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Environmental linguistics is an emerging field at the intersection of linguistics and natural sciences. It recognizes the mutual relationship between cultural and ecological diversity, documenting linguistic structures and verbal practices by which speakers conceptualize, encode, and transmit knowledge about the natural world. It surpasses the largely metaphorical and narrative program of ecolinguistics to position language as the preeminent conceptual framework and channel for environmental knowledge. Natural phenomena—as Indigenous experts explain—cannot be understood apart from the languages that encode them, and vice versa. Language diversity is thus the key to safeguarding biodiversity and a balanced human relationship with nature. Environmental linguistics helps decolonize linguistics as our field evolves to prioritize knowledge coproduction over data extraction. Examples from my fieldwork in Tuva cover six domains of knowledge: landscapes, lifeforms, time, sound, memory, and survival. This article reviews recent literature from many cultures, emphasizing works by Indigenous authors.

We determine the reflexivity index of some closed set lattices by constructing maps relative to irrational rotations. For example, various nests of closed balls and some topological spaces, such as even-dimensional spheres and a wedge of two circles, have reflexivity index 2. We also show that a connected double of spheres has reflexivity index at most 2.

The Munda languages of South Asia exhibit sound symbolism in their use of mimetic reduplication, to which they devote a surprisingly large percentage of their lexicons, typically upwards of ten percent. We present an extensive empirical typology of mimetic reduplication in seven Munda languages: Ho, Kera Mundari, Kharia, Mundari, Remo (Bondo), Santali, and Sora (Savara). Munda Mimetic forms can depict sensory qualities of sound, space, movement, texture, smell, taste, temperature, feelings, and sensations. The typology of mimetic reduplication in Munda varies across syntactic class, semantic domain and phonological form. This can shed light on the breadth of diverse structures in Munda languages, and may also be extrapolated to other languages and other examinations of reduplication and/or mimesis. This work provides a wealth of data to researchers of mimesis and reduplication, challenging the definition of what it means for forms to be sound-symbolic or reduplicated. Resume: Les langues Munda de l’Asie du Sud presentent un symbolisme sonore dans leur utilisation de la reduplication mimetique, qui constitue un pourcentage tres eleve – typiquement plus de dix pour cent – de leur lexique. Nous presentons ici une typologie empirique abondante de la reduplication mimetique dans sept langues Munda: le Ho, le Kera Munari, le Kharia, le Mundari, Le Remo (Bondo), le Santali, et le Sora (Savara). Les formes mimetiques des langues Munda peuvent representer les qualites sensorielles du son, de l’espace, du mouvement, de la texture, de l’odorat, du gout, de la temperature, des sentiments et des sensations. La typologie de la reduplication mimetique Munda varie selon la categorie syntaxique, le domaine semantique et la forme phonologique. Cela peut eclairer la diversite des structures dans les langues Munda, et peut egalement s’appliquer a d’autres langues et a d’autres etudes de la reduplication ou de la mimesis. Ce travail fournit aux chercheurs d’abondantes donnees de mimesis et de reduplication, et complique la definition de ce que cela signifie quand on dit que les formes sont symboliques de maniere sonore, ou encore redupliquees.

In June 1997, butternut canker was found for the first time in New Brunswick, Canada, at Stickney, Carleton County. A fungal isolate recovered from a young branch canker on butternut (Juglans cinerea L.), cultured on potato dextrose agar, produced spores and cultural morphology as previously described (1). This strain was retained as FSC-758 in the Fredericton Stock Culture Collection at the Atlantic Forestry Centre. The disease was also detected at four other locations in Carleton County along the Saint John River watershed within 20 km of the State of Maine. One stem canker examined at Peel, Carleton County, suggests the disease has been present at this site in New Brunswick for at least 7 years. The butternut tree is at the northeastern edge of its natural range in New Brunswick and, prior to the pathogen's detection, was believed to be far enough from infected butternut in the northeastern United States, Ontario, and Quebec to escape infection. Because planted specimens of butternut exist outside the tree's natural range in New Brunswick and in the neighboring provinces of Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, efforts are underway to determine how far the fungus has spread in the Maritime Provinces. Reference: (1) V. M. G. Nair et al. Mycologia 71:641, 1979.

We examine the properties of algebras of linear transformations that leave invariant all subspaces in a totally ordered lattice of subspaces of an arbitrary vector space. We compare our results with those that apply for the corresponding algebras of bounded operators that act on a Hilbert space.

We obtain a formula for the reflexivity index of a finite lattice of sets and of various types of infinite lattices of sets.

David Harrison has devoted his career to recording and studying languages that are spoken by just a handful of people. He tells Hal Hodson why they matter.

Between 1936 and 1996, the Forest Insect and Disease Survey (FIDS) of the Canadian Forest Service of Natural Resources Canada surveyed eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) throughout Atlantic Canada. During those years, FIDS reported its insect and disease findings in a wide variety of regional and national reports and in the scientific literature. The National Forest Health Database contains these electronic records and indicates the distribution and relative importance of forest diseases and fungi for many tree species in Atlantic Canada. This paper is a frequency analysis of the fungal diseases recorded from the Atlantic provinces in the National Forest Health Database and reported in the various Maritime, Newfoundland and national FIDS reports. The significant eastern white pine diseases (e.g., white pine blister rust – Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fisch.) that are established in Atlantic Canada as well as other diseases that are found elsewhere in Canada, but not yet in the Atlantic provinces are discussed. Occurrence data for 40 of the less frequently collected fungal species are presented in a summary table. Key words: white pine blister rust, Cronartium ribicola, eastern white pine, Pinus strobus, Scleroderris canker, Gremmeniella abietina, Annosus root rot, Heterobasidion annosum, white pine root decline, Leptographium procerum, needle cast, Lophodermium pinastri, brown felt fungus, Septobasidium pinicola, Atlantic Canada, forest disease

The degradation of polycaprolactone (PCL) in a solution of lipase and phosphate buffer has been characterized using a combination of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and electron microscopy. The molecular weight of the polymer initially appeared to determine the degradation rate while the degree of crystallinity was found to increase with time. Samples of PCL were also conditioned using DSC to specify a known degree of crystallinity. This approach enabled the effects of molecular weight and degree of crystallinity on the degradation to be separated. It was observed that an increase in either molecular weight or degree of crystallinity reduced the rate of degradation. The work presented in this paper addresses a significant limitation associated with the characterization of “as received” samples and provides a more detailed understanding of the effect of polymer morphology on the degradation process. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

We obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence and the uniqueness of rank-one completions of a partial matrix, and we verify a conjecture of Hadwin and Larson concerning the nature of completely rank-nonincreasing linear functionals defined on pattern subspaces.

The crystallization kinetics and degree of crystallinity of polycaprolactone (PCL) were studied using the technique of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The crystallization exotherms measured using DSC were analyzed using a modified Avrami equation. The modification limited the analysis of the data to the primary crystallization process, where the Avrami equation is applicable. Both the degree of crystallinity and primary composite rate constant were found to decrease with increasing molecular weight. The observations have been explained in terms of the unified reptation-nucleation theory. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The states of Alabama, Florida and Georgia dispute the apportioning of water from rivers that originate in Georgia and flow through the other two states. Florida and Alabama often claim that Georgi...

There are many advantages in the use of Hadamard matrices in digital signal processing. However one possible disadvantage is the so-called overflow, as measured by the associated Lebesgue constants. We show that for certain classes of recursively generated Hadamard matrices, there are logarithmic upper bounds for these constants. On the other hand, for some Hadamard matrices the Lebesgue constants are of order \sqr{m}. These results have natural analogues in classical Fourier analysis.

Autumn stockpiling is a management technique in which forage is allowed to accumulate throughout the late summer and early fall for subsequent grazing throughout the late fall and winter. Well-established stands of common and 'Tifton 44' bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] located at Fayetteville and Batesville, AR, respectively, were chosen to evaluate the effects of stockpiling initiation date (August or September) and N fertilization rate (0, 37, 74, or 111 kg N ha -1 ) on the canopy height and dry matter (DM) yield potential of autumn-stockpiled bermudagrass forage. Within year, DM yield increased linearly (P ≤ 0.008) with N fertilization rate at Fayetteville in 2001 and in Batesville during both years. For August initiation dates, DM yield declined linearly (P ≤ 0.007) with harvest date at both sites during both years; however, cubic responses (P ≤ 0.024) also were observed at both sites in 2000 but not (P ≥ 0.076) in 2001. For September initiation dates, DM yield exhibited less consistent patterns over harvest dates, but responses were cubic (P ≤ 0.053) over time for all four site-years. Tests of homogeneity for regressions of DM yield on canopy height for individual site-years indicated there were differences for the intercepts (P < 0.001) and linear coefficients (P < 0.001) and a tendency for the quadratic coefficients (P = 0.063) to differ. Quadratic equations are not suitable for producer use; therefore, a combined linear model for all data (N = 512) was determined, Y = 146x - 838 (P < 0.001; r 2 = 0.762), which may address the need for a quick estimator of available forage.

The theory underlying line transect and variable circular plot surveys-distance sampling-begins with an assumed detectability function, giving the probabilities of detecting animals at different distances from the observer's path. The nature of these probabilities is unspecified in the general development, leaving users to question whether the actual probability structure matters. In particular, may one use the methodology in surveys where animals at the same distance have different probabilities of detection? This paper presents three examples where probabilities come from different assumptions: from the random placement of transects; from the uniform distribution of animals over the study region; and from cues randomly detected by the observer. These exemplify situations where detectability may not be a function of distance alone. Horvitz-Thompson estimators are displayed which can be used in each example, but some estimators require measuring features other than distance. A result concerning optimally weighted Horvitz-Thompson estimators shows that all three can be brought under the same umbrella if detection areas are measured instead of detection distances and if animals are uniformly distributed.

A 64-d grazing study was conducted with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to evaluate the impact of implant treatment on growth performance, hair score, and serum prolactin levels of steers grazing tall fescue with high (HE) or low (LE) levels of infection with the endophytic fungus Neotyphodium coenophialum. Mixed-breed steers (n = 130; 246 ± 3.5 kg initial BW) were allocated randomly to one of three HE or one of four LE pastures beginning April 13. Within each replication, one-half of the steers were implanted (IMP) with trenbolone acetate (40 mg) and estradiol (8 mg), and one-half were not implanted (NI). No implant treatment × endophyte level interactions were detected (P>0.10). Steers grazing HE had lower (P 0.10) between IMP and NI steers on either d 36 or 64. When tabulated across forage and implant treatments, correlations were negative between overall BW gains and hair scores measured on d 64 (r = 0.28; P

Unmitigated oxidative stress is deleterious, as epitomized by CCl4 intoxication. In this well-characterized model of free radical-initiated damage, liver metabolism of CCl4 to CCl3. causes lipid peroxidation, F-ring isoprostane formation, and pathologic leukocyte activation. The nature of the mediator that couples oxidation to the hepatotoxic inflammatory response is uncharacterized. We found that oxidatively modified phosphatidylcholines were present in the livers of CCl4-exposed rats and not in livers from control animals, that CCl4 metabolism generated lipids that activated 293 cells stably transfected with the human platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor, and that this PAF-like activity was formed as rapidly as isoprostane-containing phosphatidylcholine (iPC) during oxidation. iPC and the PAF-like activity also had similar chromatographic properties. The potential for iPC activation of the PAF receptor has been unexplored, but we conclude that iPC themselves did not activate the PAF receptor, as phospholipase A1 hydrolysis completely destroyed iPC, but none of the PAF-like bioactivity. Oxidatively fragmented phospholipids are potent agonists of the PAF receptor, but mass spectrometry characterized PAF as the major inflammatory component coeluting with iPC. Oxidatively fragmented phospholipids and iPC are markers of free radical generation in CCl4-intoxicated liver, but PAF generation by activated hepatic cells generated the inflammatory agent. —Marathe, G. K., K. A. Harrison, L. J. Roberts II, J. D. Morrow, R. C. Murphy, L. W. Tjoelker, S. M. Prescott, G. A. Zimmerman, and T. M. McIntyre. Identification of platelet-activating factor as the inflammatory lipid mediator in CCl4-metabolizing rat liver. J. Lipid Res. 2001. 42: 587–596.

Magnesium supplementation has been shown to benefit feedlot cattle and is typically added at high concentrations to mineral supplements for calves grazing wheat pasture. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of Mg-mica supplementation on performance and serum mineral concentrations of stocker calves grazing wheat pasture. Supplemental Mg was provided at 6.1 g/d of supplemental Mg/ animal, Monday through Friday. In Exp. 1, 36 mixed-breed stocker calves (243 ± 3.9 kg BW) were stratified by BW and gender and allocated randomly to one of nine groups of four animals for a 112-d grazing study. Weight gain, shrink percentage, and serum Mg, Ca, K, Cu, and Zn concentrations did not differ (P>0.10) among calves fed either weathered Mg-mica (WMM), unweathered Mg-mica (UMM), or MgO. All serum mineral concentrations were within normal physiological ranges. In Exp. 2, 64 mixed-breed stocker steers (275 ± 1.7 kg BW) were stratified by BW and allocated randomly to one of 16 groups of four animals. Weight gain during a 50-d grazing study and subsequent feedlot period did not differ (P>0.10) among calves fed either no added Mg source or WMM, UMM, or MgO. Serum Cu was higher (P

There are two natural ways of defining the numerical range of a partial matrix. We show that for each partial matrix supported on a given pattern they give the same convex subset of the complex plane if and only if a graph associated with the pattern is chordal. This extends a previously known result (C.R. Johnson, M.E. Lundquist, Operator Theory: Adv. Appl. 50 (1991) 283–291) to patterns that are not necessarily reflexive and symmetric, and our proof overcomes an apparent gap in the proof given in the above-mentioned reference. We also define a stronger completion property that we show is equivalent to the pattern being an equivalence.

The reduction in source flow ripple in hydraulic systems is the most effective method of reducing pump-generated pressure ripple and system noise. This paper describes reductions in axial-piston pump delivery flow ripple achieved using a novel timing mechanism which is inherently speed, flow and pressure sensing. Fixed-speed tests have shown that the mechanism can significantly reduce axial-piston pump delivery flow ripple over a wide range of delivery pressures and pump displacements. Furthermore, the reduction in pressure ripple achieved with the mechanism has been shown to contribute towards reductions in overall air-borne noise levels of up to 6 dB in a simple system. A simulation model has been produced to predict the behaviour of the prototype mechanism. The model has been compared with the measured delivery flow ripple and achieves good agreement.

Silane-coated silica particle solutions (ISolate(TM) and PureSperm)TM)) and iodixanol (OptiPrep(TM)) were compared to polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-coated silica particles (Percoll(TM)) in their efficacy to recover spermatozoa by gradient centrifugation for use in assisted reproductive procedures. Efficacy was assessed in terms of percentages of sperm recovery, sperm vitality and motility, normal sperm morphology and normal sperm chromatin condensation. No significant difference was found in the recovery of spermatozoa for men with both normal sperm counts and oligozoospermia, between PVP-coated and silane-coated particle solutions. Iodixanol had significantly lower sperm recovery compared to the other products. Sperm vitality, progressive motility, normal morphology and normal chromatin condensation did not differ significantly between any of the sperm isolation products.

The European (EU) race of Gremmeniella abietina (Lagerb.) Morelet, the causal agent of scleroderris canker of conifers, is a damaging pathogen in pine forests. In North America, this disease is found in the northeastern United States and in eastern Canada. Results from surveys conducted across Canada since 1979 are updating us on where this disease is found. In Newfoundland, only the EU race has been recorded and it is restricted to the Avalon Peninsula Contrary to earlier reports in the Maritime provinces, only one pine plantation is infected by the EU race in New Brunswick. In Ontario, a total of 171 plantations are infected and they are clustered in the central portion of the southern part of the province. The number of plantations infected by the EU race in Quebec is the highest in Canada with 749 plantations. In the four provinces, the most infected species is red pine (86% of the infected plantations), followed by two exotic species, Scots pine (9.5%) and Austrian pine (3.2%). White pine and jack pine show resistance to the disease. Key words: Brunchorstia pinea, Pinus resinosa, reforestation, Scleroderris lagerbergii

DNA was extracted from selected desiccated museum specimens of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) and C. pinus Freeman and analyzed by using the randomly amplified poly- morphic DNA (RAPD) technique. Seventeen species-specific RAPD markers were used to differ- entiate between these 2 closely related and morphologically similar budworm species. Several morphologically atypical specimens of each budworm species were selected for analysis based on deviations from conventional descriptions of uncus shape and size, wing bands, maculation, and background coloration. Analysis of the distribution of species-specific markers in selected specimens from Atlantic Canada, where the 2 species are sympatric and their flight periods occasionally overlap, suggests that reproductive isolation of these 2 Choristoneura species is incomplete, thus providing the first evidence that hybridization of C. fumiferana and C. pinus has occurred in nature. The significance of these results to hybridization, introgression and retained ancestral polymorphism is discussed.

PURPOSE To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of samarium-153 (153Sm) lexidronam (EDTMP) in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with painful bone metastases secondary to a variety of primary malignancies were randomized to receive 153Sm-EDTMP 0.5 or 1.0 mCi/kg, or placebo. Treatment was unblinded for patients who did not respond by week 4, with those who had received placebo eligible to receive 1.0 mCi/kg of active drug in an open-label manner. Patient and physician evaluations were used to assess pain relief, as was concurrent change in opioid analgesia. RESULTS One hundred eighteen patients were enrolled onto the study. Patients who received 1.0 mCi/kg of active drug had significant reductions in pain during each of the first 4 weeks in both patient-rated and physician-rated evaluations. Pain relief was observed in 62% to 72% of those who received the 1.O-mCi/kg dose during the first 4 weeks, with marked or complete relief noted in 31% by week 4. Persistence of pain relief was seen through week 16 in 43% of patients who received 1.0 mCi/kg, of active drug. A significant correlation (P = .01) was observed between reductions in opioid analgesic use and pain scores only for those patients who received 1.0 mCi/kg 153Sm-EDTMP. Bone marrow suppression was mild, reversible, and not associated with grade 4 toxicity. CONCLUSION A single dose of 1.0 mCi/kg of 153Sm-EDTMP provided relief from pain associated with bone metastases. Pain relief was observed within 1 week of administration and persisted until at least week 16 in the majority of patients who responded.

We study the stability of linear filters associated with certain types of linear difference equations with variable coefficients. We show that stability is determined by the locations of the poles of a rational transfer function relative to the spectrum of an associated weighted shift operator. The known theory for filters associated with constant-coefficient difference equations is a special case.

International audience; Arabidopsis thaliana has three genes that encode distinct aconitases (ACO), but little is known about the function of each isoenzyme during plant development. In newly emerged seedlings of Arabidopsis, transcript and protein levels for ACO3 were selectively induced to yield more than 80% of total aconitase activity. Characterization of knockout mutants for each of the three ACOs suggests a major role for only ACO3 in citrate metabolism. The aco3 mutant showed delayed early seedling growth, altered assimilation of [C-14]acetate feeding and elevated citrate levels, which were nearly 4-fold greater than in wild-type, aco1 or aco2. However, both ACO1 and ACO2 are active in seedlings as shown by inhibition of aco3 growth by the toxin monofluoroacetate, and altered [C-14]acetate assimilation and metabolite levels in aco1 and aco2. Relative levels of fumarate and malate differed between aco2 and aco3, indicating metabolically isolated pools of these metabolites in seedlings. Our inability to enrich ACO protein through mitochondria isolation, and the reduced cytosolic ACO activity of the iron sulfur centre assembly mutant atm3-1, indicated a cytosolic localization of ACO3 in 3-day-old seedlings. Subsequently, we determined that more than 90% of ACO3 was cytosolic. We conclude that ACO3 is cytosolic in young seedlings and functions in citrate catabolism consistent with the operation of the classic glyoxylate and not direct catabolism of citrate within mitochondria.