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The study of heat transfer in fluid flows across permeable media is critical in many engineering applications, including energy systems, cooling technologies, and chemical processes. This study aims to explore the impact of joule heating and heat transfer flow of an MHD dissipative ternary fluid through a channel embedded in a Darcy-Forchheimer permeable medium. Additionally, the utilization of ternary hybrid nanofluids, composed of a base fluid and three nanoparticles Al2O3, MoS2, and Cu has emerged as a promising avenue for augmenting thermal conductivity and heat transfer rates. The governing equations are transformed into a set of coupled ordinary differential equations by employing similarity variables and simplified by bvp4c and artificial neural network (ANN) model approaches. Results reveal that significant enhancement in the velocity field at the lower channel wall and reductions at the upper wall, while fluid temperature decreases with increasing Prandtl number. Further, the heat transfer rate increases with an increase in the Prandtl number and magnetic field whereas the skin friction decays with an increase in the magnetic field. Meanwhile, the comparison was carried out for the temperature field by using bvp4c & ANN and the results are strongly correlated.

The present work explores the microstructures and abrasive wear behavior of AISI 410 and AISI 420 martensitic stainless steels after hardening and tempering. Microstructural changes and wear were analyzed using optical microscopy and SEM. Different heat treatments resulted in varying hardness values, with a slight increase at 723 K due to (Fe,Cr)23C6 formation, and a significant reduction at 873 K. SEM and EDS showed AISI 410 had a martensitic structure without notable precipitates, while AISI 420 exhibited coarser and new carbide precipitations after tempering. XRD confirmed martensitic peaks and carbide formation (Cr₃C₂, Mo₂C), improving wear resistance through carbon and chromium segregation. No direct correlation between bulk hardness and abrasive wear resistance was found. AISI 410 showed lower wear mass than AISI 420, with wear mechanisms including micro-cracking, ploughing, groove formation, and particle pullout. Wear debris consisted of machining chips and flaky particles, offering insights into the wear processes.

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a clinical condition with various etiologies. It is also known as acute renal failure, which is a sudden episode of kidney failure or kidney damage that happens within a few hours or a few days in patients. It causes an increase of waste products in blood and makes it hard for the patient kidneys to keep the right balance of fluid in the body. It can also affect other vital organs such as the brain, heart, and lungs. AKI is common in patients who are in the hospital, in intensive care units, and especially in older adults. It results in increased accumulation of a nitrogenous surplus in blood and a reduction in urine volume. The pathophysiology of various types of AKI is different. The earlier we can identify the causes the more effective treatment can be administered. This review attempts to identify changes on a molecular level during different stages of the disease and further discussed understanding the pathophysiology of AKI to find important molecules involved in various metabolic pathways, various phases and types of AKI, and the effect of drugs on kidneys and cellular level changes. This review article would help to design new drugs and the consequences of their metabolites to avoid Acute Kidney Injury.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) worldwide has increased the importance of computational tools to design a drug or vaccine in reduced time with minimum risk. Earlier studies have emphasized the important role of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) in SARS-CoV-2 replication as a potential drug target. In our study, comprehensive computational approaches were applied to identify potential compounds targeting RdRp of SARS-CoV-2. To study the binding affinity and stability of the phytocompounds from Phyllanthus emblica and Aegel marmelos within the defined binding site of SARS-CoV-2 RdRp, they were subjected to molecular docking, 100 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulation followed by post-simulation analysis. Furthermore, to assess the importance of features involved in the strong binding affinity, molecular field-based similarity analysis was performed. Based on comparative molecular docking and simulation studies of the selected phytocompounds with SARS-CoV-2 RdRp revealed that EBDGp possesses a stronger binding affinity (−23.32 kcal/mol) and stability than other phytocompounds and reference compound, Remdesivir (−19.36 kcal/mol). Molecular field-based similarity profiling has supported our study in the validation of the importance of the presence of hydroxyl groups in EBDGp, involved in increasing its binding affinity toward SARS-CoV-2 RdRp. Molecular docking and dynamic simulation results confirmed that EBDGp has better inhibitory potential than Remdesivir and can be an effective novel drug for SARS-CoV-2 RdRp. Furthermore, binding free energy calculations confirmed the higher stability of the SARS-CoV-2 RdRp-EBDGp complex. These results suggest that the EBDGp compound may emerge as a promising drug against SARS-CoV-2 and hence requires further experimental validation.

This research work has been completed by concentrating on the structure of inserts for foot orthosis fabricated by utilizing rapid prototyping technology. Thermoplastic elastomer and thermoplastic polyurethane are the most commonly used materials that are being used in customized three-dimensional printed orthotic insoles, which are comfortable and prevent the user in many foot disorders. Thermo-softening viscoelastic polymers, explicitly Filaflex and Ninjaflex, have been printed by utilizing Flash Forge three-dimensional printers to evaluate the mechanical properties of specimens with alterations of the percentage rate fill-up design replicas. The results are compared on the basis of hardness test, flexural/bending test, and tensile test using Durometer and Universal Testing Machine (UTM). It has also been observed that the most significant effecting factor is infill density.

The matrix and the reinforcement both are the lifelines of a composite, and their inherent properties are very significant in determining their applicability toward various industrial applications, due to the fact that it directly impacts the strength, durability, and performance of the material under different service conditions. This paper presents the mechanical as well as microstructural behavior of AA7075/B4C/ZrN hybrid composites fabricated by using the powder metallurgy technique. The dispersion of the reinforcement plays a very vital role in the activation of the load-sharing mechanism. Apart from enhancing mechanical properties, porosity reduction in composites is indispensable in design and processing optimization. Due to the addition of ZrN in the AA7075/B4C composite, XRD analysis showed that the Al₃Zr compound was formed, which contributed to the improved mechanical properties of the composite up to some point. The maximum compression strength of approximately 185 MPa was achieved at the composite with 2 wt% ZrN and 8 wt% B4C, while the maximum hardness of 113 HV occurred at 3 wt% ZrN and 8 wt% B4C. Higher contents of ZrN and B4C further above created an impact for extra pores along with high scale intermetallic compounds, which, near to destroy the strength of the composite, eventually formed voids and weak interfaces. It is these very results that prove the optimized AA7075/B4C/ZrN composite, with its better mechanical properties and controlled porosity, to be quite fit for high-strength aerospace and automotive applications in which durability and performance are pertinent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work explores the microstructures and abrasive wear behavior of AISI 410 and AISI 420 martensitic stainless steels after hardening and tempering. Microstructural changes and wear were analyzed using optical microscopy and SEM. Different heat treatments resulted in varying hardness values, with a slight increase at 723 K due to (Fe,Cr)23C6 formation, and a significant reduction at 873 K. SEM and EDS showed AISI 410 had a martensitic structure without notable precipitates, while AISI 420 exhibited coarser and new carbide precipitations after tempering. XRD confirmed martensitic peaks and carbide formation (Cr₃C₂, Mo₂C), improving wear resistance through carbon and chromium segregation. No direct correlation between bulk hardness and abrasive wear resistance was found. AISI 410 showed lower wear mass than AISI 420, with wear mechanisms including micro-cracking, ploughing, groove formation, and particle pullout. Wear debris consisted of machining chips and flaky particles, offering insights into the wear processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commercial pure cast magnesium (Mg) was subjected to friction stir processing (FSP) at a rotational speed of 600 rpm and tool traverse speed of 60 mm/min. The samples extracted from cast Mg and friction stir processed magnesium have been analysed for the microstructure, hardness, and temperature-dependent damping capacity. The average grain size of as cast pure Mg is reduced from 780 to 26 μm after FSP. There is about a 15% increase in hardness after FSP. The dynamic mechanical analyser (DMA) measured the damping capacity using a three-point bending mode. The FSPed Mg sample exhibited 50% lower damping capacity than the cast Mg at room temperature. However, as the temperature increased, significantly above 80°C, the damping capacity of the FSPed magnesium was greater than that of the cast magnesium. At room temperature, the damping capacity of FSPed Mg was decreased because of the formation of tangled dislocations. In contrast, the increase in damping capacity above 80°C was due to the increased grain boundary area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]