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Silos are essential for sectors such as agriculture, industry, and mining in Brazil, but they are structures with a high degree of complexity in relation to pressure determination. Therefore, new researches on the influence of the product stored in their structure are stimulated. For granular materials, the K coefficient is the factor obtained between the horizontal and the vertical pressure. This study aimed to develop a test device capable of calculating this coefficient based on the recommendations of EN 1991-4 (2006) (Eurocode 1: Actions on structures – Part 4: Silos and tanks). For that, two cylinders of different heights were elaborated to study the influence of the device height in obtaining K coefficient. The results were measured by strain gauges and load cell connected to a data acquisition system. A vertical pressure was applied to the equipment, which responded with values of deformation correlated to the horizontal pressure. The values of K coefficient for corn were found and compared with those from the literature, concluding that the equipment could be used for the proposed purpose.

Submitted by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-08-16T14:21:20Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) José_Henrique_Nunes_Flores_Modelagem_matemática_da_perda_de_carga_em_emissores_integrados_a_tubulação_de_irrigação_localizada.pdf: 4719317 bytes, checksum: b86c8f8b440b56d663a03abb04efaf4f (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-16T14:21:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) José_Henrique_Nunes_Flores_Modelagem_matemática_da_perda_de_carga_em_emissores_integrados_a_tubulação_de_irrigação_localizada.pdf: 4719317 bytes, checksum: b86c8f8b440b56d663a03abb04efaf4f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-20 Sem bolsa Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: (i) Determinar a perda de carga em função da geometria dos emissores, bem como desenvolver uma relação entre a perda de carga localizada, causada pela inserção do emissor, e as características geométricas da tubulação, mediante a utilização do índice de obstrução, para tubogotejadores com emissores integrados do tipo pastilha; e (ii) Gerar um modelo semiteórico, para estimativa da perda de carga localizada no emissor, causada por sua inserção dentro da tubulação, para tubos emissores integrados do tipo pastilha. Para isso, utilizou-se uma bancada experimental desenvolvida para controle do sistema, e obtenção das variáveis pertinentes ao estudo (vazão, temperatura e perda de carga total no tubo emissor). Obteve-se então, através da utilização da equação da continuidade, a velocidade de escoamento. A partir da diferença da perda de carga total no tubo emissor do valor obtido com o cálculo da perda de carga continua na tubulação, obteve-se a perda de carga localizada causada pela inserção do emissor. Através de um projetor ótico de perfil, foram determinadas as características geométricas dos tubos emissores (áreas de seção transversal e perímetros molhados). Obteve-se, a partir da perda de carga localizada no emissor e da carga cinética, o coeficiente k, e gerou-se um modelo para sua estimativa baseado no índice de obstrução. Desenvolveu-se um modelo semiteórico para estimativa da perda de carga no emissor, a partir do Teorema de Bélanger, levando em consideração as características geométricas da tubulação. Os emissores escolhidos para este estudo são: (a) AZUD Premier Line PC; (b) Naan Dan Jain Amnon Drip AC; e (c) Rain Bird XF-SDI. Os resultados permitiram inferir que a perda de carga total no tubo emissor e a perda de carga localizada no emissor apresentaram relação potencial com a vazão. As razões de obstrução dos emissores foram 0,62, 0,68, e 0,65, e os índices de obstrução 0,37, 0,22, e 0,28, para os emissores AZUD Premier Line PC, Naan Dan Jain Amnon Drip AC, e Rain Bird XF-SDI, respectivamente. Já os coeficientes k foram, respectivamente, 1,03, 1,07, e 0,86, para os emissores AZUD Premier Line PC, Naan Dan Jain Amnon Drip AC e Rain Bird XF-SDI. O modelo potencial correlacionando o coeficiente k com o índice de obstrução, foi k=1,66 IO0,413. Em relação ao modelo semiteórico proposto, houve superestimava em 9% e 2%, para os emissores AZUD Premier Line PC e Rain Bird XF-SDI, respectivamente, e subestimativa em 34% para o emissor Naan Dan Jain Amnon Drip AC, apresentando ajuste considerado muito bom, através do índice c, para os três emissores estudados. Conclui-se que cada emissor apresentou um valor para o coeficiente k, existindo correlação com a geometria do tubo emissor, e que o modelo semiteórico proposto, pode ser utilizado para emissores de geometria semelhantes ao AZUD Premier Line PC e Rain Bird XFSDI. The objectives of this work was: (i) To determine the variability of the head loss as a function of the geometry of the emitters, as well as to develop a relation between the local head loss caused by the emitter insertion and the geometric characteristics of the emitting pipe, using the obstruction index, for emitting pipes with non-coaxial emitters; and (ii) Generate a semi-analytical model to estimate the local head loos in the emitter, caused by its insertion into the pipeline, for emitting pipes with non-coaxial emitters. For this, an experimental bench was developed to control the system and obtain the variables pertinent to the study (flow, temperature and total head loss in the emitter pipe). Then, through the use of the continuity equation, the flow velocity was obtained. From the difference of the total head loss in the emitter pipe and the value obtained with the calculation of the continuous head loss in the pipeline, the local head loss caused by the insertion of the emitter was obtained. The geometric characteristics of the emitting tubes (cross-sectional areas and wetted perimeters) were determined through an optical profile projector. The k coefficient was obtained from the local head loss in the emitter and kinetic energy, and a model was generated for its estimation based on the obstruction index. A semi-analytical model was developed to estimate the head loss in the emitter from the Bélanger Theorem, taking into account the geometric characteristics of the pipe. The emitters chosen for this study are: (a) AZUD Premier Line PC; (b) Naan Dan Jain Amnon Drip AC; And (c) Rain Bird XF-SDI. The results allowed to infer that the total head loss in the emitter pipe and the local head loss in the emitter presented a potential relation with the flow rate. Emitter obstruction ratio were 0.62, 0.68, and 0.65, and obstruction index was 0.37, 0.22, and 0.28 for the emitters AZUD Premier Line PC, Naan Dan Jain Amnon Drip AC, and Rain Bird XFSDI, respectively. The k coefficients were 1.03, 1.07 and 0.86, respectively, for the AZUD Premier Line PC, Naan Dan Jain Amnon Drip AC and Rain Bird XF-SDI emitters respectively. The potential model correlating the k coefficient with the obstruction index was k=1,66 OI0,413. In relation to the proposed semi-analytical model, there was a 9% and 2% overestimation of the AZUD Premier Line PC and Rain Bird XF-SDI emitters, respectively, and a 34% underestimation by Naan Dan Jain Amnon Drip AC, but presenting an adjustment considered very good, through the index c, for the three emitters studied. It is concluded that each emitter presented a value for the k coefficient, there being a correlation with the geometry of the emitter tube, and that the proposed semi-analytical model can be used for geometric emitters similar to AZUD Premier Line PC and Rain Bird XF-SDI.