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1. Modulated Differential Wavefront Sensing: Alignment Scheme for Beams with Large Higher Order Mode Content

Author

A. Bisht, M. Prijatelj, J. Leong, E. Schreiber, C. Affeldt, M. Brinkmann, S. Doravari, H. Grote, V. Kringel, J. Lough, H. Lueck, K. Strain, M. Weinert, H. Wittel, and K. Danzmann

Subjects
HOMs, OMC, DWS, alignment, IFO, GEO 600, Astronomy, QB1-991
Abstract

Modulated differential wavefront sensing (MDWS) is an alignment control scheme in the regime of beams with strong higher order transversal modes (HOMs). It is based on the differential wavefront sensing (DWS) technique. MDWS represents a significant upgrade over conventional techniques used in the presence of high HOM content as it allows for higher control bandwidths while eliminating the need of auxiliary alignment modulations, that otherwise cause loss of applied squeezing. The output port of gravitational wave (GW) interferometers (IFO) is one such place where a lot of HOMs are present. These are filtered out by a cavity called the output mode cleaner (OMC), whose alignment gets challenging due to the presence of HOMs. In this paper, we present the first demonstration of the MDWS scheme for aligning the fundamental mode from the IFO to the OMC at the gravitational wave detector-GEO 600.

Published
2020
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2. Operative Case Volume Minimums Necessary for Surgical Training Throughout Rural Africa

Author

Keir Thelander, Michael M. Mwachiro, Robert K. Parker, Russell E. White, Hillary M. Topazian, Robert Riviello, Andrea S. Parker, and Shinji K. Strain

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, MEDLINE, Graduate medical education, Accreditation, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Surveys and Questionnaires, medicine, Humans, Laparoscopy, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, General surgery, Internship and Residency, Vascular surgery, Cross-Sectional Studies, Education, Medical, Graduate, Cardiothoracic surgery, General Surgery, Surgical Procedures, Operative, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Africa, Orthopedic surgery, 030211 gastroenterology & hepatology, Surgery, business, Abdominal surgery
Abstract

Resident operative case volumes are an important aspect of surgical education, and minimums are required in Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) programs. Minimum operative case volumes for training do not exist in rural Africa. Our objective was to determine the optimal minimum operative case volume necessary for general surgery training in rural Africa. A cross-sectional census electronic survey was conducted among faculty (N = 24) and graduates (N = 56) of Pan-African Academy of Christian Surgeons training programs. Three equally weighted exposures (median minimum case volume suggested by participants, operative experience of prior graduates, and comparisons with ACGME minimums), adjusted from responses to targeted questions, were utilized to construct an optimal minimum operative case volume for training. Sixty-four surgeons were contacted and 40 (13 faculty, 24 graduates, and 3 graduates who became faculty) participated. All participants thought operative case minimums were necessary, and the majority (98%) felt current training adequately prepared surgeons for their setting. Constructed optimal case volumes included 1000 major cases with fewer required cases than ACGME in abdomen, breast, thoracic, vascular, endoscopy, and laparoscopy and more required cases than ACGME for alimentary tract, endocrine, operative trauma, skin and soft tissue, pediatric, and plastic surgery. Other categories (gynecology, orthopedics, and urology) were deemed necessary for surgical training, with regional differences. Prior graduates satisfied the overall, but not category-specific, proposed minimums. The surveyed surgeons highlighted the need for diverse surgical training with minimum exposures. They described increased need for cases reflecting regional variations with a desire for more experience in categories less common at their institutions.

Published
2020
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3. Surgical Training Throughout Africa: A Review of Operative Case Volumes at Multiple Training Centers

Author

Shinji K. Strain, Wairimu Ndegwa, Patricia Chesang, Robert K. Parker, Keir Thelander, Robert Riviello, Andrea S. Parker, and Hillary M. Topazian

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Graduate medical education, 030230 surgery, Accreditation, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Pediatric surgery, Humans, Medicine, Retrospective Studies, Surgeons, business.industry, General surgery, Vascular surgery, Education, Medical, Graduate, Cardiothoracic surgery, General Surgery, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Africa, Orthopedic surgery, Cohort, Surgery, Clinical Competence, business, Abdominal surgery
Abstract

Adequate surgical training is paramount to produce competent surgeons to address the global burden of surgical disease. The Pan-African Academy of Christian Surgeons (PAACS) has general surgery training programs in eight countries. Operative case volumes have been positively associated with improved trainee performance and patient outcomes. For certification in the USA, 850 total operations are required from defined case categories. Yet, little is known about the operative experience of surgical trainees throughout Africa. Operative procedures were reviewed, categorized, and validated from a cohort of PAACS graduates and compared to graduates from Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) programs. The primary and secondary outcomes were total case volumes and cases within ACGME-defined categories. Regional variations were explored. Twenty PAACS trainees, from five programs in four countries, performed 38,267 unique procedures. ACGME reports on 1211 residents from 251 programs. PAACS graduates logged more major cases (median 1448) than ACGME graduates (median 993) (p value = 0·0001). PAACS graduates performed more gynecology and obstetrics, orthopedics, head and neck, urology, endocrine, operative trauma, pediatric surgery, plastic surgery, and skin and soft tissue cases. US graduates performed more cases in abdomen, alimentary tract, breast, thoracic, and vascular categories. Comparison between regions demonstrated volume and category variations between Kenya and Gabon, Ethiopia, and Cameroon. PAACS trainees perform more operations than ACGME trainees with differences in distribution. This experience can serve as a model for regional educational programs seeking to address the broad and largely unmet burden of surgical disease.

Published
2020
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4. Measurement of 2-hydroxyglutarate enantiomers in serum by chiral gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its application as a biomarker for IDH mutant gliomas

Author

Morris D. Groves, Mark R. Emmett, Kelly L. Olino, and Shinji K. Strain

Subjects
0303 health sciences, Chromatography, Gas Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Metabolite, 030302 biochemistry & molecular biology, 010401 analytical chemistry, Mutant, Reference range, Mass spectrometry, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Isocitrate dehydrogenase, chemistry, Biomarker (medicine), Enantiomer, Spectroscopy
Abstract

(R)-2-hydroxyglutarate (R-2-hg) is a metabolite produced under physiologic conditions but also by tumors harboring isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations. Detection is challenging as it must be distinguished from its enantiomer (S)-2-hydroxyglutarate (S-2-hg), which is also produced in the body but can increase under hypoxic conditions. A chiral gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS) assay was developed, which separated enantiomers using a chiral column and quantified levels using a stable-isotope internal standard. The assay improves upon current methods by avoiding chiral derivatization and implementing a simplified sample extraction procedure. The assay was validated and serum 2-hg levels from healthy patients were measured, establishing a new, comprehensive reference range for normal levels of each enantiomer. Differences in basal levels were observed between races, but not sex. Age also correlated with S-2-hg levels, but not R-2-hg levels. Finally, serum levels of 2-hg enantiomers were measured in a pilot study of 11 patients with and without IDH mutant gliomas. An increase in R-2-hg levels was observed in 2/3 patients with actively growing IDH mutant gliomas. S-2-hg levels were increased in 4/11 patients, irrespective of IDH status. The results presented demonstrate the feasibility of a GC–MS/MS assay for measurement of 2-hg enantiomer levels for clinical use.

Published
2020
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5. Differentiation of 2‐hydroxyglutarate enantiomers and its lactones by gas chromatography/electron ionization tandem mass spectrometry

Author

Shinji K. Strain, Morris D. Groves, and Mark R. Emmett

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization, Chromatography, Molecular Structure, Cyclodextrin, Electrospray ionization, Organic Chemistry, Stereoisomerism, Mass spectrometry, Tandem mass spectrometry, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Analytical Chemistry, Glutarates, Lactones, chemistry, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Gas chromatography, Enantiomer, Spectroscopy, Electron ionization, Lactone
Abstract

Rationale 2-Hydroxyglutarate (2-hg) exists as enantiomers and can readily undergo cyclization to its lactone. Gas chromatography/electron ionization mass spectrometry (GC/EI-MS) has been used to separate 2-hg enantiomers in bodily fluids but the assay cannot simultaneously measure cyclic and acylic 2-hg enantiomers. Furthermore, the assignment of ion structures was not verified by complementary MS data. Methods GC/EI-MS and product ion analysis were used to obtain MS and MS/MS spectra of 2-hg, deuterated and 13 C-labeled 2-hg, and 2-hg lactone. Ion structures and EI fragmentation mechanisms were determined by fragmentation pattern and isotopologue comparisons. Using the EI data, a GC/MS/MS assay was developed to separate and detect 2-hg enantiomers and 2-hg lactone enantiomers in blood and urine using a cyclodextrin capillary column. Results A new ion structure was predicted for the 85 m/z fragment than what was previously hypothesized, and the 117 m/z ion was the only fragment unique to the linear 2-hg compound. MS/MS data suggested that the majority of the fragments were the result of secondary fragmentation. Finally, separation of serum and urine 2-hg and 2-hg lactone enantiomers was achieved, and the acyclic 2-hg compound was found to be the major compound detected, though the amount of lactone detected was considerable in a number of samples. Conclusions Unique EI fragmentation pathways for both 2-hg and the 2-hg lactone have been described. Subsequently, the GC/MS/MS assay presented herein has significant potential as a novel clinical assay as it separates and detects both 2-hg enantiomers and the 2-hg lactone enantiomers, a capability which has not been previously demonstrated by any other assay to date.

Published
2019
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6. How To Prepare for the Unexpected: a Public Health Laboratory Response

Author

Rafia Razzaque, Noah Hull, Cari Roark Sloma, Tyler Wolford, Sherrie Staley, Carey Perkins, Colleen Courtney, Mary Bonifas, Eric Bind, Carmen L. Charlton, Matthew Johnson, and Anna K Strain

Subjects
public health laboratories, Microbiology (medical), medicine.medical_specialty, 2019-20 coronavirus outbreak, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Epidemiology, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Review, 03 medical and health sciences, COVID-19 Testing, 0302 clinical medicine, 030225 pediatrics, medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Natural disaster, emerging issues, Government, General Immunology and Microbiology, Clinical Laboratory Techniques, business.industry, Public health, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, COVID-19, Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola, Public relations, Opioid-Related Disorders, Subject-matter expert, Infectious Diseases, Public Health, Laboratories, business, Measles
Abstract

Public health laboratories (PHLs) continue to face internal and external challenges to their abilities to provide successful, timely responses to public health crises and emerging threats. These laboratories are mandated to maintain the health of their communities by identifying, diagnosing, and warning constituents of potential and real health emergencies., SUMMARY Public health laboratories (PHLs) continue to face internal and external challenges to their abilities to provide successful, timely responses to public health crises and emerging threats. These laboratories are mandated to maintain the health of their communities by identifying, diagnosing, and warning constituents of potential and real health emergencies. Due to the changing characteristics of public health threats and their cross-jurisdictional nature, laboratories are facing increased pressure to ensure that they respond in a consistent and coordinated manner. Here, the Association of Public Health Laboratories (APHL) Emerging Leader Program Cohort 11 members have compiled stories from subject matter experts (SMEs) at PHLs with direct involvement in crises to determine the characteristics of a successful response. Experts examined a diverse selection of emerging threats from across PHLs, including infectious diseases, opioids, natural disasters, and government shutdowns. While no public health crisis will be identical to another, overarching themes were consistent across subjects. Experiences from SMEs that could improve future responses to emerging threats are highlighted.

Published
2021
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8. The Accuracy of Dental Students and Dentists Assessing the Total Occlusal Convergence of Crown Preparations

Author

K, Strain, L, Horsfall, S, Bonsor, and R, Ibbetson

Subjects
Crowns, Dental Prosthesis Design, Dentists, Students, Dental, Humans, Tooth Preparation, Prosthodontic, Prosthodontics
Abstract

This study examined the ability of dental students and qualified dentists to visually assess the total occlusal convergence of clinical crowns. 10 working casts of maxillary molar crown preparations were installed in phantom heads in a clinical skills laboratory. 87 participants assessed the buccolingual and mesiodistal total occlusal convergence of the casts. 2nd-year students with no experience in fixed prosthodontics served as a control group with 3rd, 4th and 5th-year students and qualified dentists including specialists in restorative dentistry involved. Differences were calculated between the measured angles and the subject's estimate to assess accuracy. For 8 of the 20 surfaces measured there were significant differences. (p ⟨ 0.05). Differences were not standardized between the groups, with no clear patterns of difference in tooth type or aspect assessed. Differences were primarily between the control group and the more experienced groups. The remaining groups were of similar ability. A minority of participants in each group were highly divergent from their peers. This study found significant differences between participants with no experience of fixed prosthodontics and those with experience, however, the ability to assess total occlusal convergence does not appear to improve significantly with experience.

Published
2020

10. Cryptococcal cell morphology affects host cell interactions and pathogenicity.

Author

Laura H Okagaki, Anna K Strain, Judith N Nielsen, Caroline Charlier, Nicholas J Baltes, Fabrice Chrétien, Joseph Heitman, Françoise Dromer, and Kirsten Nielsen

Subjects
Immunologic diseases. Allergy, RC581-607, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract

Cryptococcus neoformans is a common life-threatening human fungal pathogen. The size of cryptococcal cells is typically 5 to 10 microm. Cell enlargement was observed in vivo, producing cells up to 100 microm. These morphological changes in cell size affected pathogenicity via reducing phagocytosis by host mononuclear cells, increasing resistance to oxidative and nitrosative stress, and correlated with reduced penetration of the central nervous system. Cell enlargement was stimulated by coinfection with strains of opposite mating type, and ste3aDelta pheromone receptor mutant strains had reduced cell enlargement. Finally, analysis of DNA content in this novel cell type revealed that these enlarged cells were polyploid, uninucleate, and produced daughter cells in vivo. These results describe a novel mechanism by which C. neoformans evades host phagocytosis to allow survival of a subset of the population at early stages of infection. Thus, morphological changes play unique and specialized roles during infection.

Published
2010
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11. Strengthening Laboratory Partnerships, Enhancing Recruitment, and Improving Retention Through Training and Outreach Activities: The Minnesota Experience

Author

Maureen M. Sullivan and Anna K. Strain

Subjects
Medical education, medicine.medical_specialty, Models, Educational, Career Choice, Public health, Minnesota, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Articles, Training (civil), Public-Private Sector Partnerships, Outreach, Workforce, Medical Laboratory Personnel, medicine, Personnel Loyalty, Humans, Public Health Surveillance, Business, Health Workforce, Public Health, Laboratories, Personnel Selection
Published
2019

12. Patients with laboratory evidence of West Nile virus disease without reported fever

Author

Marc Fischer, D. Haydel, Sharon Messenger, S. Vetter, Sandra Smole, Ingrid B. Rabe, Jill K. Hacker, C. Scott-Waldron, David F. Neitzel, Kimberly Landry, Catherine M. Brown, E. K. Schiffman, A. K. Strain, E. Rider, Nicole P. Lindsey, S. Simonson, and Maria Salas

Subjects
Male, 0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Ataxia, Fever, Demographics, Epidemiology, West Nile virus, Minnesota, 030106 microbiology, Disease, medicine.disease_cause, Risk Assessment, Severity of Illness Index, California, 03 medical and health sciences, Neuroinvasive disease, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Retrospective Studies, Original Paper, Clinical Laboratory Techniques, business.industry, Incidence, Significant difference, Louisiana, 030104 developmental biology, Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts, Population Surveillance, Asymptomatic Diseases, Female, medicine.symptom, business, West Nile Fever, Arboviruses
Abstract

In 2013, the national surveillance case definition for West Nile virus (WNV) disease was revised to remove fever as a criterion for neuroinvasive disease and require at most subjective fever for non-neuroinvasive disease. The aims of this project were to determine how often afebrile WNV disease occurs and assess differences among patients with and without fever. We included cases with laboratory evidence of WNV disease reported from four states in 2014. We compared demographics, clinical symptoms and laboratory evidence for patients with and without fever and stratified the analysis by neuroinvasive and non-neuroinvasive presentations. Among 956 included patients, 39 (4%) had no fever; this proportion was similar among patients with and without neuroinvasive disease symptoms. For neuroinvasive and non-neuroinvasive patients, there were no differences in age, sex, or laboratory evidence between febrile and afebrile patients, but hospitalisations were more common among patients with fever (P < 0.01). The only significant difference in symptoms was for ataxia, which was more common in neuroinvasive patients without fever (P = 0.04). Only 5% of non-neuroinvasive patients did not meet the WNV case definition due to lack of fever. The evidence presented here supports the changes made to the national case definition in 2013.

Published
2019
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15. A Flucytosine-Responsive Mbp1/Swi4-Like Protein, Mbs1, Plays Pleiotropic Roles in Antifungal Drug Resistance, Stress Response, and Virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans

Author

Anna K. Strain, Anna Floyd, Judith N. Nielsen, Joseph Heitman, Jang-Won Lee, Min Hee Song, Min Su Kim, Yong Sun Bahn, Theodore C. White, Ja Kyung Yoon, and Kirsten Nielsen

Subjects
Antifungal Agents, Colony Count, Microbial, Antifungal drug, Flucytosine, Drug resistance, Gene Knockout Techniques, Mice, chemistry.chemical_compound, Ergosterol, Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal, Phosphorylation, Lung, Conserved Sequence, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Genetics, Fungal protein, Virulence, Genetic Pleiotropy, Articles, Cryptococcosis, General Medicine, Female, medicine.drug, Virulence Factors, Molecular Sequence Data, Biology, Microbiology, Fungal Proteins, Drug Resistance, Fungal, medicine, Animals, Amino Acid Sequence, Molecular Biology, Cryptococcus neoformans, Microbial Viability, Gene Expression Profiling, Cell Membrane, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Oxidative Stress, chemistry, Protein Kinases, DNA Damage, Transcription Factors
Abstract

Cryptococcosis, caused by the basidiomycetous fungus Cryptococcus neoformans , is responsible for more than 600,000 deaths annually in AIDS patients. Flucytosine is one of the most commonly used antifungal drugs for its treatment, but its resistance and regulatory mechanisms have never been investigated at the genome scale in C. neoformans . In the present study, we performed comparative transcriptome analysis by employing two-component system mutants ( tco1 Δ and tco2 Δ) exhibiting opposing flucytosine susceptibility. As a result, a total of 177 flucytosine-responsive genes were identified, and many of them were found to be regulated by Tco1 or Tco2. Among these, we discovered an APSES-like transcription factor, Mbs1 ( Mb p1- and S wi4-like protein 1). Expression analysis revealed that MBS1 was regulated in response to flucytosine in a Tco2/Hog1-dependent manner. Supporting this, C. neoformans with the deletion of MBS1 exhibited increased susceptibility to flucytosine. Intriguingly, Mbs1 played pleiotropic roles in diverse cellular processes of C. neoformans . Mbs1 positively regulated ergosterol biosynthesis and thereby affected polyene and azole drug susceptibility. Mbs1 was also involved in genotoxic and oxidative stress responses. Furthermore, Mbs1 promoted production of melanin and capsule and thereby was required for full virulence of C. neoformans . In conclusion, Mbs1 is considered to be a novel antifungal therapeutic target for treatment of cryptococcosis.

Published
2012
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16. PATH-22. THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW ASSAY TO MEASURE 2-HYDROXYGLUTARATE (2-hg) ENANTIOMER LEVELS AND THE UTILITY OF 2-hg AS A BIOMARKER FOR MANAGEMENT OF IDH MUTANT GLIOMAS

Author

Shinji K. Strain, Mark R. Emmett, and Morris D. Groves

Subjects
Cancer Research, Chemistry, Mutant, medicine.disease, Molecular biology, Abstracts, Basal (phylogenetics), Isocitrate dehydrogenase, Oncology, Glioma, medicine, Alpha-Hydroxyglutarate, Biomarker (medicine), Neurology (clinical), Enantiomer, Fragmentation (cell biology)
Abstract

The isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) gene is mutated in a large percentage of gliomas and produces the oncometabolite, (R)-2-hydroxgylutarate [(R)-2hg]. However, no correlation between total 2hg levels and clinical parameters, like tumor burden, in glioma patients has been identified. This lack is likely due to the presence of significant levels of the enantiomer, (S)-2-hydroxyglutarate [(S)-2hg]. (S)-2hg is normally produced in the body and during hypoxic conditions. Past studies measuring 2hg via mass spectrometry methods either do not differentiate between (R)-and (S)-2hg, both which are normally detectable in serum, or use LC-MS based assays that lack the sensitivities needed to detect changes in (R)-2hg when an IDH mutant glioma is present. In this study, a novel gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method was built to measure 2hg enantiomers and used to determine if serum levels of (R)-2hg:(S)-2hg, or absolute levels of (R)-2hg, could provide clinical utility as a biomarker in patients with IDH mutant gliomas. The derivatization, fragmentation, and quantitation scheme was optimized for sensitive detection of basal 2hg enantiomers using normal human serum. Serum was then collected from patients with IDHmut and IDHwt gliomas and analyzed to measure levels of 2hg enantiomers before and during the course of treatment. The ratio of (R)-2hg:(S)-2hg was increased in a number of patients with actively growing IDHmut tumors, but not in patients with stable IDHmut tumors or IDHwt tumors. These preliminary results demonstrate the utility of the GC-MS assay for measurement of 2hg enantiomers and their ratio as a biomarker for active disease in patients with IDHmut gliomas.

Published
2018
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17. Identification of an ICP27-Responsive Element in the Coding Region of a Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Late Gene

Author

Stephen A. Rice, Lenka Sedlackova, Anna K. Strain, Julia Meyer, Oksana Goldman, and Keith D. Perkins

Subjects
DNA Replication, Gene Expression Regulation, Viral, viruses, Molecular Sequence Data, Immunology, Mutant, Herpesvirus 1, Human, Biology, Microbiology, Immediate early protein, Immediate-Early Proteins, Open Reading Frames, Plasmid, Viral Envelope Proteins, Virology, Chlorocebus aethiops, Animals, Humans, Coding region, Gene silencing, Gene Silencing, Vero Cells, Gene, Regulation of gene expression, Base Sequence, Herpes Simplex, Molecular biology, Genome Replication and Regulation of Viral Gene Expression, Regulatory sequence, Insect Science
Abstract

During productive herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection, a subset of viral delayed-early (DE) and late (L) genes require the immediate-early (IE) protein ICP27 for their expression. However, the cis -acting regulatory sequences in DE and L genes that mediate their specific induction by ICP27 are unknown. One viral L gene that is highly dependent on ICP27 is that encoding glycoprotein C (gC). We previously demonstrated that this gene is posttranscriptionally transactivated by ICP27 in a plasmid cotransfection assay. Based on our past results, we hypothesized that the gC gene possesses a cis -acting inhibitory sequence and that ICP27 overcomes the effects of this sequence to enable efficient gC expression. To test this model, we systematically deleted sequences from the body of the gC gene and tested the resulting constructs for expression. In so doing, we identified a 258-bp “silencing element” (SE) in the 5′ portion of the gC coding region. When present, the SE inhibits gC mRNA accumulation from a transiently transfected gC gene, unless ICP27 is present. Moreover, the SE can be transferred to another HSV-1 gene, where it inhibits mRNA accumulation in the absence of ICP27 and confers high-level expression in the presence of ICP27. Thus, for the first time, an ICP27-responsive sequence has been identified in a physiologically relevant ICP27 target gene. To see if the SE functions during viral infection, we engineered HSV-1 recombinants that lack the SE, either in a wild-type (WT) or ICP27-null genetic background. In an ICP27-null background, deletion of the SE led to ICP27-independent expression of the gC gene, demonstrating that the SE functions during viral infection. Surprisingly, the ICP27-independent gC expression seen with the mutant occurred even in the absence of viral DNA synthesis, indicating that the SE helps to regulate the tight DNA replication-dependent expression of gC.

Published
2010
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18. Increased Antifungal Drug Resistance in Clinical Isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans in Uganda

Author

Kyle D. Smith, Beatrice Achan, Kathy Huppler Hullsiek, Tami R. McDonald, Laura H. Okagaki, Ali A. Alhadab, Andrew Akampurira, Joshua R. Rhein, David B. Meya, David R. Boulware, Kirsten Nielsen, Abdu Musubire, Henry W. Nabeta, Darlisha A. Williams, Bozena Morawski, Melissa A. Rolfes, Jane Francis Ndyetukira, Cynthia Ahimbisibwe, Florence Kugonza, Alisat Sadiq, Jonathan Dyal, Julie M. Neborak, Alexa M. King, Nathan Yueh, Sruti S. Velamakanni, Alice Namudde, Tadeo Kiiza Kandole, Julian Kaboggoza Eva Laker, Tony Luggya, Liliane Tugume, Mahsa Abassi, Kate Birkenkamp, Elissa K. Butler, A. Wendy Fujita, Ryan Halupnick, Anna K. Strain, Priya Vedula, Radha Rajasingham, Andrew Kambugu, and Paul R. Bohjanen

Subjects
CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Male, Antifungal Agents, Antifungal drug, Cryptococcus, Context (language use), HIV Infections, Drug resistance, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Meningitis, Cryptococcal, Microbiology, Drug Resistance, Fungal, Amphotericin B, medicine, Humans, Pharmacology (medical), Uganda, Fluconazole, Pharmacology, Cryptococcus neoformans, biology, Coinfection, Broth microdilution, HIV, biology.organism_classification, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Infectious Diseases, Treatment Outcome, Susceptibility, Drug Therapy, Combination, Female, medicine.drug, Multilocus Sequence Typing
Abstract

Cryptococcal antigen screening is recommended among people living with AIDS when entering HIV care with a CD4 count of 50 of 4 μg/ml and an MIC 90 of 8 μg/ml prior to widespread human fluconazole and agricultural azole fungicide usage, we report an upward shift in the fluconazole MIC 50 to 8 μg/ml and an MIC 90 value of 32 μg/ml, with 31% of isolates with a fluconazole MIC of ≥16 μg/ml. We observed an amphotericin B MIC 50 of 0.5 μg/ml and an MIC 90 of 1 μg/ml, of which 99.5% of isolates (197 of 198 isolates) were still susceptible. No correlation between MIC and clinical outcome was observed in the context of amphotericin B and fluconazole combination induction therapy. We also analyzed Cryptococcus susceptibility to sertraline, with an MIC 50 of 4 μg/ml, suggesting that sertraline is a promising oral, low-cost, available, novel medication and a possible alternative to fluconazole. Although the CLSI broth microdilution assay is ideal to standardize results, limit human bias, and increase assay capacity, such assays are often inaccessible in low-income countries. Thus, we also developed and validated an assay that could easily be implemented in a resource-limited setting, with similar susceptibility results ( P = 0.52).

Published
2015

19. Public speaking state anxiety and anxiety sensitivity as predictors of self‐perceived speaker competence

Author

Chris R. Sawyer, Lega’ K. Strain, Ralph R. Behnke, and Paul E. King

Subjects
Public speaking, Communication, medicine, Trait, Anxiety sensitivity, Anxiety, Self perceived, medicine.symptom, Psychology, Predictive value, Competence (human resources), Clinical psychology, Developmental psychology
Abstract

Communication researchers have examined trait and state anxiety and their effects on public speaking, linking anxiety to communicator competence. In this study, the effects of anxiety sensitivity and state anxiety on self‐perceived speaker competence are investigated. Results indicate that the inclusion of anxiety sensitivity increases the predictive value of reported state anxiety levels in predicting levels of communicator competence. Implications for the inclusion of anxiety sensitivity in future research are suggested.

Published
2001
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22. Post-translational Modifications in the Human Proteome

Author

Ekaterina Mostovenko, Cheryl F. Lichti, Mark R. Emmett, Norelle C. Wildburger, Alexander S. Shavkunov, Shinji K. Strain, and Carol L. Nilsson

Subjects
Protein isoform, chemistry.chemical_compound, Glycosylation, Ubiquitin, biology, chemistry, biology.protein, Human proteome project, Phosphorylation, Human genome, Single-nucleotide polymorphism, Computational biology, Proteomics
Abstract

The Chromosome-Centric Human Proteome Project (C-HPP) is a global project aimed to identify at least one protein isoform encoded by the approximately 20, 300 human genes. In addition, protein post-translational modifications will be characterized, with the initial goal of detecting phosphorylation, acetylation, and glycosylation sites in each protein. In this chapter, we provide an overview of known post-translational modifications, their known biological functions, and present strategies to detect them on both a single protein and proteomic scales. In future proteomic studies, global characterization of post-translation modifications, splice variants, and variants caused by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) will be necessary to fully understand the role of proteins in human biology and disease.

Published
2014
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23. Periodic Reversals in Paenibacillus dendritiformis Swarming

Author

Avraham Be'er, Eshel Ben-Jacob, Ernst-Ludwig Florin, Roberto A. Hernández, and Shinji K. Strain

Subjects
biology, Ecology, Swarming (honey bee), Articles, biology.organism_classification, Microbiology, Paenibacillus dendritiformis, Collective migration, Culture Media, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission, Chemical physics, Flagella, Oxygen level, Molecular Biology, Paenibacillus, Locomotion
Abstract

Bacterial swarming is a type of motility characterized by a rapid and collective migration of bacteria on surfaces. Most swarming species form densely packed dynamic clusters in the form of whirls and jets, in which hundreds of rod-shaped rigid cells move in circular and straight patterns, respectively. Recent studies have suggested that short-range steric interactions may dominate hydrodynamic interactions and that geometrical factors, such as a cell's aspect ratio, play an important role in bacterial swarming. Typically, the aspect ratio for most swarming species is only up to 5, and a detailed understanding of the role of much larger aspect ratios remains an open challenge. Here we study the dynamics of Paenibacillus dendritiformis C morphotype, a very long, hyperflagellated, straight (rigid), rod-shaped bacterium with an aspect ratio of ∼20. We find that instead of swarming in whirls and jets as observed in most species, including the shorter T morphotype of P. dendritiformis , the C morphotype moves in densely packed straight but thin long lines. Within these lines, all bacteria show periodic reversals, with a typical reversal time of 20 s, which is independent of their neighbors, the initial nutrient level, agar rigidity, surfactant addition, humidity level, temperature, nutrient chemotaxis, oxygen level, illumination intensity or gradient, and cell length. The evolutionary advantage of this unique back-and-forth surface translocation remains unclear.

Published
2013

25. Pleiotropic Roles of the Msi1-Like Protein Msl1 in Cryptococcus neoformans

Author

Anna K. Strain, Joseph Heitman, Kirsten Nielsen, Anna Floyd, Dong-Hoon Yang, Shinae Maeng, and Yong Sun Bahn

Subjects
Sex Differentiation, Antifungal drug, Virulence, Microbiology, Transcriptome, Fungal Proteins, Mice, Downregulation and upregulation, Heat shock protein, Cyclic AMP, Animals, Molecular Biology, Gene, Heat-Shock Proteins, Phylogeny, Cryptococcus neoformans, Genetics, Melanins, Fungal protein, biology, fungi, Genetic Pleiotropy, General Medicine, Articles, biology.organism_classification, Up-Regulation, Chromatin Assembly Factor-1, ras Proteins, Female, Heat-Shock Response
Abstract

Msi1-like (MSIL) proteins contain WD40 motifs and have a pleiotropic cellular function as negative regulators of the Ras/cyclic AMP (cAMP) pathway and components of chromatin assembly factor 1 (CAF-1), yet they have not been studied in fungal pathogens. Here we identified and characterized an MSIL protein, Msl1, in Cryptococcus neoformans , which causes life-threatening meningoencephalitis in humans. Notably, Msl1 plays pleiotropic roles in C. neoformans in both cAMP-dependent and -independent manners largely independent of Ras. Msl1 negatively controls antioxidant melanin production and sexual differentiation, and this was repressed by the inhibition of the cAMP-signaling pathway. In contrast, Msl1 controls thermotolerance, diverse stress responses, and antifungal drug resistance in a Ras/cAMP-independent manner. Cac2, which is the second CAF-1 component, appears to play both redundant and distinct functions compared to the functions of Msl1. Msl1 is required for the full virulence of C. neoformans . Transcriptome analysis identified a group of Msl1-regulated genes, which include stress-related genes such as HSP12 and HSP78 . In conclusion, this study demonstrates pleiotropic roles of Msl1 in the human fungal pathogen C. neoformans , providing insight into a potential novel antifungal therapeutic target.

Published
2012

26. Titan cell production enhances the virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans

Author

Darin L. Wiesner, Juliet Crabtree, Judith N. Nielsen, Anna K. Strain, Kirsten Nielsen, and Laura H. Okagaki

Subjects
Virulence Factors, Phagocytosis, Immunology, Cell, Virulence, Microbiology, Virulence factor, Fungal Proteins, Mice, Immune system, medicine, Animals, Lung, Cells, Cultured, Cryptococcus neoformans, Fungal protein, biology, Cryptococcosis, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Infectious Diseases, medicine.anatomical_structure, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Parasitology, Female, Fungal and Parasitic Infections
Abstract

Infection with Cryptococcus neoformans begins when desiccated yeast cells or spores are inhaled and lodge in the alveoli of the lungs. A subset of cryptococcal cells in the lungs differentiate into enlarged cells, referred to as titan cells. Titan cells can be as large as 50 to 100 μm in diameter and exhibit a number of features that may affect interactions with host immune defenses. To characterize the effect of titan cell formation on the host-pathogen interaction, we utilized a previously described C. neoformans mutant, the gpr4 Δ gpr5 Δ mutant, which has minimal titan cell production in vivo . The gpr4 Δ gpr5 Δ mutant strain had attenuated virulence, a lower CFU, and reduced dissemination compared to the wild-type strain. Titan cell production by the wild-type strain also resulted in increased eosinophil accumulation and decreased phagocytosis in the lungs compared to those with the gpr4 Δ gpr5 Δ mutant strain. Phagocytosed cryptococcal cells exhibited less viability than nonphagocytosed cells, which potentially explains the reduced cell survival and overall attenuation of virulence in the absence of titan cells. These data show that titan cell formation is a novel virulence factor in C. neoformans that promotes establishment of the initial pulmonary infection and plays a key role in disease progression.

Published
2012

27. Two cation transporters Ena1 and Nha1 cooperatively modulate ion homeostasis, antifungal drug resistance, and virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans via the HOG pathway

Author

Kwang Woo Jung, Kirsten Nielsen, Yong Sun Bahn, Anna K. Strain, and Kwang Hwan Jung

Subjects
Osmotic shock, Virulence Factors, ATPase, Antiporter, Antifungal drug, Virulence, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Microbiology, Article, Fungal Proteins, Drug Resistance, Fungal, Osmotic Pressure, Stress, Physiological, Cations, Cation homeostasis, Genetics, Animals, Homeostasis, Humans, Cation Transport Proteins, Phylogeny, Cryptococcus neoformans, Melanins, Ion Transport, biology, Cell Membrane, Cryptococcosis, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, biology.organism_classification, Ion homeostasis, Biochemistry, Mutation, biology.protein, Female, Signal Transduction
Abstract

Maintenance of cation homeostasis is essential for survival of all living organisms in their biological niches. It is also important for the survival of human pathogenic fungi in the host, where cation concentrations and pH will vary depending on different anatomical sites. However, the exact role of diverse cation transporters and ion channels in virulence of fungal pathogens remains elusive. In this study we functionally characterized ENA1 and NHA1, encoding a putative Na(+)/ATPase and Na(+)/H(+) antiporter, respectively, in Cryptococcus neoformans, a basidiomycete fungal pathogen which causes fatal meningoencephalitis. Expression of NHA1 and ENA1 is induced in response to salt and osmotic shock mainly in a Hog1-dependent manner. Phenotypic analysis of the ena1Δ, nha1Δ, and ena1Δnha1Δ mutants revealed that Ena1 controls cellular levels of toxic cations, such as Na(+) and Li(+) whereas both Ena1 and Nha1 are important for controlling less toxic K(+) ions. Under alkaline conditions, Ena1 was highly induced and required for growth in the presence of low levels of Na(+) or K(+) salt and Nha1 played a role in survival under K(+) stress. In contrast, Nha1, but not Ena1, was essential for survival at acidic conditions (pH 4.5) under high K(+) stress. In addition, Ena1 and Nha1 were required for maintenance of plasma membrane potential and stability, which appeared to modulate antifungal drug susceptibility. Perturbation of ENA1 and NHA1 enhanced capsule production and melanin synthesis. However, Nha1 was dispensable for virulence of C. neoformans although Ena1 was essential. In conclusion, Ena1 and Nha1 play redundant and discrete roles in cation homeostasis, pH regulation, membrane potential, and virulence in C. neoformans, suggesting that these transporters could be novel antifungal drug targets for treatment of cryptococcosis.

Published
2012

28. Phenotypic suppression of a herpes simplex virus 1 ICP27 mutation by enhanced transcription of the mutant gene

Author

Stephen A. Rice and Anna K. Strain

Subjects
Regulation of gene expression, Transcription, Genetic, viruses, Immunology, Mutant, Mutation, Missense, Gene Expression, Herpesvirus 1, Human, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Virus Replication, Microbiology, Molecular biology, Immediate-Early Proteins, Genome Replication and Regulation of Viral Gene Expression, Herpes simplex virus, Suppression, Genetic, Transcription (biology), Mutant protein, Virology, Insect Science, Gene expression, medicine, Nuclear export signal, Gene
Abstract

ICP27 is an essential herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) regulatory protein that enhances viral gene expression. Although it is predominantly nuclear, it shuttles to the cytoplasm during infection using an N-terminal nuclear export signal (NES). We previously engineered an NES-negative ICP27 mutant, dLeu, that replicates poorly in cultured cells. In this study, we isolated dLeuR, a growth-competent revertant of dLeu. We show that dLeuR possesses one or more extragenic mutations that enhance ICP27 transcription, leading to overexpression of the mutant protein and restoration of viral growth. This work provides evidence of a novel pathway regulating transcription of the ICP27 gene.

Published
2011

29. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 ICP27 Regulates Expression of a Variant, Secreted Form of Glycoprotein C by an Intron Retention Mechanism▿

Author

Vicky L. van Santen, Stephen A. Rice, Keith D. Perkins, Lenka Sedlackova, Joy Lengyel, and Anna K. Strain

Subjects
Gene Expression Regulation, Viral, viruses, RNA Splicing, Immunology, Herpesvirus 1, Human, Biology, Viral Nonstructural Proteins, medicine.disease_cause, Microbiology, Cell Line, Immediate-Early Proteins, Transactivation, Viral Envelope Proteins, Virology, Chlorocebus aethiops, medicine, Animals, Humans, RNA, Messenger, Gene, chemistry.chemical_classification, Messenger RNA, Intron, Molecular biology, Genome Replication and Regulation of Viral Gene Expression, Herpesvirus 4, Bovine, Transmembrane domain, Herpes simplex virus, chemistry, Insect Science, RNA splicing, Trans-Activators, RNA, Viral, Glycoprotein
Abstract

We previously showed that herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) immediate-early (IE) protein ICP27 can posttranscriptionally stimulate mRNA accumulation from a transfected viral late gene encoding glycoprotein C (gC) (K. D. Perkins, J. Gregonis, S. Borge, and S. A. Rice, J. Virol. 77:9872-9884, 2003). We began this study by asking whether ICP27 homologs from other herpesviruses can also mediate this activity. Although the homologs from varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) were inactive, the homolog from bovine herpesvirus 4 (BHV-4), termed HORF1/2, was a very efficient transactivator. Surprisingly, most of the mRNA produced via HORF1/2 transactivation was 225 nucleotides shorter than expected due to the removal of a previously undescribed intron from the gC transcript. We found that the gC mRNA produced in the absence of transactivation was also mostly spliced. In contrast, gC mRNA produced by ICP27 transactivation was predominantly unspliced. Based on these results, we conclude that ICP27 has two distinct effects on the transfected gC gene: it (i) stimulates mRNA accumulation and (ii) promotes the retention of an intron. Interestingly, the spliced transcript encodes a variant of gC that lacks its transmembrane domain and is secreted from transfected cells. As the gC splicing signals are conserved among several HSV-1 strains, we investigated whether the variant gC is expressed during viral infection. We report here that both the spliced transcript and its encoded protein are readily detected in Vero cells infected with three different laboratory strains of wild-type HSV-1. Moreover, the variant gC is efficiently secreted from infected cells. We have designated this alternate form of the protein as gCsec. As the extracellular domain of gC is known to bind heparan sulfate-containing proteoglycans and to inhibit the complement cascade via an interaction with complement component C3b, we speculate that gCsec could function as a secreted virulence factor.

Published
2008

30. ICP27-dependent resistance of herpes simplex virus type 1 to leptomycin B is associated with enhanced nuclear localization of ICP4 and ICP0

Author

Keith D. Perkins, Anna K. Strain, Joy Lengyel, and Stephen A. Rice

Subjects
ICP27, Cytoplasm, Genes, Viral, Nuclear export, viruses, Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases, Resistance, Mutant, Active Transport, Cell Nucleus, Herpesvirus 1, Human, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Transfection, Cell Line, Immediate-Early Proteins, 03 medical and health sciences, Mice, Virology, Chlorocebus aethiops, Drug Resistance, Viral, medicine, Animals, Humans, Point Mutation, Nuclear export signal, Vero Cells, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, Mutation, Leptomycin B, Point mutation, 030302 biochemistry & molecular biology, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, Recombinant Proteins, 3. Good health, Cell biology, Herpes simplex virus, ICP4, Biochemistry, Amino Acid Substitution, Cell culture, Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), ICP0, Fatty Acids, Unsaturated, Nuclear localization sequence
Abstract

It was previously shown that herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is sensitive to leptomycin B (LMB), an inhibitor of nuclear export factor CRM1, and that a single methionine to threonine change at residue 50 (M50T) of viral immediate–early (IE) protein ICP27 can confer LMB resistance. In this work, we show that deletion of residues 21–63 from ICP27 can also confer LMB resistance. We further show that neither the M50T mutation nor the presence of LMB affects the nuclear shuttling activity of ICP27, suggesting that another function of ICP27 determines LMB resistance. A possible clue to this function emerged when it was discovered that LMB treatment of HSV-1-infected cells dramatically enhances the cytoplasmic accumulation of two other IE proteins, ICP0 and ICP4. This effect is completely dependent on ICP27 and is reversed in cells infected with LMB-resistant mutants. Moreover, LMB-resistant mutations in ICP27 enhance the nuclear localization of ICP0 and ICP4 even in the absence of LMB, and this effect can be discerned in transfected cells. Thus, the same amino (N)-terminal region of ICP27 that determines sensitivity to LMB also enhances ICP27's previously documented ability to promote the cytoplasmic accumulation of ICP4 and ICP0. We speculate that ICP27's effects on ICP4 and ICP0 may contribute to HSV-1 LMB sensitivity.

Published
2006

31. The epidermal growth factor receptor is required to maintain the proliferative population in the basal compartment of epidermal tumors

Author

L A, Hansen, R L, Woodson, S, Holbus, K, Strain, Y C, Lo, and S H, Yuspa

Subjects
Keratinocytes, Mice, Knockout, Fibroblast Growth Factor 7, Skin Neoplasms, Papilloma, Cell Cycle, S Phase, ErbB Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factors, Mice, Cell Transformation, Neoplastic, Genes, ras, Animals, Newborn, Animals, Growth Substances, Fibroblast Growth Factor 10
Abstract

Previous studies using keratinocytes from epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-deficient mice revealed that the EGFR is not required for papilloma formation initiated by a mutant rasHa gene, although the tumors that develop are very small (A. A. Dlugosz et aL, Cancer Res., 57: 3180-3188, 1997). The current study used a combination of bromodeoxyuridine pulse-chase, proliferating cell nuclear antigen distribution, and differentiation marker analysis to reveal the following: (a) the EGFR was required to maintain the proliferative population in the basal cell compartment of papillomas; (b) in the absence of EGFR, cycling tumor cells migrated into the suprabasal compartment and initiated the differentiation program prematurely; and (c) these changes were associated with cell cycle arrest. Further analysis of v-rasHa-transformed EGFR-deficient keratinocytes in vitro indicated that such cells migrated more on and attached less to extracellular matrix components. Together, these studies reveal that an essential function for the EGFR pathway in squamous tumors is to maintain a proliferative pool of basal cells and prevent premature terminal differentiation.

Published
2000

32. Hrk1 Plays Both Hog1-Dependent and -Independent Roles in Controlling Stress Response and Antifungal Drug Resistance in Cryptococcus neoformans

Author

Young Joon Ko, Anna K. Strain, Kwang Woo Jung, Seo Young Kim, Kirsten Nielsen, and Yong Sun Bahn

Subjects
Spores, Glycerol, Fungal Structure, Antifungal Agents, Fungal Physiology, Mutant, Gene Identification and Analysis, Antifungal drug, lcsh:Medicine, Pathogenesis, Cell morphology, Virulence factor, Fungal Reproduction, Mycosis Infections, lcsh:Science, Fungal Biochemistry, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, Virulence, biology, Fungal Diseases, Drug Resistance, Microbial, Cryptococcosis, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, Medicine, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, Research Article, Molecular Sequence Data, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Mycology, Microbiology, Mycosis, Molecular Genetics, Systemic Mycoses, 03 medical and health sciences, Osmotic Pressure, Genetics, Animals, Gene Regulation, Amino Acid Sequence, Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins, Biology, 030304 developmental biology, Cryptococcus neoformans, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, 030306 microbiology, lcsh:R, Fungi, biology.organism_classification, Yeast, Oxidative Stress, Gene Expression Regulation, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, lcsh:Q
Abstract

The HOG (High Osmolarity Glycerol response) pathway plays a central role in controlling stress response, ergosterol biosynthesis, virulence factor production, and differentiation of Cryptococcus neoformans, which causes fatal fungal meningoencephalitis. Recent transcriptome analysis of the HOG pathway discovered a Hog1-regulated gene (CNAG_00130.2), encoding a putative protein kinase orthologous to Rck1/2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Srk1 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Its function is not known in C. neoformans. The present study functionally characterized the role of Hrk1 in C. neoformans. Northern blot analysis confirmed that HRK1 expression depends on the Hog1 MAPK. Similar to the hog1Δ mutant, the hrk1Δ mutant exhibited almost complete resistance to fludioxonil, which triggers glycerol biosynthesis via the HOG pathway. Supporting this, the hrk1Δ mutant showed reduced intracellular glycerol accumulation and swollen cell morphology in response to fludioxonil, further suggesting that Hrk1 works downstream of the HOG pathway. However, Hrk1 also appeared to have Hog1-independent functions. Mutation of HRK1 not only further increased osmosensitivity of the hog1Δ mutant, but also suppressed increased azole-resistance of the hog1Δ mutant in an Erg11-independent manner. Furthermore, unlike the hog1Δ mutant, Hrk1 was not involved in capsule biosynthesis. Hrk1 was slightly involved in melanin production but dispensable for virulence of C. neoformans. These findings suggest that Hrk1 plays both Hog1-dependent and -independent roles in stress and antifungal drug susceptibility and virulence factor production in C. neoformans. Particularly, the finding that inhibition of Hrk1 substantially increases azole drug susceptibility provides a novel strategy for combination antifungal therapy.

Published
2011
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34. FLIM-FRET Measurements of Voltage Dependent Conformational Changes in the Outer Hair Cell Motor Protein Prestin

Author

Shinji K. Strain, Guillame Duret, Robert M. Raphael, and Chance Mooney

Subjects
Membrane potential, 0303 health sciences, Conformational change, Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy, biology, Chemistry, Biophysics, 7. Clean energy, Photobleaching, Motor protein, 03 medical and health sciences, Crystallography, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine.anatomical_structure, Förster resonance energy transfer, medicine, biology.protein, Hair cell, sense organs, Prestin, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract

Cochlear sensory cells, outer hairs cells (OHCs), elongate and contract in response to changes in transmembrane potential. This electromotility is important for auditory frequency selectivity and sensitivity and is believed to be driven by a motor protein, prestin, which is highly expressed within the membrane of OHCs. Experiments have shown that prestin undergoes self-association leading to the observation that oligomerization might be important for proper function. We have previously utilized acceptor photobleach fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) to study pretin-prestin interactions in living cells. However, traditional FRET, based upon detection of fluorescence intensity, is inherently subjected to artifacts that arise from variations in excitation intensity, photobleaching, and fluorophore concentration. We have recently implemented fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) to perform robust FLIM-FRET measurements in HEK cells cotransfected with prestin-TFP and prestin-YFP. FRET efficiency was calculated by fitting the lifetime decay of prestin-TFP in cells clamped at various holding potentials. High FRET efficiencies were measured at hyperpolarized potentials, and low FRET efficiencies were measured at depolarized. The results indicated that changes in the transmembrane potential induce a conformational change in prestin that can be detected by FLIM-FRET. Thus, FLIM-FRET can provide a sensitive assay for the mechanical correlate of prestin function.

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35. Upper limit to the transverse to longitudinal motion coupling of a waveguide mirror.

Author

S Leavey, B W Barr, A S Bell, N Gordon, C Gräf, S Hild, S H Huttner, E-B Kley, S Kroker, J Macarthur, C Messenger, M Pitkin, B Sorazu, K Strain, and A Tünnermann

Subjects
WAVEGUIDES, NANOSTRUCTURED materials, INTERFEROMETRY, PHASE noise, INTERNAL reflection spectroscopy
Abstract

Waveguide mirrors (WGMs) possess nano-structured surfaces which can potentially provide a significant reduction in thermal noise over conventional dielectric mirrors. To avoid introducing additional phase noise from the motion of the mirror transverse to the reflected light, however, they must possess a mechanism to suppress the phase effects associated with the incident light translating across the nano-structured surface. It has been shown that with carefully chosen parameters this additional phase noise can be suppressed. We present an experimental measurement of the coupling of transverse to longitudinal displacements in such a WGM designed for 1064 nm light. We place an upper limit on the level of measured transverse to longitudinal coupling of one part in seventeen thousand with 95% confidence, representing a significant improvement over a previously measured grating mirror. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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36. Scientific objectives of Einstein Telescope

Author

V. Fafone, C. Kant Mishra, M. Doets, A. Cumming, M. Lorenzini, Tjonnie G. F. Li, B. Lagrange, M. R. Abernathy, J. H. Hough, Roman Schnabel, Michael Britzger, F. Brueckner, J. F. J. van den Brand, Martin Hendry, Adam Woodcraft, K. V. Tokmakov, Valeria Ferrari, J. Franc, Graham Woan, F. Richard, N. Beveridge, Bernard F. Schutz, A. Morgia, M. van Veggel, G. D. Hammond, C. Graef, Sascha Husa, Alberto Vecchio, S. Chelkowski, Ian Hawke, E. Chassande-Mottin, Kostas Glampedakis, Frédérique Marion, Rosa Poggiani, N. Lastzka, Sheila Rowan, Lucía Santamaría, R. O'. Shaughnessy, Paul Fulda, P. Weßels, B. Mours, Moritz Mehmet, D. J. A. McKechan, A. Colla, Henning Vahlbruch, Alicia M. Sintes, Benno Willke, Badri Krishnan, Hartmut Grote, Ronny Nawrodt, F. Y. Khalili, G. Losurdo, Mauro Tonelli, Loriano Storchi, C. Palomba, E. Genin, S. Van Der Putten, Fumiko Kawazoe, Christian D. Ott, K. Haughian, Tania Regimbau, H. Rehbein, S. P. Vyatchanin, S. L. Danilishin, Ilya Mandel, Ettore Majorana, Ik Siong Heng, Stefanie Kroker, C. Robinson, Paolo Falferi, M. Galimberti, D. Passuello, Y. Minenkov, M. Barsuglia, Benjamin William Allen, Karsten Danzmann, John Nelson, Riccardo Bassiri, S. Braccini, S. Reid, Bangalore Suryanarayana Sathyaprakash, G. M. Guidi, R. Vaccarone, Giancarlo Cella, Carlos F. Sopuerta, L. Moscatelli, C. Van Den Broeck, Mark Beker, V. Re, H. J. Bulten, P. G. Murray, A. Gennai, A. Pasqualetti, L. Naticchioni, G. Parguez, Kostas D. Kokkotas, Jonathan R. Gair, Jan Harms, Leor Barack, Pau Amaro-Seoane, C. N. Colacino, E. Chalkley, Kazuaki Kuroda, J. Dueck, L. Di Fiore, E. J. Daw, M. Punturo, E. Hennes, Daniel Friedrich, P. J. Sutton, R. Passaquieti, E. Coccia, M. A. Bizouard, Federico Ferrini, A. Viceré, A. Giazotto, Aiko Samblowski, B. Kley, Christine Michel, P. Ajith, Benjamin Taylor, G. A. Prodi, R. Flaminio, A. Rocchi, P. Astone, F. Vetrano, M. Di Paolo Emilio, F. Piergiovanni, Angela Delli Paoli, Rajesh Kumar, Massimo Bassan, P. Puppo, Craig A. Bond, L. Cunningham, J. M. Hallam, S. Márka, Kenneth A. Strain, C. Schwarz, F. Fidecaro, Nils Andersson, K. G. Arun, H. Lück, A. Thürin, B. Sorazu, Paul Campsie, Wolfango Plastino, Andrea Chincarini, John K. Scott, I. W. Martin, D. Heinert, F. Ricci, W. Del Pozzo, E. Cuoco, Vuk Mandic, M. V. Plissi, L. Bosi, S. E. Strigin, H. Tournefier, A. Corsi, Patricia Schmidt, Fiona C. Speirits, Benoit Sassolas, R. De Salvo, S. Mosca, John Veitch, Francesco Marin, S. H. Huttner, P. Popolizio, Laurent Pinard, Helge Müller-Ebhardt, Stefan Hild, Suvadeep Bose, R. Gouaty, Sofiane Aoudia, Enrico Calloni, G. T. Jones, P. Rapagnani, Andreas Freise, Kazuhiro Yamamoto, James S. Clark, Mirko Prato, J. Colas, M. Edwards, Matthew Pitkin, W. Graham, F. Frasconi, D. Mc. Leod, M. Granata, D. S. Rabeling, I. Kamaretsos, István Rácz, Jocelyn Read, R. Schilling, Rocco Romano, M. Perciballi, A. Di. Cintio, Marc Favata, J. Marque, L. Carbone, Tomasz Bulik, W. Winkler, V. Malvezzi, N. Morgado, Fabrizio Barone, T. Dent, R. De Rosa, Fausto Acernese, Kentaro Somiya, C. Bradaschia, D. I. Jones, Stephen Fairhurst, Edward K. Porter, B. Barr, Bala R. Iyer, A. Rüdiger, Oliver Burmeister, Gianluca Gemme, S. P. Tarabrin, Paul Seidel, Keiko Kokeyama, D. Huet, A. Dietz, Mark Hannam, S. Gossan, A. Di Virgilio, Astrophysique Relativiste Théories Expériences Métrologie Instrumentation Signaux (ARTEMIS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA), (Astro)-Particles Physics, Mathematical Analysis, Sathyaprakash, B, Abernathy, M, Acernese, F, Ajith, P, Allen, B, Amaro Seoane, P, Andersson, N, Aoudia, S, Arun, K, Astone, P, Krishnan, B, Barack, L, Barone, F, Barr, B, Barsuglia, M, Bassan, M, Bassiri, R, Beker, M, Beveridge, N, Bizouard, M, Bond, C, Bose, S, Bosi, L, Braccini, S, Bradaschia, C, Britzger, M, Brueckner, F, Bulik, T, Bulten, Hj, Burmeister, O, Calloni, E, Campsie, P, Carbone, L, Cella, G, Chalkley, E, Chassande Mottin, E, Chelkowski, S, Chincarini, A, Cintio, Ad, Clark, J, Coccia, E, Colacino, Cn, Colas, J, Colla, A, Corsi, A, Cumming, A, Cunningham, L, Cuoco, E, Danilishin, S, Danzmann, K, Daw, E, De Salvo, R, Pozzo, Wd, Dent, T, De Rosa, R, Fiore, Ld, Emilio, Mdp, Virgilio, Ad, Dietz, A, Doets, M, Dueck, J, Edwards, M, Fafone, V, Fairhurst, S, Falferi, P, Favata, M, Ferrari, V, Ferrini, F, Fidecaro, F, Flaminio, R, Franc, J, Frasconi, F, Freise, A, Friedrich, D, Fulda, P, Gair, J, Galimberti, M, Gemme, G, Genin, E, Gennai, A, Giazotto, A, Glampedakis, K, Gossan, S, Gouaty, R, Graef, C, Graham, W, Granata, M, Grote, H, Guidi, G, Hallam, J, Hammond, G, Hannam, M, Harms, J, Haughian, K, Hawke, I, Heinert, D, Hendry, M, Heng, I, Hennes, E, Hild, S, Hough, J, Huet, D, Husa, S, Huttner, S, Iyer, B, Jones, Di, Jones, G, Kamaretsos, I, Mishra, Ck, Kawazoe, F, Khalili, F, Kley, B, Kokeyama, K, Kokkotas, K, Kroker, S, Kumar, R, Kuroda, K, Lagrange, B, Lastzka, N, Li, Tgf, Lorenzini, M, Losurdo, G, Lück, H, Majorana, E, Malvezzi, V, Mandel, I, Mandic, V, Marka, S, Marin, F, Marion, F, Marque, J, Martin, I, Leod, Dm, Mckechan, D, Mehmet, M, Michel, C, Minenkov, Y, Morgado, N, Morgia, A, Mosca, S, Moscatelli, L, Mours, B, Müller Ebhardt, H, Murray, P, Naticchioni, L, Nawrodt, R, Nelson, J, Shaughnessy, Ro, Ott, Cd, Palomba, C, Paoli, A, Parguez, G, Pasqualetti, A, Passaquieti, R, Passuello, D, Perciballi, M, Piergiovanni, F, Pinard, L, Pitkin, M, Plastino, Wolfango, Plissi, M, Poggiani, R, Popolizio, P, Porter, E, Prato, M, Prodi, G, Punturo, M, Puppo, P, Rabeling, D, Racz, I, Rapagnani, P, Re, V, Read, J, Regimbau, T, Rehbein, H, Reid, S, Ricci, F, Richard, F, Robinson, C, Rocchi, A, Romano, R, Rowan, S, Rüdiger, A, Samblowski, A, Santamaría, L, Sassolas, B, Schilling, R, Schmidt, P, Schnabel, R, Schutz, B, Schwarz, C, Scott, J, Seidel, P, Sintes, Am, Somiya, K, Sopuerta, Cf, Sorazu, B, Speirits, F, Storchi, L, Strain, K, Strigin, S, Sutton, P, Tarabrin, S, Taylor, B, Thürin, A, Tokmakov, K, Tonelli, M, Tournefier, H, Vaccarone, R, Vahlbruch, H, Van Den Brand, Jfj, Van Den Broeck, C, Van Der Putten, S, Van Veggel, M, Vecchio, A, Veitch, J, Vetrano, F, Vicere, A, Vyatchanin, S, Weels, P, Willke, B, Winkler, W, Woan, G, Woodcraft, A, Yamamoto, K., B., Sathyaprakash, M., Abernathy, F., Acernese, P., Ajith, B., Allen, P., Amaro Seoane, N., Andersson, S., Aoudia, K., Arun, P., Astone, B., Krishnan, L., Barack, F., Barone, B., Barr, M., Barsuglia, M., Bassan, R., Bassiri, M., Beker, N., Beveridge, M., Bizouard, C., Bond, S., Bose, L., Bosi, S., Braccini, C., Bradaschia, M., Britzger, F., Brueckner, T., Bulik, H. 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I., Jone, G., Jone, I., Kamaretso, C., Kant Mishra, F., Kawazoe, F., Khalili, B., Kley, K., Kokeyama, K., Kokkota, S., Kroker, R., Kumar, K., Kuroda, B., Lagrange, N., Lastzka, T. G. F., Li, M., Lorenzini, G., Losurdo, H., Lück, E., Majorana, V., Malvezzi, I., Mandel, V., Mandic, S., Marka, F., Marin, F., Marion, J., Marque, I., Martin, D., Mc Leod, D., Mckechan, M., Mehmet, C., Michel, Y., Minenkov, N., Morgado, A., Morgia, S., Mosca, L., Moscatelli, B., Mour, H., Müller Ebhardt, P., Murray, L., Naticchioni, R., Nawrodt, J., Nelson, R., O’ Shaughnessy, C. D., Ott, C., Palomba, A., Paoli, G., Parguez, A., Pasqualetti, R., Passaquieti, D., Passuello, M., Perciballi, F., Piergiovanni, L., Pinard, M., Pitkin, W., Plastino, M., Plissi, R., Poggiani, P., Popolizio, E., Porter, M., Prato, G., Prodi, M., Punturo, P., Puppo, D., Rabeling, I., Racz, P., Rapagnani, V., Re, J., Read, T., Regimbau, H., Rehbein, S., Reid, F., Ricci, F., Richard, C., Robinson, A., Rocchi, R., Romano, S., Rowan, A., Rüdiger, A., Samblowski, L., Santamaría, B., Sassola, R., Schilling, P., Schmidt, R., Schnabel, B., Schutz, C., Schwarz, J., Scott, P., Seidel, A. M., Sinte, K., Somiya, C. F., Sopuerta, B., Sorazu, F., Speirit, L., Storchi, K., Strain, S., Strigin, P., Sutton, S., Tarabrin, B., Taylor, A., Thürin, K., Tokmakov, M., Tonelli, H., Tournefier, R., Vaccarone, H., Vahlbruch, J. F. J., van den Brand, C., Van Den Broeck, S., van der Putten, M., van Veggel, A., Vecchio, J., Veitch, F., Vetrano, A., Vicere, S., Vyatchanin, P., Weßel, B., Willke, W., Winkler, G., Woan, A., Woodcraft, K., Yamamoto, AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des matériaux avancés (LMA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur (OCA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), APC - Cosmologie, Physique Corpusculaire et Cosmologie - Collège de France (PCC), Collège de France (CdF)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Collège de France (CdF)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), APC - Gravitation (APC-Gravitation), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik ( Albert-Einstein-Institut ) (AEI), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP/Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), [SDU.ASTR.CO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Interferometers, Gravitational waves detectors and experiments, Observatories and site testing, GRAVITATIONAL-WAVE OBSERVATIONS, FOS: Physical sciences, GAMMA-RAY BURSTS, BLACK-HOLE, PHYSICS, INTERMEDIATE, BINARIES, TAILS, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), onde gravitazionali, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Cosmology, [PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], Observational astronomy, Settore FIS/05 - Astronomia e Astrofisica, antenne gravitazionali iterferometriche, gravitazione, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Physics, Detection of gravitational waves, Einstein Telescope, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Detector, Settore FIS/01 - Fisica Sperimentale, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy, Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, BINARY, Interferometry, Fundamental physics, [PHYS.GRQC]Physics [physics]/General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology [gr-qc], [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

The advanced interferometer network will herald a new era in observational astronomy. There is a very strong science case to go beyond the advanced detector network and build detectors that operate in a frequency range from 1 Hz-10 kHz, with sensitivity a factor ten better in amplitude. Such detectors will be able to probe a range of topics in nuclear physics, astronomy, cosmology and fundamental physics, providing insights into many unsolved problems in these areas., 18 pages, 4 figures, Plenary talk given at Amaldi Meeting, July 2011

Published
2012
Full Text
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37. Publisher's Note: Search for gravitational waves from compact binary coalescence in LIGO and Virgo data from S5 and VSR1 (vol 82, 102001, 2010)

Author

R. Engel, P. Wei, V. Dattilo, Stefan Hild, Jenny Nelson, M. Pietka, N. Letendre, J. Dueck, A. Brillet, Yasushi Mino, F. Garufi, C. Aulbert, R. Cavalieri, Mirko Prato, F. Robinet, Sunil Susmithan, D. Hammer, G. Santostasi, F. Seifert, Liam Cunningham, S. R. P. Mohapatra, B. Behnke, G. McIvor, Tenglin Li, Stefan Goßler, I. Kowalska, V. Fafone, A. L. Stuver, Jordi Burguet-Castell, E. Chalkley, N. D. Smith, James Taylor, L. Pinard, J. B. Kanner, E. Tournefier, N. Beveridge, M. Blom, Walter Winkler, D. Barker, T. Accadia, Badri Krishnan, J. R. Leong, C. Greverie, A. E. Villar, Robert Stone, A. Grant, Nergis Mavalvala, Jerome Degallaix, A. Stroeer, S. Grunewald, A. Giazotto, P. Shawhan, I. Ferrante, V. V. Frolov, V. Moscatelli, T. Krause, Duncan A. Brown, David H. Shoemaker, Holger J. Pletsch, D. Verkindt, R. Amin, P. G. Murray, J. H. Hough, B. Bouhou, G. Vajente, Ruxandra Bondarescu, G. Mendell, J.-P. Coulon, Z. Frei, J.-D. Fournier, Karel E. Urbanek, Harald Lück, D. O. Bridges, M. Britzger, S. C. McGuire, D. J. A. McKechan, J. Li, N. Morgado, S. Roddy, Jacob Slutsky, G. Kuehn, C. M. Mow-Lowry, G. P. Newton, M. Fyffe, Gabriela Gonzalez, Amanda J. Page, J. M. Hallam, A. Di Virgilio, Albrecht Rüdiger, Douglas R. Cook, Michele Zanolin, V. Kalogera, G. D. Hammond, Seiji Kawamura, Jordan Camp, D. Feldbaum, S. Saraf, T. Regimbau, C. I. Torrie, D. R. Ingram, Phil Willems, M. Sakosky, J. C. Dumas, Albert Lazzarini, P. Charlton, Peter Hall, P. Lu, O. Burmeister, V. Kringel, J. Heefner, T. Etzel, L. Bonelli, Imre Bartos, V. Quetschke, Bangalore Suryanarayana Sathyaprakash, E. Black, R. Bork, Roman Schnabel, A. A. van Veggel, Efim A. Khazanov, I. Fiori, Ilya Mandel, Alberto Vecchio, I. Maksimovic, J. Marque, D. Hoyland, B. F. Whiting, S. Dorsher, B. J. J. Slagmolen, T. Meier, L. Sperandio, S. Barnum, Eric Thrane, T. Westphal, H. Müller-Ebhardt, M. V. Plissi, Kip S. Thorne, T. Chalermsongsak, Alessandro Bertolini, J. C. Driggers, T. Reed, A. Stochino, V. P. 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Subjects
Coalescence (physics), Gravitation, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Interferometry, Detection of gravitational waves, Gravitational wave, Binary number, Astronomy, Astrophysics, GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries), Cosmology, LIGO
Abstract

This paper was published online on 5 November 2010 with an omission in the Collaboration author list. S. Dwyer has been added as of 12 April 2012. The Collaboration author list is incorrect in the printed version of the journal

Published
2012

38. Publisher's Note: Search for gravitational waves from binary black hole inspiral, merger, and ringdown (vol 83, 122005, 2011)

Author

Atsushi J. Nishizawa, L. Wallace, A. Królak, R. Frey, H. J. Bulten, G. McIntyre, C. T. Y. Chung, B. Shapiro, S. S. Y. Chua, Subramanian Krishnamurthy, Roberto Conte, D. S. Rabeling, Julien Moreau, A. G. Wiseman, D. C. Coyne, I. M. Pinto, A. Morgia, M. A. Arain, Scott Koranda, D. Friedrich, L. Matone, A. Sibley, Fabrizio Barone, R. S. Ottens, Rocco Romano, John D. Scott, L. Turner, M. Yvert, David Jones, J. Garofoli, J. Betzwieser, P. Puppo, L. Rolland, M. Mohan, D. L. Kinzel, N. Man, R. A. Mercer, Marco Aurelio Diaz, Marco Cavaglia, A. Gennai, V. Predoi, Virginio Sannibale, David E. McClelland, H. Overmier, D. H. Reitze, E. Cesarini, Ettore Majorana, P. Ehrens, K. A. Strain, K. Haughian, Ronny Nawrodt, S. B. Anderson, Thomas Nash, A. W. Heptonstall, Peter R. Saulson, N. Beveridge, M. Blom, Walter Winkler, D. Sellers, S. Birindelli, Harald Lück, M. Bitossi, K. Wette, D. Talukder, I. W. Harry, R. Gouaty, K. A. Hodge, M. Britzger, I. Gholami, S. C. McGuire, D. J. A. McKechan, Matthew P. Edgar, K. Tseng, S. Wen, R. M. Culter, Jesper Munch, D. Buskulic, M. A. Frei, S. Braccini, Ilya Mandel, I. Maksimovic, J. Marque, R. Abbott, Ruslan Vaulin, C. M. Mow–Lowry, Richard A. Matzner, Simon Chelkowski, Riccardo Sturani, C. Adams, D. Sigg, S. W. Ballmer, Sanichiro Yoshida, P. T. Beyersdorf, Graham Woan, Robert L. Byer, Stuart Reid, P. Campsie, Fausto Acernese, D. Hoak, R. Grosso, D. Sentenac, Patrick Brady, G. Moreno, J. Breyer, C. Gray, G. H. Ogin, M. Mantovani, M. R. Smith, A. S. Sengupta, T. Ballinger, M. Sung, D. Barker, M. Pedraza, M. Born, K. Mailand, M. Pietka, P. Thomas, F. Paoletti, S. Sakata, F. Cleva, D. Fazi, Antonio Lucianetti, G. Pagliaroli, Kentaro Somiya, R. Mittleman, B. Behnke, G. M. Harry, Ewan S. Douglas, Fabio Marchesoni, P. Hello, B. O'Reilly, F. Garufi, Maria Alessandra Papa, F. Cavalier, G. McIvor, N. Morgado, M. Rakhmanov, S. Roddy, S. H. Huttner, Benno Willke, Nelson Christensen, K. Flasch, A. L. Stuver, P. Ruggi, Miquel Trias, F. Carbognani, L. M. Goggin, Seiji Kawamura, D. Atkinson, M. Pichot, Reinhard Prix, Elizabeth Harstad, M. J. Lubinski, I. Di Palma, M. Di Paolo Emilio, Sunil Susmithan, Collin Capano, Chad Forrest, A. M. Sintes, M. E. Gáspár, E. Chalkley, C. Mak, M. Aronsson, Yi Pan, Michael Boyle, Alessandra Buonanno, Lee Samuel Finn, E. Katsavounidis, G. Vedovato, D. B. Kozak, Robert Stone, James Taylor, Andrew Melatos, M. Lorenzini, A. Masserot, Peter Fritschel, O. Puncken, C. Vorvick, Joseph D. Romano, Edward L. Robinson, T. Accadia, F. Travasso, A. Giazotto, J. Birch, A. Rocchi, Li Ju, C. N. Colacino, A. Mullavey, D. Passuello, K. C. Cannon, Kazuhiro Yamamoto, J. Franc, Richard O'Shaughnessy, B. Barr, P. Shawhan, H. Radkins, A. Di Virgilio, I. Ferrante, S. Barnum, Rajesh Kumar, Vladimir B. Braginsky, Theodore A. Evans, S. Foley, A. Effler, Maik Frede, M. Galimberti, A. Perreca, D. Hammer, G. Santostasi, G. Gemme, M. Drago, F. Seifert, J. Luan, Albrecht Rüdiger, Holger J. Pletsch, D. Verkindt, R. Amin, Badri Krishnan, Daniel A. Shaddock, S. P. Vyachanin, J. Hanson, Guenakh Mitselmakher, S. Babak, H. Yamamoto, Liam Cunningham, Jacob Slutsky, T. Westphal, P. Charlton, Peter Hall, G. Kuehn, A. M. Sergeev, M. Brinkmann, H. Vahlbruch, Benjamin Canuel, D. Huet, A. Cumming, K. Riles, H. Müller-Ebhardt, M. V. Plissi, J. Y. Vinet, C. Pankow, P. Lu, O. Burmeister, V. Kringel, S. Kandhasamy, B. Sorazu, C. Messenger, A. C. Searle, P. Schwinberg, Paul T. Baker, N. Fotopoulos, P. J. Veitch, F. Marion, A. Thüring, David Coward, S. R. P. Mohapatra, Mikhail L. Gorodetsky, E. Forsi, Christian Röver, R. Bonnand, L. C. Stein, V. V. Frolov, V. Moscatelli, Igor Neri, W. G. Anderson, G. Cella, A. Khalaidovski, Matthew West, Lutz Winkelmann, N. Leroy, M. Pareja, Tomasz Bulik, M. Benacquista, N. Letendre, A. C. Melissinos, Guido Mueller, J. Dueck, John K. Cannizzo, C. Aulbert, R. Cavalieri, G. Billingsley, M. Weinert, Maria Ilaria Del Principe, F. Fidecaro, François Bondu, G. M. Guidi, G. D. Meadors, Riccardo Bassiri, G. Debreczeni, David J. Ottaway, John Veitch, Enrico Calloni, G. Traylor, Thomas Corbitt, Damon A. Clark, C. A. Costa, E. Genin, Hartmut Grote, G. Losurdo, Andrea Chincarini, T. Z. Summerscales, A. Pasqualetti, J. C. Dumas, K. Das, Albert Lazzarini, E. Campagna, J. R. Leong, V. Raymond, C. Titsler, B. P. Abbott, P. Leaci, A. Colla, E. K. Gustafson, K. Mors, R. Riesen, G. S. Allen, Roland Schilling, Eiichi Hirose, G. Cagnoli, E. Maros, Colin Robinson, Alberto Vecchio, I. Leonor, D. Nolting, R. J. S. Greenhalgh, Gavin Davies, T. Krause, E. Tournefier, S. Vass, B. L. Swinkels, L. Prokhorov, H. Fehrmann, M. MacInnis, J. Abadie, A. J. Stein, S. Caudill, Laura Cadonati, Bastian Schulz, P. Rapagnani, Robert J. Budzyński, Neil J. Cornish, Alessandra Corsi, D. Hoyland, F. Martelli, P. E. Lindquist, B. F. Whiting, S. Dorsher, P. Devanka, N. D. Smith, N. A. Lockerbie, Fabrice Matichard, Piotr Jaranowski, Duncan A. Brown, J. Bauchrowitz, A. M. Gretarsson, M. A. 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Subjects
Physics, Detection of gravitational wave, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Neutron star, Interferometry, Binary black hole, Gravitational wave, Astrophysics
Published
2012
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39. Publisher’s Note: All-sky search for gravitational-wave bursts in the first joint LIGO-GEO-Virgo run [Phys. Rev. D 81, 102001 (2010)]

Author

J. Abadie, B. P. Abbott, R. Abbott, T. Accadia, F. Acernese, R. Adhikari, P. Ajith, B. Allen, G. Allen, E. Amador Ceron, R. S. Amin, S. B. Anderson, W. G. Anderson, F. Antonucci, M. A. Arain, M. Araya, K. G. Arun, Y. Aso, S. Aston, P. Astone, P. Aufmuth, C. Aulbert, S. Babak, P. Baker, G. Ballardin, S. Ballmer, D. Barker, F. Barone, B. Barr, P. Barriga, L. Barsotti, M. Barsuglia, M. A. Barton, I. Bartos, R. Bassiri, M. Bastarrika, Th. S. Bauer, B. Behnke, M. G. Beker, A. Belletoile, M. Benacquista, J. Betzwieser, P. T. Beyersdorf, S. Bigotta, I. A. Bilenko, G. Billingsley, S. Birindelli, R. Biswas, M. A. Bizouard, E. Black, J. K. Blackburn, L. Blackburn, D. Blair, B. Bland, M. Blom, C. Boccara, O. Bock, T. P. Bodiya, R. Bondarescu, F. Bondu, L. Bonelli, R. Bonnand, R. Bork, M. Born, S. Bose, L. Bosi, B. Bouhou, S. Braccini, C. Bradaschia, P. R. Brady, V. B. Braginsky, J. E. Brau, J. Breyer, D. O. Bridges, A. Brillet, M. Brinkmann, V. Brisson, M. Britzger, A. F. Brooks, D. A. Brown, R. Budzyński, T. Bulik, A. Bullington, H. J. Bulten, A. Buonanno, O. Burmeister, D. Buskulic, C. Buy, R. L. Byer, L. Cadonati, G. Cagnoli, J. Cain, E. Calloni, J. B. Camp, E. Campagna, J. Cannizzo, K. C. Cannon, B. Canuel, J. Cao, C. D. Capano, F. Carbognani, L. Cardenas, S. Caudill, M. Cavaglià, F. Cavalier, R. Cavalieri, G. Cella, C. Cepeda, E. Cesarini, T. Chalermsongsak, E. Chalkley, P. Charlton, E. Chassande-Mottin, S. Chatterji, S. Chelkowski, Y. Chen, A. Chincarini, N. Christensen, S. S. Y. Chua, C. T. Y. Chung, D. Clark, J. Clark, J. H. Clayton, F. Cleva, E. Coccia, C. N. Colacino, J. Colas, A. Colla, M. Colombini, R. Conte, D. Cook, T. R. C. Corbitt, N. Cornish, A. Corsi, J.-P. Coulon, D. Coward, D. C. Coyne, J. D. E. Creighton, T. D. Creighton, A. M. Cruise, R. M. Culter, A. Cumming, L. Cunningham, E. Cuoco, K. Dahl, S. L. Danilishin, S. D’Antonio, K. Danzmann, V. Dattilo, B. Daudert, M. Davier, G. Davies, E. J. Daw, R. Day, T. Dayanga, R. De Rosa, D. DeBra, J. 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Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Detection of gravitational waves, Gravitational wave, media_common.quotation_subject, Astronomy, LIGO, Cosmology, Gravitation, Theoretical physics, Sky, GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries), Joint (geology), media_common
Abstract

This paper was published online on 5 May 2010 with an omission in the Collaboration author list. S. Dwyer has been added as of 12 April 2012. The Collaboration author list is incorrect in the printed version of the journal

Published
2012
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40. Relational practices for meaningful inclusion in health research: Results of a deliberative dialogue study.

Author

Plamondon K, Banner D, Cary MA, Faulkner M, Gainforth H, Ghag K, Hoens A, Huisken A, Kandola DK, Khan S, Silva AS, Oelke N, Rai A, Strain K, Sibley KM, and Wick U

Subjects
Humans, Female, Male, Community-Based Participatory Research, Community Participation methods, Patient Participation, Health Services Research, Adult, Middle Aged, Research Design
Abstract

Introduction: The importance of including people affected by research (e.g., community members, citizens or patient partners) is increasingly recognized across the breadth of institutions involved in connecting research with action. Yet, the increasing rhetoric of inclusion remains situated in research systems that tend to reward traditional dissemination and uphold power dynamics in ways that centre particular (privileged) voices over others. In research explicitly interested in doing research with those most affected by the issue or outcomes, research teams need to know how to advance meaningful inclusion. This study focused on listening to voices often excluded from research processes to understand what meaningful inclusion looks and feels like, and asked what contributes to being or feeling tokenized., Methods: In this deliberative dialogue study, 16 participants with experience of navigating social exclusions and contributing to research activities reflected on what makes for meaningful experiences of inclusion. Using a co-production approach, with a diversely representative research team of 15 that included patient and community partners, we used critically reflective dialogue to guide an inclusive process to study design and implementation, from conceptualization of research questions through to writing., Results: We heard that: research practices, partnerships and systems all contribute to experiences of inclusion or exclusion; the insufficiency or absence of standards for accountability amplifies the experience of exclusion; and inclusive practices require intention, planning, reflection and resources., Conclusions: We offer evidence-informed recommendations for the deeply relational work and practices for inclusivity, focused on promising practices for cultivating welcoming systems, spaces and relationships., Patient or Public Contribution: This work reflects a co-production approach, where people who use and are affected by research results actively partnered in the research process, including study design, data-generating activities, analysis and interpretation, and writing. Several of these partners are authors of this manuscript., (© 2023 The Authors. Health Expectations published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Published
2024
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41. Operationalizing the principles of patient engagement through a Patient Advisory Council: Lessons and recommendations.

Author

Nielssen I, Santana M, Pokharel S, Strain K, Kiryanova V, Zelinsky S, Khawaja Z, Khanna P, Rychtera A, and Ambasta A

Subjects
Humans, Cooperative Behavior, Alberta, Research Design, Patient Participation, Advisory Committees
Abstract

Background: Inclusiveness, Support, Mutual Respect and Co-Build are the four pillars of patient engagement according to the Strategy for Patient-Oriented Research (SPOR). The aim of this manuscript is to describe the operationalization of these principles through the creation of a Patient Advisory Council (PAC) for the research study titled 'Re-Purposing the Ordering of Routine laboratory Tests (RePORT)'., Methods: Researchers collaborated with the Alberta SPOR SUPPORT Unit (AbSPORU) Patient Engagement Team to create a diverse PAC. Recruitment was intentional and included multiple perspectives and experiences. PAC meetings were held monthly, and patient research partners received support to function as co-chairs of the PAC. Patient research partners were offered training, support and tailored modalities of compensation to actively engage with the PAC. Regular member check-ins occurred through reflexivity and a formal evaluation of PAC member engagement., Results: The PAC included between 9 and 11 patient research partners, principal investigator, research study coordinator, improvement scientist, resident physician and support members from the AbSPORU team. Twelve monthly PAC meetings were held during the first phase of the project. The PAC made course-changing contributions to study design including study objectives, recruitment poster, interview guide and development of codes for thematic analysis. Patient research partners largely felt that their opinions were valued. Diversity in the PAC membership enhanced access to diverse patient participants. Furthermore, support for co-chairs and patient research partner members enabled active engagement in research. In addition, a culture of mutual respect facilitated patient partner engagement, and co-design approaches yielded rich research outputs., Conclusions: Collaboration between research teams and Patient Engagement Teams can promote effective patient engagement through a PAC. Deliberate and flexible strategies are needed to manage the PAC to create an ecology of Inclusiveness, Support, Mutual Respect, and Co-Build for meaningful patient engagement., Patient or Public Contribution: Patient research partners were involved in the decision to write this manuscript and collaborated equitably in the conception and development of this manuscript, including providing critical feedback. Patient research partners were active members of the PAC and informed the research project design, participant recruitment strategies, data collection and analysis, and will be involved in the implementation and dissemination of results. They are currently involved in the co-development of a patient engagement strategy using a Human-Centered Design process., (© 2023 The Authors. Health Expectations published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Published
2024
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42. Patient perceptions of in-hospital laboratory blood testing: A patient-oriented and patient co-designed qualitative study.

Author

Pokharel S, Khawaja Z, Williams J, Mithwani AA, Strain K, Khanna P, Rychtera A, Kiryanova V, Tang K, Mathura P, Hylton C, and Ambasta A

Subjects
Humans, Male, Female, Middle Aged, Adult, Aged, Alberta, Interviews as Topic, British Columbia, Patient Participation, Hematologic Tests, Patient Preference, Laboratories, Hospital, Qualitative Research
Abstract

Background: Indiscriminate use of laboratory blood testing in hospitals contributes to patient discomfort and healthcare waste. Patient engagement in low-value healthcare can help reduce overuse. Understanding patient experience is necessary to identify opportunities to improve patient engagement with in-hospital laboratory testing., Objectives: To understand patient experience with the process of in-hospital laboratory blood testing., Methods: We used a qualitative study design via semistructured interviews conducted online or over the phone. Participants were adult patients or family members/caregivers (≥18 years of age) with a recent (within 12 months of interview) experience of hospitalization in Alberta or British Columbia, Canada. We identified participants through convenience sampling and conducted interviews between May 2021 and June 2022. We analysed transcripts using thematic content analysis. Recruitment was continued until code saturation was reached., Results: We interviewed 16 participants (13 patients, 1 family member and 2 caregivers). We identified four themes from patients' experiences of in-hospital laboratory blood testing: (i) patients need information from healthcare teams about expected blood testing processes, (ii) blood draw processes should consider patient comfort and preferences, (iii) patients want information from their healthcare teams about the rationale and frequency of blood testing and (iv) patients need information on how their testing results affect their medical care., Conclusion: Current laboratory testing processes in hospitals do not facilitate shared decision-making and patient engagement. Patient engagement with laboratory testing in hospitals requires an empathetic healthcare team that provides clear communication regarding testing procedures, rationale and results, while considering patient preferences and offering opportunities for involvement., Patient or Public Contribution: We interviewed 16 patients and/or family members/caregivers regarding their in-hospital laboratory blood testing experiences. Our findings show correlations between patient needs and patient recommendations to make testing processes more patient-centred. To bring a lived-experience lens to this study, we formed a Patient Advisory Council with 9-11 patient research partners. Our patient research partners informed the research design, co-developed participant recruitment strategies, co-conducted data collection and informed the data analysis. Some of our patient research partners are co-authors of this manuscript., (© 2023 The Authors. Health Expectations published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Published
2024
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43. Characterization and evasion of backscattered light in the squeezed-light enhanced gravitational wave interferometer GEO 600.

Author

Bergamin F, Lough J, Schreiber E, Grote H, Mehmet M, Vahlbruch H, Affeldt C, Andric T, Bisht A, Brinkmann M, Kringel V, Lück H, Mukund N, Nadji S, Sorazu B, Strain K, Weinert M, and Danzmann K

Abstract

Squeezed light is injected into the dark port of gravitational wave interferometers, in order to reduce the quantum noise. A fraction of the interferometer output light can reach the OPO due to sub-optimal isolation of the squeezing injection path. This backscattered light interacts with squeezed light generation process, introducing additional measurement noise. We present a theoretical description of the noise coupling mechanism and we prove the model with experimental results. We propose a control scheme to achieve a de-amplification of the backscattered light inside the OPO with a consequent reduction of the noise caused by it. The scheme was implemented at the GEO 600 detector and has proven to be crucial in maintaining a good level of quantum noise reduction of the interferometer for high parametric gain of the OPO. In particular, the mitigation of the backscattered light noise helped in reaching 6 dB of quantum noise reduction [Phys. Rev. Lett.126, 041102 (2021)10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.041102]. We show that the impact of backscattered-light-induced noise on the squeezing performance is phenomenologically equivalent to increased phase noise of the squeezing angle control. The results discussed in this paper provide a way for a more accurate estimation of the residual phase noise of the squeezed light field. Finally, the knowledge of the backscattered light noise coupling mechanism is a useful tool to inform the design of the squeezing injection path in terms of path stability and optical isolation.

Published
2023
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44. Frequency noise stabilisation of a 1550 nm external cavity diode laser with hybrid feedback for next generation gravitational wave interferometry.

Author

Spencer A, Barr B, Bell A, Briggs J, Minty A, Sorazu B, Wright J, and Strain K

Abstract

Longer wavelength lasers will be needed for future gravitational wave detectors that use cryogenic cooling of silicon based test-mass optics. Diode lasers with a 1550 nm wavelength output are potential seed light sources for such a detector, however diode laser devices have a different spectral profile and higher frequency noise than the solid state lasers used in current detectors. We present a frequency stabilisation system for a 1550 nm external cavity diode laser capable of reducing the laser frequency noise to a level of 0.1HzHz up to 1 kHz with a unity gain frequency of 535 kHz using a hybrid analogue-digital servo with in-loop cancellation of resonant features. In addition, a method of high speed digital filter optimisation and automated design is demonstrated.

Published
2022
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45. First Demonstration of 6 dB Quantum Noise Reduction in a Kilometer Scale Gravitational Wave Observatory.

Author

Lough J, Schreiber E, Bergamin F, Grote H, Mehmet M, Vahlbruch H, Affeldt C, Brinkmann M, Bisht A, Kringel V, Lück H, Mukund N, Nadji S, Sorazu B, Strain K, Weinert M, and Danzmann K

Abstract

Photon shot noise, arising from the quantum-mechanical nature of the light, currently limits the sensitivity of all the gravitational wave observatories at frequencies above one kilohertz. We report a successful application of squeezed vacuum states of light at the GEO 600 observatory and demonstrate for the first time a reduction of quantum noise up to 6.03±0.02  dB in a kilometer scale interferometer. This is equivalent at high frequencies to increasing the laser power circulating in the interferometer by a factor of 4. Achieving this milestone, a key goal for the upgrades of the advanced detectors required a better understanding of the noise sources and losses and implementation of robust control schemes to mitigate their contributions. In particular, we address the optical losses from beam propagation, phase noise from the squeezing ellipse, and backscattered light from the squeezed light source. The expertise gained from this work carried out at GEO 600 provides insight toward the implementation of 10 dB of squeezing envisioned for third-generation gravitational wave detectors.

Published
2021
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46. Patients as Partners in Research: How to Talk About Compensation With Patient Partners.

Author

Richards DP, Jordan I, Strain K, and Press Z

Subjects
Budgets, Humans, Biomedical Research economics, Compensation and Redress, Health Services Research economics, Patient Participation economics, Research Subjects
Abstract

This editorial builds on the previous editorials in the patient partnership series, and aims to share practical advice related to compensation for patient research partners. In the authors' first publication on patient partner compensation in research and health care, they presented the "why" and "how." Here, they build on the "how" to help alleviate the awkwardness of that conversation. The compensation conversation, as a regular part of this type of partnership, allows teams to codevelop projects and focus on the output and outcomes of their collaborative work. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2020;50(8):413-414. doi:10.2519/jospt.2020.0106 .

Published
2020
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47. The Accuracy of Dental Students and Dentists Assessing the Total Occlusal Convergence of Crown Preparations.

Author

Strain K, Horsfall L, Bonsor S, and Ibbetson R

Subjects
Crowns, Dental Prosthesis Design, Dentists, Humans, Prosthodontics, Students, Dental, Tooth Preparation, Prosthodontic
Abstract

This study examined the ability of dental students and qualified dentists to visually assess the total occlusal convergence of clinical crowns. 10 working casts of maxillary molar crown preparations were installed in phantom heads in a clinical skills laboratory. 87 participants assessed the buccolingual and mesiodistal total occlusal convergence of the casts. 2nd-year students with no experience in fixed prosthodontics served as a control group with 3rd, 4th and 5th-year students and qualified dentists including specialists in restorative dentistry involved. Differences were calculated between the measured angles and the subject's estimate to assess accuracy. For 8 of the 20 surfaces measured there were significant differences. (p ⟨ 0.05). Differences were not standardized between the groups, with no clear patterns of difference in tooth type or aspect assessed. Differences were primarily between the control group and the more experienced groups. The remaining groups were of similar ability. A minority of participants in each group were highly divergent from their peers. This study found significant differences between participants with no experience of fixed prosthodontics and those with experience, however, the ability to assess total occlusal convergence does not appear to improve significantly with experience., (Copyright© 2020 Dennis Barber Ltd.)

Published
2020
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48. What constitutes meaningful engagement for patients and families as partners on research teams?

Author

Black A, Strain K, Wallsworth C, Charlton SG, Chang W, McNamee K, and Hamilton C

Subjects
Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Attitude to Health, Canada, Caregivers, Female, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Male, Middle Aged, Research Design, Young Adult, Family psychology, Patient Participation psychology, Research Subjects psychology, Researcher-Subject Relations
Abstract

Objective There is growing emphasis on health care organizations to ensure that lay people are meaningfully engaged as partners on research teams. Our aim was to explore the perspectives of patients, family members and informal caregivers who have been involved on health care research teams in Canada and elicit their recommendations for meaningful engagement. Methods We conducted a qualitative study guided by thematic analysis of transcripts of focus groups and interviews of 19 experienced patient research partners in Canada. Results We identified four main themes: research environment, expectations, support and value, which highlight participants' combined perspectives on important factors to ensure their engagement in research is meaningful. Conclusions Our findings add to the evolving evidence base on the perspectives of lay people involved in health care research and their recommendations for research leaders on meaningful engagement. Our study suggests that research leaders should provide a welcoming research environment, outline appropriate expectations for patient research partners on research teams, support patient research partners' engagement in projects and recognize the value patient research partners bring to health research.

Published
2018
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49. Assessment of vaccine testing at three laboratories using the guinea pig model of tuberculosis.

Author

Grover A, Troudt J, Arnett K, Izzo L, Lucas M, Strain K, McFarland C, Hall Y, McMurray D, Williams A, Dobos K, and Izzo A

Subjects
Animals, Disease Models, Animal, Drug Evaluation, Preclinical, Guinea Pigs, Mice, Mycobacterium tuberculosis immunology, Tuberculosis immunology, Tuberculosis Vaccines immunology, Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug effects, Tuberculosis prevention & control, Tuberculosis Vaccines pharmacology
Abstract

The guinea pig model of tuberculosis is used extensively in different locations to assess the efficacy of novel tuberculosis vaccines during pre-clinical development. Two key assays are used to measure protection against virulent challenge: a 30 day post-infection assessment of mycobacterial burden and long-term post-infection survival and pathology analysis. To determine the consistency and robustness of the guinea pig model for testing vaccines, a comparative assessment between three sites that are currently involved in testing tuberculosis vaccines from external providers was performed. Each site was asked to test two "subunit" type vaccines in their routine animal model as if testing vaccines from a provider. All sites performed a 30 day study, and one site also performed a long-term survival/pathology study. Despite some differences in experimental approach between the sites, such as the origin of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain and the type of aerosol exposure device used to infect the animals and the source of the guinea pigs, the data obtained between sites were consistent in regard to the ability of each "vaccine" tested to reduce the mycobacterial burden. The observations also showed that there was good concurrence between the results of short-term and long-term studies. This validation exercise means that efficacy data can be compared between sites., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2012
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50. Interferometer Techniques for Gravitational-Wave Detection.

Author

Freise A and Strain K

Abstract

Several km-scale gravitational-wave detectors have been constructed world wide. These instruments combine a number of advanced technologies to push the limits of precision length measurement. The core devices are laser interferometers of a new kind; developed from the classical Michelson topology these interferometers integrate additional optical elements, which significantly change the properties of the optical system. Much of the design and analysis of these laser interferometers can be performed using well-known classical optical techniques, however, the complex optical layouts provide a new challenge. In this review we give a textbook-style introduction to the optical science required for the understanding of modern gravitational wave detectors, as well as other high-precision laser interferometers. In addition, we provide a number of examples for a freely available interferometer simulation software and encourage the reader to use these examples to gain hands-on experience with the discussed optical methods.

Published
2010
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