinophils. After termination of somatostatin infusion a rebound phenomenon occurred. In healthy normals lymphocyte count increases during somatostatin infusion. This effect outlasts the end of infusion for more than 24 h. No significant effect could be demonstrated in patients with a bacterial leukocytosis.

Wir untersuchten die Frage, ob und in welcher Konzentration Polypeptidhormone und Tumormarker im Blut von Patienten mit unilokularem oder metastasierendem Phaochromozytom, sowie von Patienten mit multipler endokriner Neoplasie Typ II A nachweisbar sind und eventuell als Tumorindikatoren gewertet werden konnen. Es wurden 13 Patienten im Alter von 18–74 Jahren (mittl. Alter 37,6 ± 15,3 J., 5 mannl., 8 weibl.) untersucht. Von diesen 13 wiesen 9 Patienten ein unilokulares Phaochromozytom auf, bei 2 weiteren Patientinnen liesen sich multiple Phaochromozytommetastasen nachweisen, weitere 2 Patienten hatten eine multiple endokrine Neoplasie Typ II A (MEN, Sipple-Syndrom). Die Diagnose wurde aufgrund charakteristischer biochemischer Parameter sowie aufgrund der Ergebnisse sonographischer, szintigraphischer und computertomographischer Untersuchungen gestellt und bei 12 der 13 Patienten operativ gesichert. Eine Patientin war inoperabel. Praoperativ wurden von allen Patienten Blutproben entnommen und auf den Gehalt an CEA, TPA, Kalzitonin (CT), adrenokortikotropem Hormon (ACTH) und vasoaktivem intestinalen Polypeptid (VIP) untersucht.

This paper summarises the results of the evaluation of a heterologous enzyme immunoassay in antibody coated tubes for the determination of triiodothyronine (T3) by a group of 11 laboratories. The assay procedure is analogous to an established heterologous thyroxine enzyme immunoassay. The evaluation demonstrated that 1. the specificity of the assay and its analytical range between 0.46 and 9.2 nmol/l meet diagnostic requirements, 2. the intra- and interassay precision was in accordance with that commonly found in radio immunoassays, 3. the recovery of added T3 was between 90 and 103%, 4. the results agreed well with those of self-established radio immunoassays and were comparable with commercial RIA kits, 5. there was no interference by hyperbilirubinaemia or by high concentrations of bile acids, but interference can occur in very haemolytic and lipaemic samples. The great advantage of T3 enzyme immunoassays lies in the absence of restrictions and any authorization needed for working with radioactive substances.

Somatostatin (Growth Hormone Inhibiting Factor) hat uberwiegend hemmende Funktionen auf die Sekretion von STH, TSH, ACTH, Glukagon und Insulin [4, 11, 12, 8, 1]. Somatostatin ist moglicherweise ein gastrointestinales Hormon, weil Somatostatingaben die stimulierte Gastrin-, Magensaure- und Pankreas-Sekretion und die Motilitat der Gallenblase hemmen [2, 6] und weil immunologische Untersuchungen vermuten lassen, das Somatostatin nicht nur im Hypothalamus, sondern auch im Magen, Duodenum und Pankreas gebildet wird [9, 10].

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic hereditary metabolic disease due to absolute or relative insulinopenia. The symptoms are characterized by hyperglycemia and — though not necessarily — by glycosuria. The insulinopenia leads not only to a disturbed carbohydrate metabolism but also to pathological changes in the lipometabolism and the proteometabolism known as a metabolic precursory syndrome.

Prophylactic effect of 4-[(4-chlorobenzoyl)(4-methoxyphenyl)-amino]-butyric acid (clanobutine, Bykahepar) on restraint stress ulcer formation was studied in male albino rats. Number and size of ulcers were counted, pH value of gastric juice and plasma levels of corticoids, glucagon and blood sugar were measured. Rats treated with clanobutine had only the one-third of ulcers compared with the untreated animals. This effect was found to be dose-dependent. Clanobutine did not change plasma levels of corticoids, glucagon or blood sugar. Rise in pH value of gastric juice during stress exposition was found to be lower in clanobutine treated animals than in untreated controls. Blood flow in gastrointestinal tract was seen to be much better under the influence of clanobutine. The mechanism of action of clanobutine is discussed.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of somatostatin (growth-hormone release-inhibiting hormone) on ulcer formation during immobilisation stress. This was done in male Albino-rats to study the effect of somatostatin on number and size of ulcers, to calculate ulcer index, to measure pH-value of gastric juice as well as plasma levels of gastrointestinal hormones. Rats treated with somatostatin before and during stress exposition had only the third part of the ulcers compared with the untreated animals. Total ulceration area was less than the tenth of the untreated rats. Normal corticoid plasma levels during stress exposition were found in the lower range of normal values in somatostatin treated rats. Decrease of plasma gastrin during stress exposition exceeded the gastrin decrease of somatostatin treated rats. Rise of plasma glucagon was completely inhibited during somatostatin application. Results of serum glucose paralleled those seen in glucagon.

Prolactin concentration was measured 20 minutes after each seizure in 8 patients with grand mal, 2 patients with complex partial seizures and 5 patients with petit mal seizures. In the group of grand mal and complex partial seizures serum prolactin showed markedly increased levels. After petit mal seizures there was no change in serum prolactin concentration. The possible causes for changes in serum prolactin after a seizure in children are discussed.