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The traditional view on psychiatric disorders as categorical and distinct is being challenged by perspectives emphasizing the relevance of dimensional and transdiagnostic assessment. However, most diagnostic instruments are based on a categorical view with a threshold-approach to disease classification. We here describe algorithms for dimensionalizing the psychopathological ratings of the widely used diagnostic interview for children and adolescents, the Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia – Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL). We further evaluate the criterion-related construct validity of the dimensionalized attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) scales using Rasch models in a sample of 590 children (mean age 10.29 (.36), 49% girls). The algorithms generate scores of current symptom load, i.e., the sum of clinician-rated symptoms within each disorder assessed with the interview. We found support for counting symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity, respectively, but not for a single combined ADHD scale. The algorithms constitute an initial step in creating a framework for clinician-rated dimensional analyses of symptoms derived from the K-SADS-PL, but future studies are needed to further evaluate the construct validity of the remaining scales and the reliability and clinical utility of the method. We believe that our proposed algorithms offer a novel method of dimensional psychopathological assessment, which can be applied in multiple branches of child and adolescent psychiatry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) is one of the most popular semi-structured psychiatric interviews for children and adolescents. Its latest DSM-5 version (K-SADS-PL DSM-5) has only recently been adapted and validated in various languages. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the reliability and validity of the Greek version of the K-SADS-PL DSM-5. Methods A total of 137 patients consecutively referred for admission, aged 7–17, were included. The K-SADS-PL DSM-IV was translated and adapted to correspond to DSM-5 categories. Convergent and divergent validity were assessed against two self-report rating scales, Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) and Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED). Inter-rater reliability was calculated exclusively for instances where a diagnosis involved three or more patients. Results Our findings revealed good to excellent inter-rater reliability and good to excellent consensual validity across most psychiatric diagnoses, except for panic disorder. Diagnostic efficiency, measured by sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, consistently showed high specificity and negative predictive validity across all diagnostic categories. Conclusions These findings support the applicability of the Greek version of the K-SADS-PL DSM-5 as a reliable and valid diagnostic tool in Greek-speaking populations.

Background: The Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) is one of the most popular semi-structured psychiatric interviews for children and adolescents. Its latest DSM-5 version (K-SADS-PL DSM-5) has only recently been adapted and validated in various languages. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the reliability and validity of the Greek version of the K-SADS-PL DSM-5. Methods: A total of 137 patients consecutively referred for admission, aged 7–17, were included. The K-SADS-PL DSM-IV was translated and adapted to correspond to DSM-5 categories. Convergent and divergent validity were assessed against two self-report rating scales, Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) and Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED). Inter-rater reliability was calculated exclusively for instances where a diagnosis involved three or more patients. Results: Our findings revealed good to excellent inter-rater reliability and good to excellent consensual validity across most psychiatric diagnoses, except for panic disorder. Diagnostic efficiency, measured by sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, consistently showed high specificity and negative predictive validity across all diagnostic categories. Conclusions: These findings support the applicability of the Greek version of the K-SADS-PL DSM-5 as a reliable and valid diagnostic tool in Greek-speaking populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the test–retest reliability, consensual, convergent and divergent validities, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy of the Portuguese version of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime version (K-SADS-PL). Eighty-nine children/adolescents (65 psychiatric outpatients and 24 healthy controls) were interviewed with K-SADS-PL and completed measures of depressive and anxiety symptoms. The child's parent/caretaker completed the Child Behavior Checklist. Good to excellent values were obtained for test–retest reliability and consensual validity. For the convergent validity, moderate correlations between the K-SADS-PL and the corresponding self-report measures were observed. Divergent validity was acceptable for the K-SADS-PL diagnoses. The lowest values of sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the K-SADS-PL were 88, 88, and 91, respectively. The Portuguese version of K-SADS-PL proved to be a valid and reliable assessment instrument for children and adolescents, and was sensitive, specific and accurate when diagnosing mood, anxiety, adjustment, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fifth version (DSM-5) was published, the Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime version (K-SADS-PL) was modified to adapt the new version (K-SADS-PL DSM-5). We translated it to Chinese (K-SADS-PL-C DSM-5) and described its reliability and validity.Methods: A total of 154 groups of 6 to 18-year-old children and their guardians were included. Trained interviewers interviewed subjects using the K-SADS-PL-C DSM-5. Interrater reliability was assessed by audio recording. Parent-reported scales, like child behavior checklist (CBCL), the Chinese version of Swan-son Nolan and Pelham, version IV scale-parent form (SNAP-IV), social responsiveness scale (SRS-1), and children-reported scales like depression self-rating scale for children (DSRSC) and the screen for child anxiety related emotional disorders (SCARED) were used to examine the validity of depressive disorder, ADHD, ASD, and ODD.Results: The K-SADS-PL-C DSM-5 had fair to excellent interrater (0.537-1.000) and test-retest (0.468-0.885) reliability of affective disorder and neurodevelopment disorder. The convergent validity of affective disorder and neurodevelopment disorder was good, and their divergent validity was acceptable.Limitations: i) Clinical questionnaires were insensitive in classifying disorders and had limitations in derived diagnoses. ii) Samples only came from clinical environment, iii) covered limited disease species, and iv) were small.Conclusion: The K-SADS-PL-C DSM-5 can support reliable and valid diagnoses for children with affect, neurodevelopmental, and behavioral disorders in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We determined the reliability of The Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime (K-SADS-PL) for screening and diagnosing ADHD in children. Method: K-SADS-PL was administered to 2,074 children in the community. Psychometric properties, factorial structure, and clinical validity of K-SADS-PL in screening or diagnosis of ADHD were examined. Results: Internal consistency was excellent for items in the screening interview (Macdonald's Omega [ω] = 0.89; 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.87, 0.94]) and diagnostic supplement (ω = 0.95; 95% CI [0.92, 0.99]). The standardized coefficients for items in the screening interview were acceptable (0.59-0.85), while fit indices for single factorial structure reached acceptable levels. Screening items were associated with high sensitivity (97.8%; 95% CI [97.2, 98.5%]) and specificity (94.0%; 95% CI [93.0, 95.0%]) for diagnosis of ADHD in the supplement. The test-retest and interinformant reliability as measured by intraclass correlation coefficient was good for most of the items. Conclusion: This large study shows that K-SADS-PL can be reliably used to screen and diagnose ADHD in children in Kenya. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background There are various language adaptations of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL). In order to comply with the changes in DSM classification, the Spanish edition of the interview was in need of update and evaluation. Methods K-SADS-PL was adapted to correspond to DSM-5 categories. All clinicians received training, and a 90% agreement was reached. Patients and their parents or guardians were interviewed and videotaped, and the videos were exchanged between raters. Factor analysis was performed and inter-rater reliability was calculated only in the case of diagnoses in which there were more than five patients. Results A total of 74 subjects were included. The Factor Analysis yielded six factors (Depressive, Stress Hyperarousal, Disruptive Behavioral, Irritable Explosive, Obsessive Repetitive and Encopresis), representing 72% of the variance. Kappa values for inter-rater agreement were larger than 0.7 for over half of the disorders. Conclusions The factor structure of diagnoses, made with the instrument was found to correspond to the DSM-5 disorder organization. The instrument showed good construct validity and inter-rater reliability, which makes it a useful tool for clinical research studies in children and adolescents.

Over the last several decades, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent (MMPI-A) has continued to be the most extensively studied and commonly used adolescent assessment measure (Archer and Newsom 2000). Most recently, the MMPI-A was substantially revised resulting in the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent-Restructured Form (MMPI-A-RF; Archer et al. 2016). The current study evaluated its construct validity in a sample of youth referred for mental health services. As a primary focus, the current research represents the first independent investigation of clinical correlates since the MMPI-A-RF test manual was published. This study particularly emphasized item-level symptom correlates that may further strengthen MMPI-A-RF interpretive statements. In particular, the RCd and RC4 evidenced especially strong convergent and discriminant validity, but findings raised some concerns about RC9. Combined with previous research, the current study highlighted the MMPI-A-RF's usefulness in assessing psychopathology along the broad externalizing and internalizing spectrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia—Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) is a semi-structured interview based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), and assesses past and present symptoms in children aged 6–18 years old. It has been translated into more than 20 languages and is widely used in clinical work. The K-SADS-PL has recently been revised by adopting new DSM-5 disorders and modifying probes accordingly. However, research on this revision is critically limited. The objective of this study was to examine the inter-rater reliability of the DSM-5 K-SADS-PL when administered by postgraduate students after receiving thorough training and supervision. Method: The DSM-5 K-SADS-PL was applied in a clinical sample of two outpatient units: The outpatient unit of the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry at the Landspítali University Hospital in Reykjavík, Iceland and The Icelandic Anxiety Centre for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults. Results: Fourty-one (80%) consecutive patients aged 6–18 years consented and were included. Cohen's κ was calculated to estimate inter-rater reliability, with estimates ranging from fair to excellent (κ = 0.57–0.90), with most diagnoses in the excellent range (κ > 0.75). Conclusions: These results indicate that the Icelandic translation of the DSM-5 K-SADS-PL can be reliably administered by postgraduate students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arachnoid Cysts (AC) are benign lesions containing cerebrospinal fluid, and although most of them are asymptomatic, they can cause neurological symptoms like headaches, seizures, and neuropsychiatric problems. The aim of this study was to asses and document co-morbid psychiatric disorders in children with AC aged between 6 and 17. Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence-Second Edition (WASI-II), a clinical measure used to assess the intelligence quotient (IQ) scores of the patients, Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL; semi-structured interview) was used to assess psychiatric disorders among the patients. A total of 12 patients with AC was evaluated with an even distribution of males and females. Half of the patients had a normal IQ score with a mean IQ score of 104.5. Among patients with normal IQ scores, one patient had epilepsy and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and two patients had epilepsy without any psychiatric disorder. The remaining six patients had moderate intellectual disability with a mean IQ of 48.2. Among them, three out of six had epilepsy and four had accompanying psychiatric disorders. It is therefore apparent that patients with AC have a high rate of co-morbid psychiatric disorders. Our study demonstrates that intellectual disability and psychiatric disorders should be evaluated in children with AC in the clinical settings.

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Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version, DSM-5 November 2016 -Turkish Adaptation (K-SADS-PL-DSM-5-T). Method: A total of 150 children and adolescents between 6 and 17 years of age were assessed with K-SADS-PL-DSM-5-T. The degree of agreement between the DSM-5 criteria diagnoses and the K-SADS-PL-DSM-5-T diagnoses were considered as the measure of consensus validity. In addition, concurrent validity was examined by analyzing the correlation between the diagnoses on K-SADS-PL-DSM-5-T and relevant scales. Interrater reliabilities were assessed on randomly selected 20 participants. Likewise, randomly selected 20 other participants were interviewed with K-SADS-PL-DSM-5-T three weeks after the first interview to evaluate test-retest reliability. Results: The consistency of diagnoses was almost perfect for eating disorders, selective mutism and autism spectrum disorder (κ=0.92-1.0), substantial for elimination disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, depressive disorders, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (κ=0.67-0.80). Interrater reliability was perfect for selective mutism (κ=1.0), substantial for oppositional defiant disorder, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, depressive disorders and social anxiety disorder (κ=0.63-0.73). Test-retest reliability was almost perfect for autism spectrum disorder (κ=0.82), substantial for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, depressive disorders and generalized anxiety disorder (κ=0.62-0.78). Conclusion: The results of this study show that the K-SADS-PL-DSM-5-T is an effective instrument for diagnosing major childhood psychiatric disorders including selective mutism, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder and autism spectrum disorder which have recently been added to the schedule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of comorbid conditions associated with paediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is reported to range from 50 to 80% and to have an impact on treatment outcome. Accurate identification of comorbid psychiatric disorders is necessary in order to provide personalised care. Reliable and valid diagnostic interviews are essential in the process of establishing the correct diagnoses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the convergent and divergent validity of four diagnose categories generated by the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children – Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL). The diagnose categories were: anxiety, depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). The K-SADS-PL was applied in a clinical sample of youth aged 7–17 years (N = 269), who were participants in the Nordic long-term OCD-treatment study (NordLOTS). Youth and parents completed measures to evaluate symptoms of anxiety, depression, ADHD, and ODD. Convergent and divergent validity of K-SADS-PL anxiety diagnosis was supported based on both anxiety self- and parent-reports. Similarly, support was found for convergent and divergent validity of ADHD and ODD diagnoses. For depressive disorder, support for convergent validity was found based on the depression self-report. Support for divergent validity of depression was found based on both the depression self- and parent-reports. Results of the present study suggest that the K-SADS-PL generates valid diagnoses of comorbid anxiety disorders, depression disorders, ODD, and ADHD in children and adolescents with OCD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fifth edition (DSM-5) incorporate the inclusion or modification of six disorders: Autism Spectrum Disorder, Social Anxiety Disorder, Intermittent Explosive Disorder, Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder, Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder and Binge Eating Disorder. The objectives of this study were to assess the construct validity and parent-child agreement of these six disorders in the Spanish language Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL-5) in a clinical population of children and adolescents from Latin America. The Spanish version of the K-SADS-PL was modified to integrate changes made to the DSM-5. Clinicians received training in the K-SADS-PL-5 and 90% agreement between raters was obtained. A total of 80 patients were recruited in four different countries in Latin America. All items from each of the six disorders were included in a factor analysis. Parent-child agreement was calculated for every item of the six disorders, including the effect of sex and age. The factor analysis revealed 6 factors separately grouping the items defining each of the new or modified disorders, with Eigenvalues greater than 2. Very good parent-child agreements ( r >0.8) were found for the large majority of the items (93%), even when considering the sex or age of the patient. This independent grouping of disorders suggests that the manner in which the disorders were included into the K-SADS-PL-5 reflects robustly the DSM-5 constructs and displayed a significant inter-informant reliability. These findings support the use of K-SADS-PL-5 as a clinical and research tool to evaluate these new or modified diagnoses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Focusing on OCD diagnosed children and adolescents, this study aims to investigate that, the type of obsession and compulsion, the importance of sex and age of onset in OCD, concomitant mental disorder, and which concomitant illnesses occur in which age group and sex more frequently. Methods: This study covers 93 child who consulted to Pamukkale University Faculty of Medicine Child and Adolescent Mental Health and Diseases Policlinic and diagnosed as OCD based on DSM-IV-TR diagnose criteria. In order to identify obsessive-compulsion types and severity Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS), for accompanying mental disorders Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) was applied. Results: Among the 93 cases, 58.1% were female and 41.9% were male. Considering the age of onset of the cases, 72.1% were early age of onset (= 10 age). Most frequent types were contamination obsession (83.9%) and control compulsion (86.0%) in the cases. Most frequent psychiatric comorbidity were specific phobia (46.2%), separation anxiety disorder (33.3%), attention deficity hyperactivity disorder (31.2%), tic disorders (30.1%). Specific phobia and body dysmorphic disorder commorbity were statistically significantly more frequent in females; attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, tic disorder, social phobia, comorbidity were statistically significantly more frequent in males. Conclusion: Considering the lack of any definite information about early age of onset OCD's clinic features, course and response to medical treatment, further studies are needed, which cover broader sample, and evaluate clinic features, courses and responses to medical treatments in early age of onset OCD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dotychczas zrealizowane w Europie badania wskazują, że zaburzenia psychiczne występujące wśród dzieci przebywających w placówkach opiekuńczo-wychowawczych są ważnym problemem społecznym. W Wielkiej Brytanii 96% dzieci i młodzieży w wieku 13–17 lat przebywających w placówkach opiekuńczo-wychowawczych spełniało kryteria zaburzeń psychicznych. W Niemczech wśród dzieci i młodzieży w wieku 4–18 lat takich wychowanków było 59,9%. Celem badania epidemiologicznego zrealizowanego w Klinice Psychiatrii Wieku Rozwojowego Warszawskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego było ustalenie rozpowszechnienia zaburzeń psychicznych wśród dzieci i młodzieży w wieku 11–18 lat przebywających w warszawskich socjalizacyjnych placówkach opiekuńczo- -wychowawczych (domach dziecka). Było to pierwsze polskie badanie epidemiologiczne przeprowadzone w tej populacji. Badanie składało się z dwóch etapów i wzięło w nim udział 141 dzieci z 11 placówek. Grupę referencyjną stanowiło 103 dzieci z warszawskich szkół. W I etapie wychowankowie wypełnili kwestionariusz dla młodzieży (YSR) z grupy kwestionariuszy CBCL (Child Behavior Checklist). W II etapie ci, których wyniki w poszczególnych skalach znajdowały się w obszarze wartości klinicznych kwestionariusza, w celu postawienia ostatecznej diagnozy psychiatrycznej zostali przebadani indywidualnie za pomocą półusktrukturyzowanego wywiadu diagnostycznego K-SADS-PL. Badania polskie ujawniły, że u ponad połowy wychowanków można rozpoznać zaburzenia psychiczne. Jest to istotna informacja, której nie można pominąć w dyskusji na temat właściwego systemu opieki psychiatrycznej i psychologicznej dla dzieci i młodzieży w Polsce. W pracy zostały zaprezentowane wyniki badania epidemiologicznego dotyczącego rozpowszechnienia zaburzeń psychicznych wśród dzieci i młodzieży przebywających w warszawskich placówkach opiekuńczo-wychowawczych (domach dziecka). W dalszej części w oparciu o wnioski z badania przedstawiono potrzeby terapeutyczne wychowanków placówek oraz zarekomendowano możliwe sposoby zaspokajania tych potrzeb.

The presented study investigated the interviewee (parents) and interviewer acceptance of the semi-structured diagnostic interview Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Aged Children Present Lifetime version (KSADS-PL; German version). Seventeen certified interviewers conducted 231 interviews (interviewers conducted several interviews; interviewees were only questioned once). Interviewees and interviewers anonymously rated their acceptance right after the interview was finished. The nested data structure was analysed regarding an individual interviewer bias and potential predictors of overall satisfaction. Therefore, factors improvable by interviewer training were included, as well as fixed factors which cannot be improved by professional training. The overall satisfaction was evaluated as highly positive with significant higher interviewee and interviewer ratings in the research as compared to the clinical recruitment setting. An individual bias of the interviewer on his or her own acceptance over time, but not on the evaluation of the corresponding interviewee was found. Neither the professional background nor the gender of the interviewer had a significant contribution in predicting these differences. The interviewer model showed no significant change over time and only the interview duration and the interviewee acceptance were significant predictors for interviewer overall satisfaction. Regarding the interviewee model, just the interviewer acceptance was a significant predictor. Copyright Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To evaluate the psychiatric hospitalization among adolescents diagnosed with disruptive behaviour disorders ( DBD) and/or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD). Methods The sample (N = 457) was drawn from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986. Four groups were formed, based on the K- SADS- PL diagnostic interview procedure: adolescents with DBD (n = 44), ADHD (n = 91), comorbid DBD and ADHD (n = 72) and without either DBD or ADHD (n = 250). Information from the Finnish Hospital Discharge Register ( FHDR) was used to evaluate the psychiatric hospitalization among the study subjects. Results When compared with no diagnosis group, the adolescents with behavioural disorders had an increased risk (adjusted odds ratios: DBD = 4.4, ADHD = 2.2, comorbid DBD & ADHD = 5.6) of having also psychiatric disorder in the FHDR. The onset age of the psychiatric disorders in the FHDR (medians: DBD = 14.9, ADHD = 7.5 and DBD & ADHD = 15.3 years) and the combined length of hospitalization (medians: 25, 50 and 26 days, respectively) differed among adolescents with behavioural disorders compared with those with no diagnosis (median age 12.1 years and length of hospitalization 4 days). Conclusion Adolescents diagnosed with DBD (with and without ADHD) are at high risk of undergoing psychiatric hospitalization during their life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this report was to examine the accuracy of diagnosing substance use disorders in manic adolescents with bipolar disorder. Methods: The substance use disorder modules of the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime version (K-SADS-PL) were administered to a sample of 80 manic adolescents (12 to 21 years old) with co-occurring bipolar and substance use disorders. Initial substance use disorder diagnoses obtained from the K-SADS-PL were then compared to a best estimate diagnosis derived from all available information, including a second diagnostic interview, the Child Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism, Adolescent version (C-SSAGA-A). Results: Relatively low diagnostic agreement was achieved across the initial and the best estimate diagnoses for both alcohol and cannabis use disorders. Age, race, and sex did not predict diagnostic agreement between the two evaluations. Conclusions: Results of this study call for more research on diagnosing substance use disorders and suggest that a single interview alone may not be accurate for diagnosing substance use disorders in manic adolescents with bipolar disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background: Validity studies of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children (K-SADS) interview are modest in number given the international acceptance and extensive use of this instrument in epidemiological and treatment research. The results are somewhat mixed and limited, particularly for adolescent depression. Aims: The objective of this study was to assess the convergent-divergent validity of the screen criteria and depression diagnoses (major depressive episode) generated with the diagnostic interview Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL). Methods: Participants were 86 consecutively admitted inpatients aged 12-17 years and their parents. Both convergent and divergent validity of the depression diagnoses were assessed against 11 standard self-report or parent-report rating scales, all of which had been translated, adapted and in most cases validated in Iceland. A total of 25 subscales were included in calculations. Results: Convergent validity was confirmed, with adolescents who screened positive or met criteria for major depressive episode scoring higher than other patients did on scales assessing depressive symptoms. However, divergent validity was only partially supported in this highly comorbid inpatient sample. Severity based on number of diagnostic criteria met had a generally substantial correlation with the rating scales. Conclusions: This study provides a substantial additional amount of convergent-divergent validity data related to this extensively used diagnostic instrument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The validity and reliability of a Persian version of the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL-P) was evaluated. Method: The K-SADS-PL-P was administered to 102 inpatients (mean age = 15.3 yrs, SD = 1.81) in a child and adolescent psychiatric ward. The psychometric properties were evaluated in comparison to the results of clinical diagnosis. Results: The K-SADS-PL-P showed good-to-excellent concurrent validity in diagnosing current major disorders. Test-retest reliabilities of most of the current diagnoses were also good to excellent. Conclusion: The Persian version of the K-SADS-PL provides reliable and valid youth psychiatric diagnoses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: To assess the psychometrics of the schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL) in diagnosing DSM-IV psychiatric disorders and subsyndromal symptomatology in preschool children. Method: Parents were interviewed about their children using the K-SADS-PL, and they completed the early childhood inventory-4 (ECI-4) and child behavior checklist for ages 1½–5 years (CBCL). Discriminant, divergent, and convergent validity of the K-SADS-PL were evaluated in 204 offspring ages 2–5 years old of parents from an ongoing study. Inter-rater reliability as well as predictive validity of intake diagnoses at second assessment approximately two years after intake were evaluated. Fourteen children were also assessed by the preschool age psychiatric assessment (PAPA). Results: Children who were diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety, mood, or elimination disorders had significantly higher scores on the ECI-4 than children without these disorders. Significant correlations were found for all convergent CBCL scales. Divergent validity was acceptable for emotional disorders. Inter-rater kappa coefficients for all diagnoses were good. Above noted results were similar for children with at least one positive K-SADS-PL key screen symptom. A significantly higher percentage of children with an intake diagnosis had a diagnosis approximately two years after intake compared to those without an intake disorder. Overall, there was consistency between the PAPA and the K-SADS-PL. Conclusions: Pending further testing, the K-SADS-PL may prove useful for the assessment of psychopathology in preschoolers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The development of structured diagnostic instruments has been an important step for research in child and adolescent psychiatry, but the adequacy of a diagnostic instrument in a given culture does not guarantee its reliability or validity in another population. The objective of the study was to describe the process of cross-cultural adaptation into Icelandic of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children—Present and Lifetime Version (Kiddie-SADS-PL) and to test the inter-rater reliability of the adapted version. To attain cross-cultural equivalency, five important dimensions were addressed: semantic, technical, content, criterion and conceptual. The adapted Icelandic version was introduced into an inpatient clinical setting, and inter-rater reliability was estimated both at the symptom and diagnoses level, for the most frequent diagnostic categories in both international diagnostic classification systems (DSM-IV and ICD-10). The cross-cultural adaptation has provided an Icelandic version allowing similar understanding among different raters and has achieved acceptable cross-cultural equivalence. This initial study confirmed the quality of the translation and adaptation of Kiddie-SADS-PL and constitutes the first step of a larger validation study of the Icelandic version of the instrument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The overall prevalence rates of general and specific child psychiatric disorders in Danish children are unknown. In this study, which aimed to estimate prevalence rates, a multi–method strategy using a two–step design was employed. The first step involved assessment with the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL). The second step consisted of assessment using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School–Aged Children; Present and Lifetime version (K–SADS–PL), The Children’s Global Assessment Scale (C–GAS), The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISCIII), The Autism Spectrum Disorder Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ), and a checklist containing the diagnostic criteria for Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD). Non–respondents were assessed through teachers using a modified brief version of the K–SADS–PL. A total of 751 children were targeted. The overall estimated prevalence rate of child psychopathology was 11.8 % [95% confidence interval (CI): 8.8, 14.8]. Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) was found to be the most common specific child psychiatric disorder. There was no difference in prevalence rates between respondents and non–respondents. The estimated prevalence rates were broadly comparable to prevalence rates found in other epidemiological studies. The teacher–based interview proved to be a valid instrument for the assessment of non–respondents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was undertaken to identify psychiatric morbidity among Korean second and third elementary school children using an objective diagnostic interview tool. Data from 5,118 (2,723 boys, 2,395 girls; mean age = 8.41 years ( SD = 0.66)) second and third grade schoolchildren were drawn from 28 elementary schools. After initial screening assessments using the 28-item Child Problem-Behavior Screening Test for parents, 672 primary caregivers were subjected to secondary screening using the Korean version of the CBCL. Two hundred and seventy-one high-risk children selected according to the K-CBCL results, 138 (50.9%) children and their primary caregivers were interviewed using the Korean version of K-SADS-PL for objective DSM-IV psychiatric diagnoses. Sixty-four (46.4%) of the hundred and thirty eight children were determined to have at least one psychiatric disorder. More boys were diagnosed as psychiatric patients than girls (46 males, 18 females; OR = 2.21). The most frequently diagnosed disorder was ADHD (46/64; 71.9%), followed by tic disorder, anxiety disorders, mental retardation, oppositional defiant disorder, and separation anxiety disorder. Two or more comorbid psychiatric disorders were found in 22 (34.4%) of the 64 patients. The computed crude percentage of psychiatric patients in this study was 4.12%, which is similar to previously published data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bilenberg N, Petersen DJ, Hoerder K, Gillberg C. The prevalence of child-psychiatric disorders among 8–9-year-old children in Danish mainstream schoolsActa Psychiatr Scand 2005: 111: 59–67.© Blackwell Munksgaard 2005.Prevalence rates for child psychopathology in Denmark are unknown; and efficient screening and non-respondent analyses are essential for epidemiological purposes.A multi-method strategy involving a two-step design: first screening of 621 children between the ages of 8–9 years attending mainstream education using the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL). Second, screen-positive probands and a sample of screen-negative probands were given in-depth child-psychiatric assessment. In cases of non-respondents, children were assessed by teachers.CBCL screening results were compared with case status in clinical assessment. A positive predictive value of 0.25 and a correct classification rate (CCR) of 0.72 were obtained. The teacher interviews, used in cases of non-respondents, had a CCR of 0.87. According to DSM-IV criteria, the prevalence rate of psychiatric disorders was 10.l% [95% CI; 7.0–13.2].The CBCL proved an effective screening tool. The brief interview with teachers is a valid assessment of psychiatric disorders among non-respondents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]